双馈风力发电机的虚拟惯量控制及稳定性分析

针对传统矢量定向控制下双馈异步风电机组表现为电流源特性无法向电网提供转子的固有惯性,继而加剧现有电力系统转动惯量降低的问题,研究了具有并网友好性的虚拟同步发电机技术在风力发电系统中的应用。以双馈风力发电机为研究对象,在建立风机小信号等效模型的基础上,研究分析其虚拟同步发电机控制策略,使双馈风电机组具有更大的惯量和频率支撑能力,采用定子电压外环和转子电流内环的双闭环控制,提高瞬时值跟踪能力。根据建立的频域模型分析了虚拟同步发电机参数对稳定性的影响,并给出了参数设计方法。最后,利用搭建的仿真模型验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

同步耦合双馈风机的虚拟惯量优化控制技术

双馈风电机组在同步并网时虚拟出的可控惯性将显著影响电网的动态特性,仍须通过优化控制减少其附加运行风险,充分发挥其控制潜力。该文首先建立引入虚拟同步控制后的双馈风电机组的动态模型,并分析双馈风机与同步发电机之间建立的虚拟同步耦合关系。在此基础上,构建双馈风机同步并网系统的能量函数,基于同步并网耦合关系提出双馈风电机组的变惯量优化控制策略,并借助控制参数对系统稳定性的影响分析,设置虚拟惯量参数范围。最后,搭建双馈风机同步并网系统进行仿真验证,双馈风机的虚拟惯量需要在合理范围内通过变惯量优化才能为并网系统提供可靠的动态稳定支撑。     

微电网中带蓄电池的DFIG动态模型仿真

通过分析双馈电机的数学模型,建立了基于定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈异步风力发电机模型,并且在其转换器直流侧加入蓄电池,在风力不足和大电网发生故障时给转换器转子侧或电网侧注入功率。以一个20 kV电源等效电网模型建立微电网系统,利用电力系统分析软件PSCAD/EMTDC分别对不带蓄电池的风力发电机和带蓄电池的风力发电机进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制方式能够实现双馈式异步风力发电机的有功、无功解耦。在变换器侧加入蓄电池,可改善电网质量,当负荷产生波动时能提高电压稳定性,还节约了变频器资源,节省了开支。     

多机型风电机组机网扭振的模型与机理

分别针对风电场的定桨失速型、直驱式永磁型和双馈异步型风力发电机组3种主流机型的机网扭振机理进行了分析.建立了风力发电机组机网扭振研究的小信号分析模型,包括风力机的机械旋转系统模型、发电机模型、控制模型及电网模型.其中机械旋转系统包括风力机的桨叶、高速轴、齿轮箱、低速轴和发电机转子,等效为3个集中质量块-弹簧模型;发电机、电网及控制模型均在dq坐标系下建立.建立了整个模型的状态方程.通过仿真研究了上述3种机型风电机组机网扭振的单机对无穷大仿真模型,利用输电线路首端三相短路故障激发风电场和电网间的机网扭振现象,得到了转速和转矩的扭振曲线,扭振频率与计算得出的风力发电机组机械旋转系统固有频率吻合,验证了模型的准确性.     

双馈风力发电机组等效模型对机组暂态稳定性影响

为研究并网双馈风力发电机组的机电耦合作用对机组暂态性能的影响,采用等效集中质量法,在Mat-lab/Simulink环境下,提出一种基于叶片弯曲柔性和传动轴扭转柔性的风力发电机组3质量块等效模型。结合双馈发电机控制策略,分别以额定功率750 kW和3 MW的风力发电机组为例,对其在电网电压跌落和机械扰动两种情况下进行暂态稳定性仿真,并将仿真结果和传统的1质量块、2质量块等效模型的仿真结果进行比较分析。结果表明:随着单机容量的增加,叶片的柔性对机组暂态稳定性的影响逐渐增大,建立3质量块等效模型对研究大容量双馈风力发电机组暂态稳定性是必要和有效的。     

不同风电机组的频率响应特性仿真分析

研究分析了恒速异步风力发电机、双馈感应风力发电机和直驱永磁同步风力发电机组成的风电场的频率响应特性;利用DIgSILENT/PowerFactory建立了风电场的动态模型;通过仿真显示:由于采用解耦控制方式,基于双馈感应电机、直驱永磁同步电机的变速风电机组不能对系统频率变化做出快速有效响应,而基于异步感应电机的恒速风电机组能快速地对系统频率变化做出正确响应,能有效地提高系统的频率稳定性。     

基于虚拟同步机的改进双馈风电机组控制策略研究

针对双馈风电机组并网导致风机转速与电网频率相解耦,不及时响应电网频率变化的问题,提出一种基于虚拟定子电压定向的新型双馈风机控制策略。通过改进双馈风机变流器的控制,在风力发电机与电网之间建立起一套虚拟功角,增加了原系统所没有的惯性和阻尼。在稳态时可保障风机运行于最大功率点,当系统发生频率扰动时,可动态地调节风力机组的输出,以响应电网频率的变化。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了1.5 MW双馈风机的暂态模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

电网频率变化下双馈风力发电机组暂态特性分析

为研究双馈风力发电机(DFIG)在电网频率发生变化情况下的暂态特性,建立电网中风力发电系统数学模型,网侧和机侧变换器分别采用基于电网电压定向和电流前馈补偿的定子磁链定向矢量控制策略。根据建立的模型对电网频率变化情况下风力机输出特性进行仿真分析,仿真结果与实测数据进行比较验证模型的正确性。针对电网频率变化过程中引起的转子过电流提出用Butter Worth对转子电流进行低通滤波,可提高双馈风力发电机在电网频率瞬变情况下的穿越能力并取得较好的控制效果。     

基于模型预测控制的虚拟同步发电机控制策略

为了提高惯性和促进电网恢复,提出一种基于LCL型并网逆变器的虚拟同步发电机模型预测控制（MPC-VSG）策略。该方法在模型预测控制（MPC）中引入虚拟同步发电机（VSG）控制输出电流内环的参考值,使内环电流参考值可随电网电压和频率变化。基于Matlab搭建仿真模型,和MPC控制方法相对比和分析。仿真结果表明：当逆变器输出功率发生变化时,采用VSG的模型预测控制可增加电网的惯性和稳定性,改善系统暂态过程。     

提高多机风力发电并网系统稳定性的研究

风电受自然条件的影响不能持续稳定地输出电能,当大量风电并入电网势必对电力系统稳定性产生不利影响.为确保电力系统的稳定运行,提出基于模糊逻辑控制的超级电容器储能系统(SCESS)结合双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的解决方案,采用Matlab/Smiulink软件对多机风力发电并网系统进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明:所提出的SC...     

Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency

Synchronous and fixed-speed induction generators release the kinetic energy of their rotating mass when the power system frequency is reduced. In the case of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines, their control system operates to apply a restraining torque to the rotor according to a predetermined curve with respect to the rotor speed. This control system is not based on the power system frequency and there is negligible contribution to the inertia of the power system. A DFIG control system was modified to introduce inertia response to the DFIG wind turbine. Simulations were used to show that with the proposed control system, the DFIG wind turbine can supply considerably greater kinetic energy than a fixed-speed wind turbine.     

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

Flicker study on variable speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators

Grid connected wind turbines may produce flicker during continuous operation. This paper presents a simulation model of a MW-level variable speed wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator developed in the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC. Flicker emission of variable speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators is investigated during continuous operation, and the dependence of flicker emission on mean wind speed, wind turbulence intensity, short circuit capacity of grid and grid impedance angle are analyzed. A comparison is done with the fixed speed wind turbine, which leads to a conclusion that the factors mentioned above have different influences on flicker emission compared with that in the case of the fixed speed wind turbine. Flicker mitigation is realized by output reactive power control of the variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. Simulation results show the wind turbine output reactive power control provides an effective means for flicker mitigation regardless of mean wind speed, turbulence intensity and short circuit capacity ratio.     

双时间尺度下风电主导的微电网频率控制方法

文章提出了利用风电输出特征对微电网进行频率控制的方法。该方法首先对电网一、二次调频的双时间尺度特征进行了阐述,分析了风机虚拟惯性与桨距角调整两种输出控制方法,并讨论了此两种方式在时间尺度上与电网一、二次调频的对应关系。在此基础上,设计了风机虚拟惯性参与系统一次调频,桨距角调整参与二次调频的混合频率控制方法。最后以风、光、柴微电网为例进行仿真,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Reduced models of doubly fed induction generator system for wind turbine simulations

This article compares three reduced models with a detailed model of a doubly fed induction generator system for wind turbine applications. The comparisons are based on simulations only. The main idea is to provide reduced generator models which are appropriate to simulate normal wind turbine operation in aeroelastic wind turbine models, e.g. for control system design or structural design of the wind turbine. The electrical behaviour such as grid influence will therefore not be considered. The work presented in this article shows that with an ideal, undisturbed grid the dynamics of the doubly fed induction generator system is very well represented by the dynamics due to the generator inertia and the generator control system, whereas the electromagnetic characteristics of the generator can be represented by the steady state relations. The parameters for the proposed models are derived from parameters typically available from the generator data sheet and from the controller settings. Thus the models are simple to apply in any case where the generator data sheet is available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于风速预测的风电场虚拟惯量协调控制技术

针对现有风电场虚拟惯量协调控制在风电机组调频辅助功率协调分配方面的研究,提出一种基于风速预测的风电场虚拟惯量响应场级协同分配策略,具体是通过经验模式分解（EMD）和BP神经网络训练风速时序序列获得风速时序模型,预测短时段内的风速,根据实时转速和预测风速计算惯量分配权重因子,根据频率变化计算全场惯量响应值,通过惯量分配权重因子结合变流器容量限值给单机分配惯量响应值。该控制策略成功应用于云南某148.5 MW风电场站级调频测试,验证了算法的有效性。     

5 MW双馈风电机组低电压穿越的仿真分析

针对海上风力发电机组安全可靠运行要求的发展趋势,本文在阐述双馈风电机组控制原理的基础上,建立了双馈发电机及其变流器的控制模型。其次,在分析电力系统对并网风电机组低电压穿越原理基础上,比较分析了双馈风电机组低电压穿越的各种控制技术方案。最后,结合海上用5.0 MW双馈风力发电机组电气参数,对2种典型低电压穿越的转子电路保护措施进行了仿真比较。分析结果表明,采用二极管整流桥加IGBT和保护电阻构成斩波器的措施具有较好的暂态控制效果。     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines

An assessment on the capability of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine for frequency regulation is presented. Detailed aerodynamic, structural and electrical dynamic models were used in this study. A control loop acting on the frequency deviation was added to the inertia contributing loop in order to enhance the inertia support from the DFIG wind turbine. The possibility of de-loading a wind turbine to provide primary and secondary frequency response was discussed. A frequency droop controller was examined where the droop is operating on the electronic torque set point below its maximum speed and is operating on the pitch demand at maximum speed. It is also shown that by reducing the generator torque set point the DFIG wind turbine can provide high frequency response