世界上首座Kalina循环电厂的初步试验结果

简要介绍了美国加州凯诺盖园首座Kalina循环示范电厂的构成和初步试验结果。     

Kalina循环可增加功率25%提高净效率3%

利用７ＦＡ燃气轮机和再热三压蒸汽循环构成的常规联合循环电厂的功率为２５０ＭＷ，效率５５％；但组成Ｋａｌｉｎａ联合循环电厂，其额定功率可达３１０ＭＷ，效率为５８％     

Kalina循环的热力学第一定律分析

从热力学第一定律的角度出发,选取P-R方程作为氨-水混合物性质的基本计算公式,对一级蒸馏Kalina循环进行了热力学分析.编制了氨-水混合工质热力性质及Kalina循环热力性能计算程序,对Kalina循环热功转换的主要热力性能进行了理论计算,分析了透平进口压力、透平进口温度、透平背压、工作溶液浓度、基本溶液浓度、循环倍增率等关键参数对循环性能的影响.     

盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统性能研究

Kalina循环发电系统是一种典型的低温热源发电系统,具有广阔的应用前景。盐梯度太阳池能够实现连续聚热和跨季节蓄热,可广泛应用于光热发电系统和光热供热系统。文章提出了一种以太阳池储热量为热源的盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统,并利用Aspen Hysys软件对该系统进行建模。而后根据模拟结果,研究了提热温度、运行压力和氨水浓度对该系统各项性能的影响。此外,还分析了典型工况下,该系统的热力性能。分析结果表明:随着提热温度逐渐升高,盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统的发电功率、热效率和效率均逐渐增加;随着运行压力逐渐升高,该系统的热效率和效率逐渐升高,并且存在最佳的运行压力1.75 MPa,使得该系统获得最大发电功率;随着氨水浓度逐渐增大,该系统的发电功率也会逐渐增大,但热效率和效率却逐渐降低;当氨水浓度为85%、运行压力为1.75 MPa、提热温度为90℃时,该系统的热效率和效率分别为7.93%,57.59%。     

改进型Kalina海洋温差能发电循环模型的建立及热力性能分析

文章以引入太阳能为辅热的海洋温差发电Kalina循环为基础,利用引射器对循环系统进行改进。对改进型Kalina循环系统的汽轮机进、出口压力和冷、热源温度进行分析,探究其对改进型Kalina循环系统的发电功率及热效率的影响。研究结果表明:改进后的Kalina循环具有较大的优越性,相比原Kalina循环,发电量增加了9%;系统的热效率随汽轮机入口压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,并且热效率最大值可以达到9.45%;当热源温度较低时,较低的汽轮机入口压力会得到较高的热效率;当热源温度较高时,较高的汽轮机入口压力会得到较高的热效率。     

氩气循环发动机热力学循环效率影响因素的热力学分析

为探索氩气(Ar)循环发动机指示热效率超过50%的途径,以热力学方法分析了影响氩气循环发动机指示热效率的因素,并提出一种在热力学循环中加入化学平衡的应用方法.确认了Ar对热力学循环效率的提升作用,在循环工质分别为Ar、N2和CO2、且与O2的摩尔比为79:21、氢混合气为化学当量比、压缩比为14.5的条件下,热力学循环效率分别为58%、50%和39%;影响燃烧压力、温度的主导因素是燃料的比例.通过提高Ar摩尔分数可以降低燃烧压力、温度,从而提高压缩比.压缩比从5.5提高至9.5,热力学循环效率可提高10%.当压缩比为9.5时,为实现指示热效率大于50%,应设定Ar摩尔分数下限为82%.     

内可逆Rallis循环的最优功率和效率性能研究

运用有限时间热力学理论建立存在传热损失的空气标准内可逆Rallis循环模型,导出循环功率(P)和效率(η)的解析式;以P和η为优化目标,将等温过程膨胀比作为优化变量,对循环性能进行优化;分析传热损失(B)、压缩比(ε)、增压比(λ)和预胀比(ρ)对P、η特性的影响。结果表明:内可逆Rallis循环的P、η与等温过程膨胀比的关系曲线均呈类抛物线形,存在最佳膨胀比(σ_P和σ_η)使循环P、η分别达到最大值(P_max和η_max);循环过程的P-η关系曲线呈现过原点的扭叶形;随着ε、λ和ρ的增加,P_max、σ_P、η_max和σ_η均增加;随着B的增加,η_P和η_max均减小。     

湿压缩过程的热力学指标及湿压缩燃机循环性能分析

给出了评价湿压缩过程完善性的热力学指标－湿压缩效率的定义,研究了压气机入口喷水湿压缩简单燃机循环的性能特点和规律,并与常规简单燃机循环进行了比较,结果表明湿压缩在提高燃机循环性能方面有很大潜力。     

燃气轮机循环有限时间热力学分析：理论和应用

在简要回顾有限时间热力学理论的发展历史并分析其发展趋势的基础上,着重介绍了该理论研究方法的特点和在燃气轮机循环性能分析与优化中的应用。     

HAT循环的热力学分析

本文用热力学方法详细分析了湿空气透平循环（ＨＡＴ）中供电效率ηｃｃ＾Ｎ和比功Ｗｓ＾０的表达关系式，以及某些关键因素对它们的影响。它有助于人们深入了解ＨＡＴ循环的本质，并在设计时合理地选择有关参数。     

A comparative thermodynamic analysis of Kalina and organic Rankine cycles for hot dry rock: a prospect study in the Gonghe Basin

Hot dry rock is a new type of geothermal resource which has a promising application prospect in China. This paper conducted a comparative research on performance evaluation of two eligible bottoming cycles for a hot dry rock power plant in the Gonghe Basin. Based on the given heat production conditions, a Kalina cycle and three organic Rankine cycles were tested respectively with different ammonia-water mixtures of seven ammonia mass fractions and nine eco-friendly working fluids. The results show that the optimal ammonia mass fraction is 82% for the proposed bottoming Kalina cycle in view of maximum net power output. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that wet fluids should be supercritical while dry fluids should be saturated at the inlet of turbine, respectively. The maximum net power output of the organic Rankine cycle with dry fluids expanding from saturated state is higher than that of the other organic Rankine cycle combinations, and is far higher than the maximum net power output in all tested Kalina cycle cases. Under the given heat production conditions of hot dry rock resource in the Gonghe Basin, the saturated organic Rankine cycle with the dry fluid butane as working fluid generates the largest amount of net power.     

Thermodynamic analysis,parametric study and optimum operation of the Kalina cycle

The work described here has a major objectives the complete thermodynamic analysis and the parametric study of the Kalina Power Unit. The device layout optimization is based on the presentation of the unit on the T-h and h/T-s thermodynamic charts. The operation of the power unit is simulated by the use of equations describing the thermodynamic behaviour of the NH₃/H₂O mixture. The important parameters of the unit, i.e. high, medium and low pressures/rich, weak, working solution and boiler vapour mass fraction are discussed and related. Correlations are developed which describe the optimum operation of the Kalina cycle. The maximum thermal efficiency, the heat required to drive the unit and the work produced may be directly calculated from analytical functions in terms of the ambient temperature and the low pressure of the units. The maximum theoretical efficiency ranges from 42·7% to 46·6%.     

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a geothermal Kalina cycle system using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm

In this paper, thermodynamic analysis is carried out for a geothermal Kalina cycle employed in Husavic power plant. Afterwards, the optimum operating conditions in which the cycle is at its best performance are calculated. In order to reach the optimum thermal and exergy efficiencies of the cycle, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, a new powerful multi-objective and multi-modal optimization algorithm, is conducted. Regarding the mechanism of ABC algorithm, convergence speed and precision of solutions have been remarkably improved when compared to those of GA, PSO and DE algorithms. Such a relative improvement is indicated by a limit parameter and declining probability of premature convergence. In this research, exergy efficiency including chemical and physical exergies and thermal efficiency are chosen as the objective functions of ABC algorithm where optimum values of the efficiencies for the Kalina cycle are found to be 48.18 and 20.36%, respectively, while the empirical thermal efficiency of the cycle is about 14%. At the optimum thermal and exergy efficiencies, total exergy destruction rates are respectively 4.17 and 3.48 MW. Finally, effects of the separator inlet pressure, temperature, basic ammonia mass fraction and mass flow rate on the first and second law efficiencies are investigated.     

再热Brayton循环效率特性分析

在燃气轮机循环中工质温度变化范围大,其比热是变化的。利用数值分析方法研究了工质变比热情况下再热Brayton循环的效率特性,发现存在最佳循环总效率和对应的最优压比,讨论了循环温比、压气机和透平效率对循环最优压比和循环总效率最佳值的影响,比较了压气机效率和透平效率的影响程度,并指出了已有文献的错误。所得的分析结果对燃气轮机的优化设计和运行参数选择具有一定的指导作用。     

开式燃气轮机中冷回热再热循环功率和效率优化

建立了开式燃气轮机中冷回热再热（ICRR）循环有限时间热力学模型,导出了循环功率和效率解析式,优化了气流沿通流部分的压降（或低压压气机进口空气质量流率）和中间压比,得到最大功率;并在给定燃油流率的情况下,优化了气流沿通流部分的压降和中间压比,得到最大热效率,进一步在给定低压压气机进口和动力涡轮出口总面积的情况下,优化两者面积分配比,得到双重最大热效率.     

海洋温差能发电热力循环技术进展

受传统化石能源日趋枯竭和环境污染的影响,海洋能作为一种清洁可再生能源得到了广泛关注。海洋温差能作为海洋能的重要组成部分,其储量和可转化电能巨大,且发电波动小、能量密度高,积极开发海洋温差能资源对实现科技兴海战略具有重要意义。海洋温差热力循环是海洋温差能开发利用的关键技术,其循环效率的高低直接决定了海洋温差发电系统的技术和经济性。本文综述了海洋温差能发电热力循环技术研究现状,对其基本原理及形式、热力循环构架、循环工质和热力学分析方法进行了详细阐述,并对海洋温差能发电热力循环技术进行了深入分析和展望。     

整体煤气化湿化燃气轮机循环热力性能分析

本文以降低NOX排放和有效利用低品位热量为出发点,将燃料或空气湿化应用到整体煤气化燃气轮机循环中。基于水煤浆激冷或废锅流程气化炉,构建了多种整体煤气化湿化燃气轮机循环并分析了其热力性能。研究表明：燃料湿化循环系统效率较高;空气湿化循环燃气轮机比功较大;无论采用何种湿化方式,废锅流程循环系统效率都要高于激冷流程;蒸汽底循环保留的空气湿化循环系统具有利用系统外部中低品位热量、大幅提高系统效率的潜力。