风电机组叶片桨距角安装偏差故障诊断

研究了风电机组叶片桨距角安装偏差对风轮气动平衡的影响.首先,在GH Bladed软件中对陆上某5 MW风电机组单叶片桨距角安装偏差进行模拟,分析机组单叶片存在不同偏差角时机组的动态响应;其次,分析叶片桨距角安装偏差对机组叶轮转速、叶尖变形量和叶根弯矩等参数的影响规律,提出一种风电机组桨距角安装偏差方向的识别方法;最后,...     

海上风电筒型基础结构体系阻尼特性研究

针对某筒型基础海上风电结构,基于实测振动响应数据,采用随机子空间法对所测海上风电结构的阻尼进行识别,研究海上风电筒型基础结构在停机及运行状态下阻尼的变化规律。结果表明：在停机状态下,海上风电筒型基础结构的顺风向阻尼和横风向阻尼均随外界风速的增大呈增长趋势,两者的平均值分别为0.952%和0.973%;当风电机组处于运行状态时,顺风向运行阻尼随外界风速的增大呈增长趋势,阻尼平均值在3.87%~5.28%之间变化,而对于横风向运行阻尼,其变化趋势受外界因素的影响较小,阻尼平均值在整个风速范围内在1.74%~3.37%之间变化,横风向运行阻尼小于顺风向运行阻尼。     

基于单神经元权系数的风电机组独立变桨控制

针对风电机组大型化造成风轮受风剪切效应不良影响的问题,提出了采用模糊PID功率控制器与单神经元动态权系数分配的独立变桨距控制方案。使用Matlab软件对该方案应用于1 MW双馈型风电机组独立变桨距的运行工况进行仿真研究。仿真结果显示,独立变桨距控制方案在保证机组输出功率稳定的前提下,显著改善了风机叶片与风轮承受的轴向不平衡气动力的幅值与波动,进而降低了机组运行过程中受到的气动疲劳载荷,有助于延长机组寿命。     

基于载荷优化的漂浮式海上风力发电机组变桨距控制研究

首先建立漂浮式平台流体动力学模型,重点提出一种变桨距控制的改进方案,针对复杂载荷环境导致的海上风力机系统建模不精确,利用基于先进记忆的控制策略进行桨距角补偿,有效减少了不对称气动载荷和平台运动。基于FAST和Matlab/Simulink软件平台以NREL-5 MW漂浮式海上风电机组为仿真模型验证改进控制器的有效性。分析和仿真结果表明,相比传统的独立变桨控制,改进的控制器在减少疲劳载荷和平台振荡有更好的性能,提高了系统的稳定性和可靠性。     

基于LMI的5MW海上风力发电机组载荷控制技术研究

当风速大于额定风速时,通过调节桨距角可以限制输入气动功率和风轮转速,使等效在低速轴上的发电机转速更好地跟踪风轮转速,从而减小低速轴扭矩,实现风机叶片、塔筒和传动链的动态载荷控制。文章基于线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality,LMI)设计多目标鲁棒H_∞/H_2状态反馈变桨距控制器。设计变桨距控制器时充分考虑了海上机组的运行环境,分析了海浪对机组产生的影响,控制目标选取机组的功率和机组的关键部位疲劳载荷,在保证功率稳定输出、减小功率波动同时,减小机组载荷。使用MATLAB和FAST软件进行联合仿真,仿真结果表明新型控制策略可以有效平稳风电机组输出功率并降低机组载荷,实现了优化H_∞/H_2鲁棒控制性能。     

考虑变桨效应大型风力机塔架-叶片体系气动性能精细化分析

以某5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于大涡模拟方法,考虑不同叶片桨距角大型风力机体系表面流场信息和气动力分布模式进行模拟,并与规范及实测结果进行对比验证大涡模拟的有效性。在此基础上,对比分析不同叶片桨距角下风力机塔架及叶片表面平均和脉动风压、升力与阻力系数、绕流及尾流特性的分布模式,总结叶片桨距角和干扰对风力机体系气动性能的影响规律。研究表明:随着叶片桨距角的增大,叶片迎风面正压分布区域逐渐减小,塔架显著干扰区段迎风面0°和侧风面90°处的平均风压、极值风压逐渐增大,而脉动风压逐渐减小,层升力系数减小,阻力系数增大。塔架未干扰区段平均风压、脉动风压、极值风压和层阻力系数均未呈现明显变化,在桨距角较大(70°～90°)时,叶片尾迹对塔架绕流影响逐渐减弱,塔架气动力分布与未受叶片变桨和干扰时较为接近。综合分析表明,叶片桨距角为0°时,叶片和塔架之间的相互干涉作用最为明显,风力机体系气动性能最为不利。     

大型风力机筒式塔架涡致振动的数值分析

应用有限元数值分析方法分析了1.5MW变速变桨距风电机组圆筒型塔架在非定常气动力作用下的动力学响应.数值计算了塔架的动力特性,考察了风轮及机舱重量对塔架固有频率的影响;研究了作用在圆筒型塔架上的气动力特别是非定常气动力与雷诺数的关系;根据作用在塔架上的气动力,计算了塔顶处横向和顺风向在过临界和超临界条件下的动态位移.计算结果表明:非定常气动力是引起塔架振动的重要原因,研究塔架的动态问题比静态问题更重要.该文的工作也为风力机塔架振动分析和疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法.     

基于模态阻尼比的风电叶片气弹特性研究

以考虑叶片挥舞和摆振两个方向自由度的气弹分析模型为基础,通过Matlab软件编写仿真分析程序,对某5 MW叶片的叶素气弹阻尼、叶片模态和整体叶片模态气动阻尼比等进行仿真分析。结果表明,该叶片模型在正常设计运行范围内,各阶模态气动阻尼比均为正值,气弹特性稳定;并提出将整体叶片模态气动阻尼比随桨矩角变化曲线同风电机组正常运行风速随桨矩角变化曲线相结合,进行风电机组叶片气弹稳定性的判定方法。     

基于变距系统的风电机组并网运行特性的研究

依据风电机组的变桨距控制原理和风电机组的运行特性,建立了转速环和功率环控制的风电机组变桨距控制系统,结合双馈风电机组各部分数学模型,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了风电机组的并网仿真模型。对不同风速段湍流风况条件下的风电机组并网运行特性进行仿真,实现了不同运行阶段下风电机组运行特性的优化控制,并在此基础上分别仿真了阵风干扰和电网故障扰动下风电机组的动态运行特性。仿真结果分析表明,双环变桨距控制系统可以较好地优化风电机组的功率输出特性,在电网发生故障时桨距角的快速动作也可以有效地抑制故障暂态响应的进一步恶化,有利于电网的迅速恢复。     

双馈风电机组叶片变化对低电压穿越性能的影响研究

风电机组的低电压穿越能力主要采用现场测试的方式考核。由于同种类型和容量的风电机组通常采用多种长度的叶片配置,在其中一种叶片长度的机组完成低电压穿越测试后,是否必须对其它叶片长度的机组进行重新检测是目前制造商和检测机构面临的问题。针对该问题,文章首先分析了不同的风轮直径引起风电机组低电压穿越过程中机械功率、发电机转速、桨距角、有功功率和无功功率等状态量的变化,提出风轮直径变化对机组各部件低电压穿越特性的影响程度;其次,采用Bladed与Matlab联合仿真模型,在与实测数据对比校验其仿真准确性后,通过设置Bladed模型中详细的叶片、传动链等机械参数,仿真对比不同风轮直径的风电机组各环节状态变量的区别,验证了理论分析的有效性;最后,以77 m和82 m风轮直径的1.5 MW风电机组低电压穿越测试数据进行对比分析,进一步验证了理论分析和仿真结果的正确性。研究表明,在一种叶片长度的双馈风电机组完成低电压穿越检测后,采用其他长度叶片的风电机组可通过模型仿真方式对其低电压穿越性能进行分析和评估。     

The dynamics of an offshore wind turbine in parked conditions: a comparison between simulations and measurements

Offshore wind turbines are complex structures, and their dynamics can vary significantly because of changes in operating conditions, e.g., rotor‐speed, pitch angle or changes in the ambient conditions, e.g., wind speed, wave height or wave period. Especially in parked conditions, with reduced aerodynamic damping forces, the response due to wave actions with wave frequencies close to the first structural resonance frequencies can be high. Therefore, this paper will present numerical simulations using the HAWC2 code to study an offshore wind turbine in parked conditions. The model has been created according to best practice and current standards based on the design of an existing Vestas V90 offshore wind turbine on a monopile foundation in the Belgian North Sea. The damping value of the model's first fore‐aft mode has been tuned on the basis of measurements obtained from a long‐term ambient monitoring campaign on the same wind turbine. Using the updated model of the offshore wind turbine, the paper will present some of the effects of the different design parameters and the different ambient conditions on the dynamics of an offshore wind turbine. The results from the simulations will be compared with the processed data obtained from the real measurements. The accuracy of the model will be discussed in terms of resonance frequencies, mode shapes, damping value and acceleration levels, and the limitations of the simulations in modeling of an offshore wind turbine will be addressed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental identification of modal parameters of an industrial 2‐MW wind turbine

This contribution presents modal testing of a 2‐MW wind turbine on a 100‐m tubular tower with a 93‐m rotor developed by W2E Wind to Energy GmbH. This research is part of the DYNAWIND project of the University of Rostock and W2E. Beside classical modal analysis schemes, this contribution mainly focusses on the application of operational modal analysis techniques to a wind turbine. Specific problems are addressed, and hints for modal testing on wind turbines are given. Furthermore, an effective measurement setup is proposed for identification of the modal parameters of a wind turbine. The measurement campaign is divided in two parts. First, a measurement campaign using 8 sensor positions on a rotor blade was done while the rotor is lying on ground. Second, a detailed measurement campaign was done on the entire wind turbine with the rotor locked in Y position using 61 sensor positions on the tower, the mainframe, the gearbox, the generator, and the low‐voltage unit. While the rotor blade was tested by classical and operational modal analysis techniques, the entire wind turbine was tested by operational modal analysis techniques only. The mode shapes and eigenfrequencies of the wind turbine identified within the measurement campaigns are within the expected range of the design values of the wind turbine. But in contrast, the damping ratios differ strongly from those given in guidelines and literature. Furthermore, a strong influence of aerodynamic damping compared to structural damping is observed for the first tower mode even for a parked wind turbine.     

Identification of support structure damping of a full scale offshore wind turbine in normal operation

The support structure damping of a 3.6 MW pitch controlled variable speed offshore wind turbine on a monopile foundation is estimated both in standstill conditions and in normal operation. The net substructure damping is identified from the parameters of an exponential curve fitted to the relative maxima of an impulse response caused by a boat impact. The result is used in the verification of the non aerodynamic damping in normal operation for low wind speeds. The auto-correlation function technique for damping estimation of a structure under ambient excitation was validated against the identified damping from the decaying time series. The Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) method was applied to the wind turbine response under ambient excitation, for estimation of the damping in normal operation. The aero-servo-hydro-elastic tool HAWC2 is validated with offshore foundation load measurements. The model was tuned to the damping values obtained from the boat impact to match the measured loads. Wind turbulence intensity and wave characteristics used in the simulations are based on site measurements. A flexible soil model is included in the analysis. The importance of the correctly simulated damping in the model is stressed for accurate load prediction. Differences in the identified damping between the model and the wind turbine are detailed and explained. Discrepancies between simulated and measured loads are discussed.     

实度对低风速风电机组风轮气动性能影响研究

为提高低风速地区的风能利用率,研究风轮实度对低风速风电机组气动性能的影响。考虑影响风轮实度因素（叶片数量、弦长及安装角）,设计2组不同弦长叶片与可调安装角轮毂。安装角改变时不仅会引起实度变化,还会使叶尖速比发生改变。通过车载试验验证安装角不同时对风轮气动性能的影响主要与叶尖速比相关。根据不同风轮表面压力分布数值模拟结果得出：相同风速下,弦长由叶根到叶尖逐渐增大的叶片更易启动。相同条件下,试验机组输出功率与数值模拟机组输出功率最大相差5.37%,说明数值模拟结果可信。随着风轮实度的增加,风速5 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈增大趋势,风速8 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈减小趋势,两趋势相交时实度为25.38%,得出该实度下风轮气动性能较优,即可得到适合低风速地区的风轮实度。     

Effect of platform disturbance on the performance of offshore wind turbine under pitch control

The aerodynamic performance of offshore floating wind turbines (OFWTs) is more complicated than onshore wind turbines due to 6‐degree of freedom (DOF) motion of the floating platform. In the current study, the aerodynamic analysis of a horizontal‐axis floating offshore wind turbine is performed with the aim of studying the effects of floating platform movement on the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine in the presence of a pitch angle control system. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5‐MW offshore wind turbine is selected as the baseline wind turbine. For this sake, the unsteady blade element momentum method with dynamic stall and dynamic inflow models have been employed to obtain the unsteady aerodynamic loads. The baseline pitch angle control system is assumed to be coupled with the aerodynamic model to maintain the rated condition of the wind turbine and also to approach a closer model of wind turbine. In case of pitching motion input, the reduction of mean power coefficient for tip speed ratios (TSRs) less that 7 is expected by an amount of 16% to 20% at pitch amplitude of 2° and frequency of 0.1 Hz. For high TSRs, the trend is reverse with respect to fixed‐platform case. The mean thrust coefficient is reduced for almost all range of TSRs with maximum loss of 37%. Moreover, the mean control pitch angle that is an index of control system effort is increased. The results also represent the importance of considering the pitch control system for aerodynamic analysis of disturbed OFWT.     

海上浮式水平轴风力机气动特性研究

以NREL-5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于叶素动量理论,考虑动态失速、风剪切及塔影效应等气动修正模型,开发Matlab非定常气动载荷计算程序,研究浮式水平轴风力机气动特性。结果表明:为保证风力机气动载荷模拟的正确性,气动修正模型必不可少;基础运动对风力机气动性能有显著影响,基础运动使风力机输出功率增大,但同时存在较大的振荡幅度,导致功率输出不稳定;叶片变桨失效导致功率输出更加不稳定。     

Wind turbine aerodynamic response under atmospheric icing conditions

This article deals with the atmospheric ice accumulation on wind turbine blades and its effect on the aerodynamic performance and structural response. The role of eight atmospheric and system parameters on the ice accretion profiles was estimated using the 2D ice accumulation software lewice Twenty‐four hours of icing, with time varying wind speed and atmospheric icing conditions, was simulated on a rotor. Computational fluid dynamics code, FLUENT, was used to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients of the blade after icing. The results were also validated against wind tunnel measurements performed at LM Wind Power using a NACA64618 airfoil. The effects of changes in geometry and surface roughness are considered in the simulation. A blade element momentum code WT‐Perf is then used to quantify the degradation in performance curves. The dynamic responses of the wind turbine under normal and iced conditions were simulated with the wind turbine aeroelastic code HAWC2. The results show different behaviors below and above rated wind speeds. In below rated wind speed, for a 5 MW virtual NREL wind turbine, power loss up to 35% is observed, and the rated power is shifted from wind speed of 11 to 19 m s^?1. However, the thrust of the iced rotor in below rated wind speed is smaller than the clean rotor up to 14%, but after rated wind speed, it is up to 40% bigger than the clean rotor. Finally, it is briefly indicated how the results of this paper can be used for condition monitoring and ice detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低空急流条件下水平轴风力机风轮气动特性的研究

为阐明低空急流条件下风力机风轮的气动特性,基于工程化的边界层风速模型和Von Karman谱模型建立不同来流的脉动风场,对比研究低空急流条件下NREL 5 MW风力机风轮的输出功率和气动载荷的变化规律。结果表明:如果仅以轮毂高度处的风速作为风力机变桨控制的依据,与均匀来流和剪切来流相比较,低空急流条件下,虽然来流风功率明显增大,但风轮的输出功率在较高风速时反而减小;风轮所受的不平衡气动载荷,包括横向力、纵向力、偏航力矩和倾覆力矩在较高风速时小于剪切来流的结果;且仅以轮毂高度处的风速预测得到的风轮输出功率高于实际结果,其最大相对误差为89.4%。因此,低空急流条件下,为提高风能利用率和风轮输出功率的预测精度,应考虑不同高度位置处的风速大小对风力机进行变桨控制和功率预测。     

考虑时变气动阻尼的风电机组塔筒地震响应分析

为了分析时变气动阻尼对风电机组塔筒地震响应的影响,首先分析了塔筒所承受的地震载荷和气动载荷,然后基于气动载荷和相对风速之间的导数关系推导了塔筒前后和左右方向上的时变气动阻尼计算方法,将地震加速度和时变气动阻尼引入到塔筒动力学运动方程中并进行时域求解,以某2.0MW风电机组塔筒为例进行地震响应计算,分析了影响气动阻尼大小的翼型气动特性,并着重研究了地震作用下时变气动阻尼对塔顶振动位移的影响程度,为风电机组塔筒抗震设计提供一定参考。