基于生命周期评价的化学法合成生物柴油能耗与CO_2净排放评价方法

针对化学法合成生物柴油生命周期过程中化石能源投入以及各环节CO2气体排放,以生命周期评价方法学为基础,初步建立了生物柴油生命周期净能量和化学法合成生物柴油过程中CO2气体净排放量计算方法,为科学评估该工艺的能源效率和CO2排放量提供了方法依据.     

可再生能源的开发与应用前景分析

综述目前可再生能源的应用以及研究状况,并对其发展中存在的问题展开分析.对未来能源问题的解决方案以及可再生能源发展的方向进行探讨.对太阳能、风能、生物质能以及氢能的开发利用寄予厚望.     

基于PCA和DEA的海上可再生能源开发综合评价

海上可再生能源开发是我国能源战略的重要内容。结合我国海上可再生能源开发实际,从资源、经济、技术和环境秉性方面分析了海上可再生能源开发因素,构建海上可再生能源开发综合评价指标体系。提出了基于主成分分析(PCA)与数据包络分析(DEA)的海上可再生能源开发综合评价方法,利用主成分分析提取多因素有效信息,减少因素关联的不利影响,利用数据包络分析海上可再生能源开发综合效能和制约因素。通过我国沿海省份海上可再生能源开发综合评价案例分析,发现我国海上可再生能源的投入与产出比例等问题,指出其发展方向,同时案例也验证了所提出方法的可行性。     

系统动力学在可再生能源研究领域的应用现状与展望

根据对系统动力学概念和特性的深入探讨,阐述了系统动力学理论对于从宏观、系统层面研究可再生能源发展战略的适用性。同时,基于对系统动力学在能源领域应用历程的全面回顾,根据其主要研究目的,从政策评估、中长期预测和多方法耦合等3个角度对系统动力学在可再生能源领域的国内外研究现状进行了梳理与评述。在此基础上,从应用领域和研究方法 2个方面提出了未来系统动力学在可再生能源相关研究领域的发展方向。     

可再生能源领域CDM项目标准评估体系的构建

系统地分析了在中国开展的可再生能源领域的CDM项目对环境的影响、对我国可持续发展的贡献以及对全球温室气体减排的贡献等方面的特征，在此基础上构建了一个可量化的标准评估方法来剖析不同类型的可再生能源领域CDM项目的特征差异，并对该评估方法的优缺点进行了分析。根据该评估方法选择了6种类型的可再生能源CDM项目进行了对比分析并给出了评估结果，最后对结果进行了探讨分析。     

双碳目标下区块链与可再生能源的融合发展研究

区块链技术与可再生能源链接可以实现能源流和信息流的融合,碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出为二者的融合发展提供了新的机遇与方向。针对现有“区块链+可再生能源”融合发展研究关系不明和发展路径不清晰等问题,运用VOSviewer和Scimago Graphica软件,从区块链和可再生能源管理、可再生能源互联网以及绿色电力3个方面进行综合分析,预测未来可再生能源领域的发展方向。研究结果可为“区块链+可再生能源”领域当前的研究工作和未来的研究方向提供理论参考,为我国“双碳”目标的实现提供有力支撑。     

一体化理念在国内海上风电开发建设上的应用探究

可再生能源作为日益严峻的能源问题和因此导致的环境问题的重要解决措施之一,受到世界各国的重视,海上风电作为可再生能源的新兴领域和重要组成部分得到了推广和发展。将多个领域中成功应用的一体化设计理念引入到海上风电场前期、风机选型、风机基础与风电机组设计、建设期、运营期的各个环节,分析了国内海上风电场成本降低和突破效益瓶颈的可行性。研究表明:一体化理念应用于海上风电项目前期核准、设计、施工建设、运营维护等全生命周期中,大幅降低了风电场成本,并提高了风电场的抗风险能力。     

我国生物质发电产业SWOT分析

我国正面临着电力供应短缺和环境污染严重等问题的挑战。鼓励发展可再生能源,将对我国社会的可持续发展发挥重要的作用。生物质能源作为一种可再生能源,在过去的5年中已取得快速的发展,既存在着许多机遇,同时也面临许多挑战。文章运用SWOT分析方法,通过实证研究,回顾和评估了我国生物质发电产业存在的各种优势、劣势、机会以及威胁因素;分析了国家相关政策、法规对生物质发电产业的影响,为我国生物质发电产业的未来发展提供参考和借鉴。     

可再生能源与扶贫结合的属性矛盾分析

在我国当前的扶贫攻坚活动中,出现了光伏扶贫、小水电扶贫、生物质能扶贫等多种可再生能源扶贫模式,这些可再生能源扶贫模式有着扶贫持续时间长、把生态环境保护与扶贫工作结合在一起等优点,但由于可再生能源的一些资源禀赋特征与扶贫工作存在一些天然矛盾,两者结合也就不可避免地要遇到一些属性矛盾。深刻认知这些矛盾,有利于找到两者的最佳结合点。本文在综述国内外相关研究进展以及可再生能源与我国扶贫工作特征的基础上,重点研究分析了可再生能源与扶贫结合所面临的4种属性矛盾。     

英国可再生能源义务政策最新进展及对我国的启示

从90年代的非化石燃料义务政策到2002年以来的可再生能源义务政策,英国一直致力于通过市场配额机制推动可再生能源发展。但由于政策机制设计复杂,不确定性较大,以及罚金返还导致的市场投机等问题,无法拉动足够投资保障可再生能源快速发展。2011年,结合碳减排目标,英国政府计划推出一揽子电力市场改革方案(EMR),其重点之一是可再生能源义务逐步向差价合约固定电价政策转移。本文通过综述英国可再生能源义务政策演变历程,解析评价可再生能源证书市场运行机制和实施效果,并介绍英国电力市场改革方向,以及对我国的启示。     

我国可再生能源发展对策

可再生能源的开发利用是应对气候变化和满足能源需求持续增长的最现实的举措。2009年我国风电和太阳能光伏发电保持了快速发展势头,其中风电装机容量估计达到约2200×104kW,但非化石能源消费量在能源消费总量中所占的比重仍然很低。2009年,我国能源消费总量约为31×108t标煤,其中水电、核电、风电等商品化非化石能源消费量约为2.3×108t标煤,约占能源消费总量的7.4%。要完成到2020年我国非化石能源在能源消费总量中所占比例达到15%的目标,任务非常艰巨。加快开发利用可再生能源是能源发展的重要任务之一,到2020年,可再生能源开发利用总量将在2008年的基础上增加2倍以上。我国目前和今后10多年时间内,可再生能源发展的重点是水电、风电、太阳能和生物质能。加快发展我国可再生能源的举措有:①继续做好水电建设工作,促进水电持续健康发展;②有序推进风电的规模化发展,显著提高风电在电力结构中的比重;③加快推广太阳能利用技术,扩大太阳能开发利用规模;④因地制宜开发利用生物质能,提高生物质能利用的现代技术水平。     

我国风力发电的现状与展望

阐述了风能是清洁的可再生能源,将为能源结构调整和环境保护做出重大贡献。在对风电装机容量、风电场分布及相关政策进行统计的基础上,分析了中国风力发电现状,提出了风力发电亟待解决的问题,展望了我国风力发电的前景。     

Renewable energy development in China: Resource assessment, technology status, and greenhouse gas mitigation potential

China has become the third largest energy user in the world, and its coal-dominated energy structure implies high CO₂ emissions. The amount of CO₂ emissions from China may surpass that of the United States within 20–30 years, making China the world's largest source of greenhouse gases by 2020.

Currently, renewable energy resources (except for hydropower) account for only a fraction of China's total energy consumption. However, China has abundant solar energy resources. More than two thirds of China receives an annual total insolation that exceeds 5.9 GJ/m2 (1,639 kWh/m²) with more than 2,200 hours of sunshine a year. Wind energy potential in China is about 3,200 GW, of which 253 GW is deemed technically exploitable. China has a wide range of biomass resources that can be used for energy supply and high temperature geothermal resources suitable for power generation located mainly in Tibet and Yunnan provinces.

Renewable energy technologies have been actively deployed in China. Although PV power stations have not being connected to the national grid, total installed capacity was 3 MW in 1994. Solar water heaters are by far the largest solar thermal application in China with a total installed capacity of 3.3 million m² in 1994. By the end of 1995, total installed capacity of grid-connected wind power plants had reached 36 MW. Also, over 140,000 small wind generators ranging in size from 50 W to 5 kW have been deployed with a total installed capacity of 17 MW. China is a world leader in the development and application of anaerobic technologies for the production of fuel gas and waste treatment and has by far the largest biomass gasification R&D capacity in the.

Although renewable energy is projected to play a small role in future electricity generation, it is expected to be much more significant in the total energy sector. Under one scenario, renewable energy other than hydro provides up to 4% of the total energy supply and 88 million tons of carbon emission reduction by 2020. The estimated growth in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as serious local and regional environmental pollution problems caused by combustion of fossil fuels, provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources.     

Effective policies for renewable energy—the example of China's wind power—lessons for China's photovoltaic power

China, one of the global biggest emitter of CO₂, needs promotion renewable energy to reduce air pollution from its surging fossil fuel use, and to increase its energy supply security. Renewable energy in its infancy needs policy support and market cultivation. Wind power installed capacity has boomed in recent year in China, as a series of effective support policies were adopted. In this paper, I review the main renewable energy policies regarding to China's wind power, including the Wind Power Concession Program, Renewable Energy Law, and a couple of additional laws and regulations. Such policies have effectively reduced the cost of wind power installed capacity, stimulated the localization of wind power manufacture, and driven the company investment in wind power. China is success in wind power installed capacity, however, success in wind-generated electricity has yet achieved, mainly due to the backward grid system and lack of quota system. The paper ends with the recommended best practice of the China's wind power installed capacity might be transferable to China's photovoltaic power generation.     

RES support in Russia: Impact on capacity and electricity market prices

Russian renewable energy policy has undergone changes following an establishment of targets for installed capacity and power production using renewable energy sources and the introduction of new capacity based support scheme for renewable energy. The forecasted amount of future renewable power will not provide enough power production to meet growing demand for renewable energy; although, it will help with modernization of the energy sector and development of renewable technology and innovation. At the same time, the capacity support scheme for renewable energy may adversely affect capacity prices and become an additional burden for industrial consumers, who are already paying the cost of capacity support for conventional power plants, so-called Capacity Delivery Agreements (CDAs). This work assesses the impact of the new capacity based support scheme on capacity and electricity price formation. Modeling results show that the impact of capacity support for renewable energy is small compared to that of capacity support for conventional energy, suggesting that the Russian energy production mix will continue to be dominated by fossil fuel based generation.     

Local acceptance of renewable energy—A case study from southeast Germany

The European 20–20–20 goals, as well as national targets for the next decade, require a substantial increase in installed renewable capacity in Germany. While public support for such measures is high on an abstract level, the situation in the local context is often very different. Here, the impact of renewable energy might cause resistance. Empirical research shows that a community ownership model can have a positive effect on local acceptance. Our study explores whether such an effect can also be demonstrated in a community co-ownership model. The question is relevant since larger projects exceed the financial possibilities of most communities, leaving them with only co-ownership as an option. The research design is based on a comparative case study, utilizing a questionnaire-based survey. The results of the survey clearly show that a significant difference in local acceptance exists between the two cases. The residents of Zschadraß, where a community co-ownership model exists, are consistently more positive towards local renewable energy and also towards renewable energy in general. The results provide evidence that the co-ownership model is a means to reconcile local acceptance with an increased use of renewable energy in Germany.     

德国《可再生能源法》实施及调整对其沼气产业发展的影响分析

德国《可再生能源法》是推动其可再生能源发展的重要法律文件。本文介绍了该法规的出台背景,着重量化分析了自2004年以来德国《可再生能源法》四次修改调整对沼气产业发展的影响,包括德国新增沼气发电站数量和总装机容量、能源作物种植面积的变化以及补贴措施。分析结果表明,《可再生能源法》的调整对沼气产业的发展影响显著,该法规EEG-2004和EEG-2009强烈刺激了沼气产业的快速发展,而EEG-2012和EEG-2014则修正了沼气产业的过快发展。《可再生能源法》对上网电价补贴的合理制定,实施效果评估机制的建立和逐步引导沼气产业市场化机制的设计保障了德国沼气产业的健康有序发展。本文同时还讨论了德国案例对我国沼气发展的启示,对我国发展沼气产业政策提出了包括后端补贴在内的建议。     

Life-cycle assessment in the renewable energy sector

The Polish energy industry is facing challenges regarding energetic safety, competitiveness, improvement of domestic companies and environmental protection. Ecological guidelines concern the elimination of detrimental solutions, and effective energy management, which will form the basis for sustainable development. The Polish power industry is required to systematically increase the share of energy taken from renewable sources in the total energy sold to customers. Besides the economic issues, particular importance is assigned to environmental factors associated with the choice of energy source. That is where life-cycle assessment (LCA) is important. The main purpose of LCA is to identify the environmental impacts of goods and services during the whole life cycle of the product or service. Therefore LCA can be applied to assess the impact on the environment of electricity generation and will allow producers to make better decisions pertaining to environmental protection. The renewable energy sources analysed in this paper include the energy from photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydroelectric power. The goal and scope of the analysis comprise the assessment of environmental impacts of production of 1 GJ of energy from the sources mentioned above. The study will cover the construction, operation and waste disposal at each power plant. Analysis will cover the impact categories, where the environmental influence is the most significant, i.e. resource depletion, global warmth potential, acidification and eutrophication. The LCA results will be shown on the basis of European and Australian research. This analysis will be extended with a comparison between environmental impacts of energy from renewable and conventional sources. This report will conclude with an analysis of possibilities of application of the existing research results and LCA rules in the Polish energy industry with a focus on Poland's future accession to the European Union. Definitions of LCA fundamental concepts, its methodology and application are described in the ISO 14040-14049 series of standards. These standards have already been introduced in some countries, but in Poland they are still at the stage of translation into Polish. Nevertheless some companies in Poland try to assess how their products influence the environment and what are the possibilities of technology improvement in the existing production process reduce their environmental impact.     

可再生能源配额制(RPS)在中国应用探讨

我国政府近些年来一直积极探索以强制性手段保障可再生能源发展的有效机制。2003年可再生能源立法开始列入议程,这是我国可再生能源发展史上的一项重要举措。为可再生能源电力入网提供强制性保障机制是此次立法工作中初步设想的一项内容,引入可再生能源配额制(RPS)成为可供考虑的选择方案之一。如果引入,对该政策进行细致周密的设计和保证有效实施是至关重要的。文章重点探讨了RPS政策设计和管理中应注意的几个主要问题,包括确立适用范围和责任主体、制定可再生能源目标、确定有效的可再生能源种类、建立绿色证书制度、制定处罚措施等。期望本文能为我国建立可再生能源法律和政策体系提供相关信息。     

中国风电发展目标分析与展望

我国风能资源合理开发利用和风电产业健康发展需要科学合理可行的发展目标做引导。本文提出了制定风电发展目标的基本原则与出发点,对现有的国家风电发展目标做了分析,认为国家规划的风电目标过低,已建和在建风电项目装机容量比到2010年的国家规划目标翻了一番,各省风电规划目标高低不一,总体偏高,且有目标攀比现象。进而采用累加值法、本地增长率法、类比增长率法、GM(1,1)模型法等多方法预测得到我国风电发展的科学目标,即到2010年我国风电装机容量达到1633万kW,到2015年达到4172万kW,到2020年达到10021万kW,占全国同期电力总装机容量的8.35%。预测趋势表明,我国风电正在进入加速发展阶段,到2020年我国风电装机容量将占到全球风电总装机容量的8.15%,风电发展将实现由风能资源大国向风电市场和产业强国的转变。