世界上首座Kalina循环电厂的初步试验结果

简要介绍了美国加州凯诺盖园首座Kalina循环示范电厂的构成和初步试验结果。     

Kalina循环可增加功率25%提高净效率3%

利用７ＦＡ燃气轮机和再热三压蒸汽循环构成的常规联合循环电厂的功率为２５０ＭＷ，效率５５％；但组成Ｋａｌｉｎａ联合循环电厂，其额定功率可达３１０ＭＷ，效率为５８％     

Kalina循环的热力学第一定律分析

从热力学第一定律的角度出发,选取P-R方程作为氨-水混合物性质的基本计算公式,对一级蒸馏Kalina循环进行了热力学分析.编制了氨-水混合工质热力性质及Kalina循环热力性能计算程序,对Kalina循环热功转换的主要热力性能进行了理论计算,分析了透平进口压力、透平进口温度、透平背压、工作溶液浓度、基本溶液浓度、循环倍增率等关键参数对循环性能的影响.     

盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统性能研究

Kalina循环发电系统是一种典型的低温热源发电系统,具有广阔的应用前景。盐梯度太阳池能够实现连续聚热和跨季节蓄热,可广泛应用于光热发电系统和光热供热系统。文章提出了一种以太阳池储热量为热源的盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统,并利用Aspen Hysys软件对该系统进行建模。而后根据模拟结果,研究了提热温度、运行压力和氨水浓度对该系统各项性能的影响。此外,还分析了典型工况下,该系统的热力性能。分析结果表明:随着提热温度逐渐升高,盐梯度太阳池Kalina循环发电系统的发电功率、热效率和效率均逐渐增加;随着运行压力逐渐升高,该系统的热效率和效率逐渐升高,并且存在最佳的运行压力1.75 MPa,使得该系统获得最大发电功率;随着氨水浓度逐渐增大,该系统的发电功率也会逐渐增大,但热效率和效率却逐渐降低;当氨水浓度为85%、运行压力为1.75 MPa、提热温度为90℃时,该系统的热效率和效率分别为7.93%,57.59%。     

改进型Kalina海洋温差能发电循环模型的建立及热力性能分析

文章以引入太阳能为辅热的海洋温差发电Kalina循环为基础,利用引射器对循环系统进行改进。对改进型Kalina循环系统的汽轮机进、出口压力和冷、热源温度进行分析,探究其对改进型Kalina循环系统的发电功率及热效率的影响。研究结果表明:改进后的Kalina循环具有较大的优越性,相比原Kalina循环,发电量增加了9%;系统的热效率随汽轮机入口压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,并且热效率最大值可以达到9.45%;当热源温度较低时,较低的汽轮机入口压力会得到较高的热效率;当热源温度较高时,较高的汽轮机入口压力会得到较高的热效率。     

氩气循环发动机热力学循环效率影响因素的热力学分析

为探索氩气(Ar)循环发动机指示热效率超过50%的途径,以热力学方法分析了影响氩气循环发动机指示热效率的因素,并提出一种在热力学循环中加入化学平衡的应用方法.确认了Ar对热力学循环效率的提升作用,在循环工质分别为Ar、N2和CO2、且与O2的摩尔比为79:21、氢混合气为化学当量比、压缩比为14.5的条件下,热力学循环效率分别为58%、50%和39%;影响燃烧压力、温度的主导因素是燃料的比例.通过提高Ar摩尔分数可以降低燃烧压力、温度,从而提高压缩比.压缩比从5.5提高至9.5,热力学循环效率可提高10%.当压缩比为9.5时,为实现指示热效率大于50%,应设定Ar摩尔分数下限为82%.     

内可逆Rallis循环的最优功率和效率性能研究

运用有限时间热力学理论建立存在传热损失的空气标准内可逆Rallis循环模型,导出循环功率(P)和效率(η)的解析式;以P和η为优化目标,将等温过程膨胀比作为优化变量,对循环性能进行优化;分析传热损失(B)、压缩比(ε)、增压比(λ)和预胀比(ρ)对P、η特性的影响。结果表明:内可逆Rallis循环的P、η与等温过程膨胀比的关系曲线均呈类抛物线形,存在最佳膨胀比(σ_P和σ_η)使循环P、η分别达到最大值(P_max和η_max);循环过程的P-η关系曲线呈现过原点的扭叶形;随着ε、λ和ρ的增加,P_max、σ_P、η_max和σ_η均增加;随着B的增加,η_P和η_max均减小。     

燃气轮机循环有限时间热力学分析：理论和应用

在简要回顾有限时间热力学理论的发展历史并分析其发展趋势的基础上,着重介绍了该理论研究方法的特点和在燃气轮机循环性能分析与优化中的应用。     

HAT循环的热力学分析

本文用热力学方法详细分析了湿空气透平循环（ＨＡＴ）中供电效率ηｃｃ＾Ｎ和比功Ｗｓ＾０的表达关系式，以及某些关键因素对它们的影响。它有助于人们深入了解ＨＡＴ循环的本质，并在设计时合理地选择有关参数。     

溶液蒸汽动力循环及其热力学分析

讨论了一个新的动力循环，在循环中利用资源作为吸热工质，利用溶剂的蒸汽作为作动工质，对回热朗肯循环的回热系统加以改造，可以使吸热过程接近于等温过程，给出的算例中，新循环对卡诺循环的充满系数高达８８．４％。     

Thermodynamic analysis,parametric study and optimum operation of the Kalina cycle

The work described here has a major objectives the complete thermodynamic analysis and the parametric study of the Kalina Power Unit. The device layout optimization is based on the presentation of the unit on the T-h and h/T-s thermodynamic charts. The operation of the power unit is simulated by the use of equations describing the thermodynamic behaviour of the NH₃/H₂O mixture. The important parameters of the unit, i.e. high, medium and low pressures/rich, weak, working solution and boiler vapour mass fraction are discussed and related. Correlations are developed which describe the optimum operation of the Kalina cycle. The maximum thermal efficiency, the heat required to drive the unit and the work produced may be directly calculated from analytical functions in terms of the ambient temperature and the low pressure of the units. The maximum theoretical efficiency ranges from 42·7% to 46·6%.     

15kW等级闭式海洋温差KSC-11发电系统的性能分析

对15kW等级混合工质海洋温差卡林纳-11循环(简称KSC-11)系统进行计算和分析。结果表明,对于给定的透平进口压力,KSC-11系统存在相对应的最佳氨质量分数。对于给定氨质量分数的KSC-11系统,也存在相对应的最佳透平进口压力。在可利用海水温差19℃条件下,15kW等级KSC-11系统中,氨质量分数对最大净功影响不大,对应最佳透平进口压力为0.60～0.75MPa;氨质量分数为0.95的KSC-11系统综合性能最好,单位净功产量的换热器总面积γ为6～7m2/kW,对应的最佳透平进口压力为0.75MPa。     

径流式氨水混合工质透平热力设计和数值模拟

为了更好地研究氨水混合工质透平,提升Kalina循环系统整体性能,对径流式氨水混合工质透平进行了一维热力学设计,并使用BladeGen、TurboGrid和ANSYS CFX软件进行三维数值模拟;将一维和三维建模方法分别与参考文献案例进行对比验证,并比较了透平一维热力计算与三维模型数值模拟的结果。结果表明：径流式氨水混合工质透平的性能通过热力设计模型估算,可大幅降低计算成本;透平一维热力计算与三维模型数值模拟得到的参数基本一致,所得透平等熵效率分别为84.67%和88.75%;工质在透平流道内流动均匀且无明显旋涡。     

Possibilities of electricity generation in the Republic of Croatia by means of geothermal energy

In the Republic of Croatia there are some medium temperature geothermal sources by means of which it is possible to produce electricity. However, only recently concrete initiatives for the construction of geothermal power plants have been started. Consequently, the paper provides proposals of the possible cycles for the Republic of Croatia. On the example of the most prospective geothermal source in the Republic of Croatia detailed analysis for the proposed energy conversion cycles is performed: for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina cycle. On the basis of analysis results both the most suitable cycle for selected and for other geothermal sources in the Republic of Croatia are proposed. It is ORC which in case of the most prospective geothermal source in the Republic of Croatia has better both the thermal efficiency (the First Law efficiency) and the exergetic efficiency (the Second Law efficiency): 14.1% vs. 10.6% and 52% vs. 44%. The ORC gives net power of 5270 kW with mass flow rate 80.13 kg/s, while the Kalina cycle gives net power of 3949 kW with mass flow rate 35.717 kg/s.     

A Kalina power cycle driven by renewable energy sources

The present paper investigates a Kalina cycle using low-temperature heat sources to produce power. The main heat source of the cycle is provided from flat solar collectors. In addition, an external heat source is connected to the cycle, which corresponds to 5% up to 10% of the total thermal energy supplied to the cycle. The cycle operates at low pressure levels (0.2–4.5 bar) and low maximum temperature (130 °C). The NH₃ mass fraction at the turbine inlet varies along with the expansion pressure and the effects on the cycle efficiency are studied. For given conditions, an optimum range of vapor mass fractions and operating pressures can be identified that result in optimum cycle performance. Simple equations have been derived that link the operational parameters with the independent variables as well as with the cycle efficiency.     

First law-based thermodynamic analysis on Kalina cycle

Based on the first law of thermodynamics, and adopting the Peng-Robinson equation (P-R equation) as the basic equation for the properties of ammonia-water mixtures, a thermodynamic analysis on a single-stage distillation Kalina cycle is presented. A program to calculate the thermodynamic properties of ammoniawater mixtures, and that for calculating the performance of Kalina cycles, were developed, with which the heatwork conversion particulars of Kalina cycles were theoretically calculated. The influences on the cycle performance of key parameters, such as the pressure and temperature at the inlet of the turbine, the back pressure of the turbine, the concentration of the working solution, the concentration of the basic solution and the cycle multiplication ratio, were analyzed. __________ Translated from Journal of Power Engineering, 2007, 27(2): 218–222 [译自: 动力工程]     

径流式氨水混合工质透平热力设计和数值模拟

为了更好地研究氨水混合工质透平,提升Kalina循环系统整体性能,对径流式氨水混合工质透平进行了一维热力学设计,并使用BladeGen、TurboGrid和ANSYS CFX软件进行三维数值模拟;将一维和三维建模方法分别与参考文献案例进行对比验证,并比较了透平一维热力计算与三维模型数值模拟的结果。结果表明：径流式氨水混合工质透平的性能通过热力设计模型估算,可大幅降低计算成本;透平一维热力计算与三维模型数值模拟得到的参数基本一致,所得透平等熵效率分别为84.67%和88.75%;工质在透平流道内流动均匀且无明显旋涡。