零碳燃料对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用

利用小型化模拟炉膛开展了零碳燃料氢气对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用实验研究,研究了掺氢比对炉膛内部预混火焰宏观形态、炉膛温度均匀性、炉膛污染物排放规律的影响,并总结了CO及NO_x的排放规律。实验结果表明：随着预混当量比增加,纯甲烷火焰长度逐渐缩短;对于20%掺氢火焰,随着预混程度的提高,火焰长度降低明显;不同火焰条件下,炉膛温度只由燃烧功率控制;改变燃烧条件时,处于壁面附近位置的温度变化较为平稳,而靠近火焰处温度变化较大;天然气中掺入氢气,燃烧时可以有效降低未燃CO排放;在相同预混程度下,全局当量比减小导致未燃空气增加,热量被稀释,火焰温度降低,热力型NO_x的生成降低;随着掺氢比的增加,燃烧时火焰温度升高,导致热力型NO_x排放增加。     

醇基-废机油混合燃料燃烧特性分析

以醇基-废机油混合燃料为研究对象,在一台标定功率为50 k W的柴油燃烧器上开展实验研究,结合数值模拟方法,分析不同配比混合燃料在不同过量空气系数下的火焰燃烧特性、炉膛温度分布、污染物生成等的变化规律和燃烧器出口流场特性.结果发现:随着混合燃料中废机油含量从10%增加到30%,在工业热态锅炉中燃烧的火焰颜色更加白亮、火焰长度有所增加,炉膛温度升高,沿炉膛轴线方向上的CO和NO排放均出现先增大后减小现象;随着过量空气系数从1.05增加到1.30,不同配比混合燃料燃烧的火焰长度均有所减小,炉膛内温度和炉膛出口处的NO质量浓度均先增加后减小,炉膛出口处的CO质量浓度减小;当过量空气系数为1.10、燃烧废机油含量为30%的醇基-废机油混合燃料时,炉膛燃烧区域温度最高达2 000 K,炉膛出口处的NO质量浓度最高,达到530 mg/m~3.     

深度空气分级对旋风燃烧锅炉NOx释放影响研究

针对纯燃高碱煤旋风液态排渣锅炉局部高温以及NO_x排放高等问题，通过ANSYS软件数值研究了不同深度空气分级方案对旋风液态排渣锅炉炉内温度场、组分场及NO_x浓度分布的影响。研究结果表明：深度空气分级燃烧不同工况设置合理，形成了良好的富燃料的主燃区与富氧燃尽区，炉内燃烧稳定，旋风燃烧器逆向布置可促进煤粉燃尽，提高锅炉效率。不同深度空气分级工况下，炉内各组分分布特性一致。同时确定了主燃区最佳过量空气系数为0.85,燃尽风量选用逐层降低布置可实现最佳低氮排放，炉膛出口烟温最低为1 375.45 K,炉膛出口NO_x浓度最低为391.14 mg/m³。     

污泥掺烧方式对燃煤锅炉燃烧影响的模拟研究

为了确保燃煤锅炉掺烧污泥后炉内燃烧安全稳定并控制NO_x的生成,以国内某典型1 000 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉为研究对象,利用CFD软件计算研究了不同的污泥掺烧方式对锅炉温度场和NO_x生成的影响。结果表明：在燃煤锅炉不同层的燃烧器掺烧污泥,掺烧污泥的燃烧器对应高度均出现了温度的下降和NO_x排放浓度的降低;随着污泥分别由下往上在B,D,F层燃烧器进行掺烧,在炉膛出口处烟温升高,NO_x排放浓度降低;在保持F层燃烧器总热值不变的情况下进行掺烧时,能保证锅炉整体温度水平,掺烧污泥比例越高,炉膛出口烟温越低,NO_x生成量越少;在F层燃烧器掺烧污泥燃烧效果较好,有利于NO_x减排,是最适合污泥掺烧的燃烧器层。     

NTP活化助燃空气降低垃圾焚烧中NOx排放研究

为达到在燃烧过程中控制NO_x等气态污染物生成的目的，利用低温等离子体(NTP)将空气活化后，作为垃圾焚烧的助燃风，并考虑分级空气活化等不同工况，研究NO_x等气态污染物生成的变化情况．发现在相同物料燃烧工况下，空气经等离子体活化后助燃能加速燃烧反应进程，尤其在垃圾升温开始燃烧阶段引入活化的一次风助燃可缩短约23.8%的燃烧时间，烟气中NO_x总排放量降低可达85%．结合化学反应动力学对NTP活化助燃空气降低垃圾焚烧过程中NO_x生成机理进行初步探索，发现将NTP活化空气生成的活性基元(O、OH、H等)引入燃烧系统能够显著加速燃烧反应进程，同时促进NO及其前驱物的还原和分解，从源头上控制NO_x等污染物生成．此外本研究还对比了二次风活化以及在高温区供入活化风降低NO_x的效果，推荐了活化空气的加入区段．研究提供了一种经济有效且简单可行的NO_x控制思路，对进一步降低垃圾焚烧的气态污染物源头生成、简化烟气净化系统有重要意义．     

燃气锅炉轴向空气分级燃烧NOx生成特性研究

通过实验与数值模拟研究了轴向空气分级对甲烷燃烧过程NO_x生成的影响,并在一台45 t/h燃气锅炉上进行了工程验证。结果表明,一次风过量空气系数0.8、还原区停留时间为1 s时,NO_x排放浓度可降低30%。工业现场试验表明联合采用低氮燃烧器、空气分级和烟气再循环等技术后NO_x减排达80%以上。     

浅谈PTA工艺用200 t/h燃天然气锅炉的设计

根据精对苯二甲酸(PTA)工艺所需蒸汽的工况特点，以PTA工艺用200 t/h燃天然气锅炉为例，介绍了该锅炉的基本结构，针对低NO_x环保要求，提出了合适的助燃空气温度、采用分级燃烧、烟气内循环FIR及烟气外循环FGR技术来降低NO_x,使锅炉排烟的NO_x达到低于50 mg/m³的要求，同时针对PTA工艺生产中启动装置时需要快速升负荷的要求，提出了适合快速升负荷的技术措施。     

层燃锅炉横向空气分级脱硝技术的试验研究

与大多数燃煤层燃锅炉炉膛装有纵向空气分级脱硝工艺不同,尝试在炉排上实现横向的空气分级技术,即使用一次风不均匀配置,减少中心火焰段的供风量,减少量补充到炉床后段,在高温火焰段创造深度还原性气氛,再通过侧壁上的烟气循环射流,让热解气与燃料层有更长的接触停留时间,实现燃料型NO_x排放的降低。该技术在某46 MW燃煤层燃锅炉上进行尝试,试验结果展示：燃烧室中炉排上火焰被拉长,火焰峰值温度的位置由距前墙2.62 m延后至3.52 m处,火焰中出现高CO浓度的还原区。炉排上NO_x的峰值浓度从改造前的535 mg/m³降低至322 mg/m³。尾部烟气中NO_x浓度从350 mg/m³左右降低至260～290 mg/m³,实现脱硝效率17.1%～25.7%。改造对大渣燃尽率、锅炉功率、炉内烟气温度等没有影响。该技术对于层燃锅炉实现炉内火焰脱硝有一定的工业指导意义。     

低氮燃气燃烧器在电站快启炉改造上的试验分析

介绍了低氮燃气燃烧器在电站快启炉改造上的CFD仿真优化、试验分析及降低NO_x排放浓度的方法和稳定燃烧的机理。试验证明采用烟气再循环的大型低氮燃气燃烧器,通过合理结构和喷嘴布置,能够降低NO_x排放质量浓度到50 mg/m³以下,同时保证正常的烟气含氧量和燃烧效率,满足锅炉各项技术参数的要求。     

300MW燃煤锅炉O_2_CO_2_烟气再循环燃烧的数值模拟

以一台300 MW四角切圆煤粉锅炉为研究对象,通过ICEM建立炉膛的三维结构框架及网格生成,在TASCFLOW中选择合适的炉内湍流流动、燃烧与传热的数学模型,进行煤粉在氧气体积比为29%时O2/CO2气氛下燃烧过程的数值模拟.研究发现:采用O2/CO2均匀混合送入炉膛时,煤粉的点火和燃烧较空气助燃时的状况有一定的延迟,火焰中心和炉膛内的高温区有明显扩大的趋势,火焰中心更接近炉膛中心,且沿炉膛高度有所上移;采用烟气再循环时,O2直接送入炉膛有利于煤粉的点火和燃烧,大大提高炉膛内的温度水平.     

A combustion concept for oxyfuel processes with low recirculation rate – Experimental validation

Oxyfuel combustion is a technology for Carbon Capture & Storage from coal fired power plants. One drawback is the large necessary amount of recirculation of cold flue gases into the combustion chamber to avoid inadmissible high flame temperatures. The new concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners (CSNB) makes a reduction of the recirculation rate possible without inadmissible high flame temperatures. This reduction promises more compact boiler designs. We present in this paper experiments with the new combustion concept in a 3 × 70 kW natural gas combustion test rig with dry flue gas recirculation of 50% of the cold flue gases. The new concept was compared to a reference air combustion case and a reference oxyfuel combustion case with recirculation of 70% of the cold flue gases. FTIR emission spectroscopy measurements allowed the estimation of spectral radiative heat fluxes in the 2–5.5 μm range. The mixing of the gases in the furnace was good as the burnout and the emissions were comparable to the reference cases. The flame temperatures of the CSNB case could be controlled by the burner operation stoichiometry and were also similar to the reference cases. The heat flux in the furnace through radiation to the wall was higher compared to the oxyfuel reference case. This is an effect of the lowered recirculation rate as the mass flow out of the furnace and therefore the sensible heat leaving the furnace decreases. The higher oxygen consumption with lower recirculation rate could be compensated by a lower furnace stoichiometry. This was possible due to better burnout with increased oxygen concentrations in the burner. The results prove that a reduction of the flue gas recirculation rate in oxyfuel natural gas combustion from 70% down to 50% is possible while avoiding inadmissible high flame temperatures with the concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners.     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

天然气柔和燃烧锅炉结构参数影响模拟研究

在天然气锅炉中引入柔和燃烧技术将大大降低NOx排放,高速未燃气卷吸高温烟气回流并与之快速掺混再燃烧是柔和燃烧的重要特征,因此,开展天然气锅炉关键结构参数优化设计以组织流场形成柔和燃烧所需的高温低氧反应气氛非常必要。基于天然气锅炉的工况特征,设计了热负荷15kW的模型燃烧室,采用数值模拟手段详细研究了燃烧室高度、喷嘴孔径、喷嘴相对位置及烟气出口尺寸对燃烧室流场、组分场及关键参数——烟气回流比的影响规律,并最终确定了燃烧室结构优选方案,对天然气锅炉柔和燃烧机设计提供理论基础数据。     

Experimental study of the fuel jet combustion in high temperature and low oxygen content exhaust gases

The performance of high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) depends on the heat regenerator efficiency and on the way fuel is mixed with furnace gases. In this work, combustion of a single fuel jet of gasol (>95% of propane) was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out in steady-state conditions using a single jet flame furnace. The jet of fuel was co-axially injected into high temperature exhaust gases generated by means of a gas burner also fired with gasol. Thus, instead of highly preheated and oxygen depleted air, which was normally used by other researches for such studies, this work has used high temperature and low oxygen content exhaust gases as the oxidiser. A water-cooled fuel nozzle was used to control fuel inlet temperature. Influence of the oxygen content in the oxidiser, at temperatures of 860–890 °C, on the flame visibility and the reactants composition was investigated. The combustion of gasol in hot flue gases appeared to be very stable and complete even at very low oxygen concentration. The oxygen concentration in the oxidiser was found to have a substantial effect on flame size, luminosity, colour, visibility and lift-off distance. Reduced oxygen concentration increases the flame size and lift-off distance, and decreases luminosity and visibility. The HiTAC flame first became bluish and then non-visible at sufficiently low concentration of oxygen in the oxidiser. In this work, results are presented for the constant ratio between fuel jet velocity and velocity of co-flowing flue gases. This ratio was equal to 26.     

燃煤工业锅炉使用布朗气复燃法的研究

利用布朗气燃烧速度快、着火范围宽、最低点火能量低等特点,首次提出将布朗气复合燃料燃烧法应用于燃煤工业锅炉,使锅炉的燃烧状态发生明显变化,降低尾气中CO的含量,使得锅炉在相同排放水平条件下,可以采用更低的过量空气系数,提高燃烧效率.     

电站锅炉燃气脉冲除灰过程研究

中国电站锅炉燃用大量的未经洗选的劣质煤，导致严重的锅炉积灰。积灰不仅使锅炉热效率下降，而且堵塞烟气通道，影响了锅炉的正常运行。燃气脉冲除灰技术是中国科学院力学研究所燃烧实验室开发的，并在30多台大型电站锅炉应用，取得了很好的效果。本文工作研究了该项技术中燃烧室结构和燃料对火焰传播和压力脉冲的影响；用压力传感器测量燃气脉冲在出口外流场中的压力分布，观察燃气脉冲的作用强度和作用范围；用振动传感器测量积灰板的振动，以及在不同空间位置振动加速度的变化情况，由此推论了除灰作用的机理。     

循环流化床锅炉低氮燃烧的CPFD数值模拟

针对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛出口NOx排放超标问题进行分析探讨,以合理的低氮燃烧控制技术为主,辅以SNCR烟气脱硝技术,争取达到NO x超净排放要求。采用CPFD计算方法对循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的气固流动和燃烧特性进行数值模拟,运用低过量空气燃烧法和空气分级技术对锅炉进行低氮燃烧控制,研究一、二次风配比、二次风射流、过量空气系数、循环倍率和颗粒粒径等因素对炉内燃烧及NO x排放的影响。结果表明:通过低氮燃烧控制后,炉内速度场和温度场分布均匀,炉膛出口处烟气流速增加,炉膛平均烟温和出口氧浓度降低,还原性气体CO浓度和优化前基本相同,炉膛出口NOx浓度降低,减排效果显著,为以后的锅炉运行提供实际指导经验。     

Assessment of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces

The present study investigates the application of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces and their economic potential for decreasing carbon dioxide emissions in this field of application. Doing so, a detailed technological analysis of several influencing parameters on the heating system was performed as well as a consideration of furnace heating technology challenges. Starting with an evaluation of the main thermophysical properties of the blends and their corresponding flue gases, requirements for the heating systems were identified. Potential ways of decreasing flue gas losses and increasing the heat transfer are shown. In the radiant tube application, an increased overall combustion efficiency of about 1.2% was measured at 40 vol% hydrogen in the fuel gas. Influences on the air to gas ratio control system of the furnace is a further important point, which was considered in this study. Two commonly used control systems were evaluated concerning their capabilities to regulate the gas flow rates of blends with varying hydrogen contents and combustion properties, such as Wobbe Index. This is important, since it shows the capability to retrofit existing furnaces. Two types of burners were tested with different natural gas/hydrogen blends. This includes an open jet burner with air-staged and flameless combustion operation modes. A recuperative burner for radiant tube application was considered as well in these tests. Doing so, the nitrogen oxide formation of both systems under different operating conditions and different fuel blends were evaluated. An increase by about 10% at air-staged combustion and about 100% at flameless combustion was measured by a hydrogen content of 40 vol% in comparison to pure natural gas firing. Finally, the additional fuel costs of natural gas hydrogen blends and different cases are presented in an economic analysis. The driving force for the use of hydrogen as a fuel is the price of the CO2 certificates, which are considered in the analysis at a current price of 25.2 €/t CO2.     

初始氧浓度对锅炉富氧燃烧和NOx排放的影响

针对某电站300MW燃煤锅炉,基于专门开发的CFX-TASCFLOW软件平台,将额定负荷下空气气氛、不同初始氧浓度φ(O2=21%、30%、35%、40%)的O2/CO2气氛,共五种工况下的炉内流动、燃烧及污染物生成进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:O2/CO2燃烧方式下,炉膛出口烟气中CO2的浓度均可达到90%以上,便于CO2的回收;随着初始氧浓度的增大,炉内的火焰温度提高,沿炉膛高度方向温度的降低幅度增高,炉膛出口烟气温度降低,NOx的生成量小于空气气氛;飞灰可燃物在初始氧浓度为21%时最高,在初始氧浓度增至30%～40%时,飞灰可燃物大幅度下降;30%的初始氧浓度是比较合理的富氧燃烧浓度。