预混气体在多孔介质中往复流动下超绝热燃烧的理论探讨

预混合气在多孔介质中往复流动下的超绝热燃烧技术(简称RSCP)被称为划时代的燃烧技术，文章探讨了RSCP燃烧器的工作原理，全面阐述了多孔介质和换向装置在其中的作用；从能量守恒定理出发，通过数学分析给出了超绝热火焰产生的理论依据，提出超绝热现象是多孔介质中积累的热量的热传播波与混合气燃烧时的燃烧波叠加的结果。     

多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的多维数值研究

多孔介质发动机是一种新概念内燃机,它能实现均质和稳定燃烧.用改进的KIVA-3V对一种特定结构的多孔介质发动机的工作过程进行了模拟,并讨论了多孔介质初始温度、多孔介质结构特点对其燃烧与工作特性的影响.计算结果表明,在压缩比一定时,多孔介质初始温度是多孔介质发动机能否压燃着火的决定性因素;不同结构的泡沫陶瓷直接影响多孔介质内气固两相的换热,影响燃烧后期缸内温度和多孔介质固相的平均温度.     

多孔介质的热物性对往复流动下超绝热火焰的影响

多孔介质燃烧室的传热性能主要取决于多孔介质材料的热物性,本文在气固两相局部非热平衡假设基础上,建立往复式流动下多孔介质超绝热燃烧的二维数学模型,研究了多孔介质的比热、导热系数、衰减系数和体积换热系数等对温度分布和燃烧速率的影响,以期为多孔介质选材和往复流动下多孔介质超绝热燃烧器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

多孔介质内往复流动下超绝热燃烧系统温度场的理论分析

对于多孔介质内往复流动下超绝热燃烧（简称RSCP）系统，如果多孔介质的孔隙分布均匀、物性参数保持不变、化学反应为不可逆反应而且反应完全，那么，稳定燃烧过程中，多孔介质内最大温度和温度分布几乎不受往复半周期长短的影响。依据这一特点，用过滤燃烧模型，讨论了往复半周期无限长和无限短两种极端情况下最大温度值和温度分布，得出两种极端情况适用于通常工况的简单模型理论解。     

内置多孔介质卷式反应器内甲烷富燃制氢的数值模拟

为了解甲烷在内置多孔介质卷式反应器内超绝热富燃制氢特性,采用计算流体力学与详细的化学反应机理相结合的方法,对甲烷在该反应器的富燃制氢过程进行了数值模拟,研究当量比和预混气体流速对燃烧区峰值温度、合成气组分和甲烷转化效率的影响,并和实验值进行对比。结果表明,多孔介质内甲烷的燃烧温度远超过其绝热火焰温度,实现了超绝热条件下富燃制氢;在研究范围内,甲烷-氢气的转化效率随当量比和气体流速的增大而增大,数值模拟结果与实验值基本吻合。     

多孔介质发动机的双区燃烧模型

多孔介质(PM)发动机是基于多孔介质燃烧技术的新型发动机,能够实现均质和稳定燃烧。在考虑了区间质量分布、壁面传热、区间质量交换等因素的基础上,结合多孔介质换热模型,建立了多孔介质发动机的一种双区模型,对其燃烧过程进行模拟。着重讨论了进气温度和压强、压缩比、过量空气系数等参数对多孔介质发动机性能的影响。计算结果表明多孔介质对混合气的预热作用,促进了液体燃料汽化和燃烧反应发生,多孔介质初始温度对发动机的压燃着火起决定性作用。     

两层多孔介质燃烧器的数值模拟

通过一维数值模拟研究了预混气体在两层多孔介质燃烧器内的燃烧特性,着重研究两层多孔介质燃烧器中的超绝热燃烧和火焰的稳定区域。结果表明,预混气体在两层多孔介质内可以发生一定程度的超绝热燃烧,贫燃极限可以扩展到0.45。两层多孔介质能够在较宽的流速范围内将火焰稳定在它的交界面上。数值预测的最小和最大火焰传播速度与实验取得了相同的趋势,其火焰传播速度至少是自由空间中的3倍。     

多孔介质燃烧器研究

多孔介质具有大蓄热和强辐射的特点,以能够提高燃烧的经济性被人们所重视。多孔介质燃烧技术是一种相比于传统燃烧技术是一种近几年来比较新颖独特的燃烧技术,本文介绍了多孔介质应用于燃烧技术及不同类型的多孔介质燃烧器的研究现状、前景、优点和应用,分析不同类型燃烧器之间的联系,并给出各种实验性燃烧器的优缺点。对于不同的多孔介质材料的研究进行介绍。     

多孔介质发动机工作过程单区模型模拟

采用单区燃烧模型模拟多孔介质（PM）发动机的压缩、燃烧和膨胀过程。以热力学第一定律为基础，引入多孔介质换热模型，建立了多孔介质发动机的能量方程。计算了多种工况参数下PM发动机缸内温度、压强变化规律，分别讨论了压缩比、过量空气系数、多孔介质温度、多孔介质体换热系数等参数对多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的影响。将PM发动机与传统发动机加以比较，结果表明PM使缸内温度和压强的变化趋于平缓，这有利于混合气着火并可降低NO，排放。     

两种形式多孔介质发动机燃用液体燃料的着火特性

融合一种新式燃烧理念的多孔介质发动机,能够实现发动机的均质、高效和稳定燃烧.为加深对两种形式多孔介质发动机燃用液体燃料着火特性的了解及探讨影响其各自压燃着火的因素,用改进的KIVA-3V对两种形式的多孔介质发动机燃用异辛烷的工作过程进行了模拟,并讨论了多孔介质初始温度、多孔介质结构对两种形式发动机压燃着火的影响.计算结果表明,压缩比一定时,多孔介质初始温度是决定两种形式多孔介质发动机能否实现压燃着火的重要因素;与永久性接触型发动机相比,在较低的多孔介质初始温度下,即可保证周期性接触型发动机实现压燃着火;多孔介质结构通过改变多孔介质内气固两相换热及弥散作用影响两种形式多孔介质发动机的压燃着火.     

Simulation of a porous medium (PM) engine using a two-zone combustion model

Porous medium (PM) engine was a new type engine based on the technique of combustion in porous medium, which can realize homogeneous and stable combustion. In this paper, the combustion and working processes of a specific PM engine were simulated by a two-zone model considering the influences of the mass distribution, heat transfer from the cylinder wall, mass exchange between zones and the heat transfer in porous medium. Influences of operating parameters, e.g. intake temperature and pressure, compression ratio, the excess air ratio on the performance of the PM engine were discussed. It was found out that the porous medium, acting as a heat recuperator, can significantly enhance the evaporation of liquid fuel and preheat the mixture, which promotes the ignition and combustion in the cylinder; and that the initial PM temperature and the compression ratio are critical factors controlling the compression ignition of the mixture.     

Experimental study of gasoline-ethanol-hydrogen blends combustion in an SI engine

This study presents experimental results of engine performance, combustion and emissions in an SI engine fueled by gasoline-ethanol-hydrogen blends. In the experimental studies, engine performance and emission values were analyzed fueled by gasoline, gasoline-ethanol and gasoline-ethanol-hydrogen blends, respectively. When ethanol has been added volumetrically to gasoline 20% of ethanol (G80E20), engine performance and emissions have been worsened. However, the engine performance and emission values have been improved with the adding of hydrogen to blend. The results showed that the addition of hydrogen to the gasoline-ethanol blend improved the combustion process and improved the combustion efficiency, expanded the combustibility range of the gasoline-ethanol blend, reduced emissions. But, nitrogen oxide emission values increased with the adding of hydrogen.     

Effect of syngas composition on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine operated in PREMIER combustion mode

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance and emissions of a pilot-ignited, supercharged, dual-fuel engine powered by different types of syngas at various equivalence ratios. It was found that if certain operating conditions were maintained, conventional engine combustion could be transformed into combustion with two-stage heat release. This mode of combustion has been investigated in previous studies with natural gas, and has been given the name PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region (PREMIER) combustion. PREMIER combustion begins as premixed flame propagation, and then, because of mixture autoignition in the end-gas region, ahead of the propagating flame front, a transition occurs, with a rapid increase in the heat release rate. It was determined that the mass of fuel burned during the second stage affected the rate of maximum pressure rise. As the fuel mass fraction burned during the second stage increased, the rate of maximum pressure rise also increased, with a gradual decrease in the delay between the first increase in the heat release rate following pilot fuel injection and the point when the transition to the second stage occurred. The H₂ and CO₂ content of syngas affected the engine performance and emissions. Increased H₂ content led to higher combustion temperatures and efficiency, lower CO and HC emissions, but higher NOx emissions. Increased CO₂ content influenced performance and emissions only when it reached a certain level. In the most recent studies, the mean combustion temperature, indicated thermal efficiency, and NOx emissions decreased only when the CO₂ content of the syngas increased to 34%. PREMIER combustion did not have a major effect on engine cycle-to-cycle variation. The coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure (COV_IMEP) was less than 4% for all types of fuel at various equivalence ratios, indicating that the combustion was within the stability range for engine operation.     

均质充量压缩点火燃烧研究进展

柴油机以扩散燃烧为主 ,汽油机燃烧是预混燃烧 ,两种燃烧方式都不能解决碳烟和氮氧化物生成的trade-offs关系。介绍了新一代内燃机燃烧理论———均质充量压缩点火 (HCCI)燃烧方式 ,HCCI燃烧由化学动力学控制 ,无明显的火焰前锋 ,最高燃烧温度较低 ,生成的碳烟和一氧化氮的量很少 ,这种燃烧接近等容燃烧 ,有很高的热效率 ,可以解决碳烟和氮氧化物的trade-offs问题。列出了HCCI燃烧的技术措施和典型的燃烧方式 ,也指出了HCCI燃烧需要解决的几个问题 :燃烧控制、均质混合气的形成、HC和CO的控制、冷起动和过渡工况、控制系统等。燃烧控制是HCCI燃烧中最重要的问题。     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.     

A combustion model for IC engine combustion simulations with multi-component fuels

Reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for the oxidation of representative surrogate components of a typical multi-component automotive fuel have been developed and applied to model internal combustion engines. Starting from an existing reduced mechanism for primary reference fuel (PRF) oxidation, further improvement was made by including additional reactions and by optimizing reaction rate constants of selected reactions. Using a similar approach to that used to develop the reduced PRF mechanism, reduced mechanisms for the oxidation of n-tetradecane, toluene, cyclohexane, dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, and methyl butanoate (MB) were built and combined with the PRF mechanism to form a multi-surrogate fuel chemistry (MultiChem) mechanism. The final version of the MultiChem mechanism consists of 113 species and 487 reactions. Validation of the present MultiChem mechanism was performed with ignition delay time measurements from shock tube tests and predictions by comprehensive mechanisms available in the literature.A combustion model was developed to simulate engine combustion with multi-component fuels using the present MultiChem mechanism, and the model was applied to simulate HCCI and DI engine combustion. The results show that the present multi-component combustion model gives reliable performance for combustion predictions, as well as computational efficiency improvements through the use of reduced mechanism for multi-dimensional CFD simulations.     

An onboard hydrogen generator for hydrogen enhanced combustion with internal combustion engine

Hydrogen enhanced combustion (HEC) for internal combustion engine is known to be a simple mean for improving engine efficiency in fuel saving and cleaner exhaust. An onboard compact and high efficient methanol steam reformer is made and installed in the tailpipe of a vehicle to produce hydrogen continuously onboard by using the waste heat of the engine for heating up the reformer; this provides a practical device for the HEC to become a reality. This use of waste heat from engine enables an extremely high process efficiency of 113% to convert methanol (8.68 MJ) for 1.0 NM of hydrogen (9.83 MJ) and low cost of using hydrogen as an enhancer or as a fuel itself. The test results of HEC from the onboard hydrogen production are presented with 2 gasoline engine vehicles and 2 diesel engines; the results indicate a hike of engine efficiency in 15–25% fuel saving and a 40–50% pollutants reduction including 70% reduction of exhaust smoke. The use of hydrogen as an enhancer brings about 2–3 fold of net reductions in energy, carbon dioxide emission and fuel cost expense over the input of methanol feed for hydrogen production.     

Simulation of the combustion process for a CI hydrogen engine in an argon-oxygen atmosphere

Hydrogen combustion in a noble gas atmosphere increases the combustion chamber temperature, and the high specific heat ratio of the gas increases the thermal efficiency. In this study, nitrogen was replaced by argon as the intake air along with pure oxygen to supply the engine. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of different engine parameters on combustion and to analyse the emissions from hydrogen combustion in an argon-oxygen atmosphere. This research was conducted through simulations using CONVERGE 2.2.0 software, and the YANMAR engine NF19SK model was used to determine the basic parameters. Changing the injector location affects the pressure and temperature in the combustion chamber. With increasing compression ratio, the pressure increases more rapidly than the temperature. However, combustion at high compression ratios decreases the maximum heat release rate and increases the combustion duration. Hydrogen combustion at ambient temperatures below 1200 K follows the Arrhenius equation.     

Comparative study using hydrogen and gasoline as fuels: combustion duration effect

This paper presents an analytical investigation to study the effect of combustion duration on the engine's performance and emission characteristics using both gasoline and hydrogen fuels. Certain minimum value for the combustion duration was found beyond which the performance of the engine deteriorates. This combustion duration was also found to vary with engine speed for each type of fuel studied. This value should be maintained for best performance of the engine. The results show that the combustion duration of hydrogen is much less than that for gasoline. Further, with hydrogen fuel, the cylinder parameters reach its maximum/minimum values at shorter time than with gasoline fuels. Further shown in this study is the clear advantage of using hydrogen as fuel is its significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of an n-heptane fuelled HCCI engine

The mechanisms of the influence of hydrogen enrichment on the combustion and emission characteristics of an n-heptane fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine was numerically investigated using a multi-zone model. The model calculation successfully captured the most available experimental data. The results show that hydrogen addition retards combustion phasing of an n-heptane fuelled HCCI engine due to the dilution and chemical effects, with the dilution effect being more significant. It is because of the chemical effect that combustion duration is reduced at a constant compression ratio if an appropriate amount of hydrogen is added. As a result of retarded combustion phasing and reduced combustion duration, hydrogen addition increases indicated thermal efficiency at a constant combustion phasing. Hydrogen addition reduces indicated specific unburned hydrocarbon emissions, but slightly increases normalized unburned hydrocarbon emissions that are defined as the emissions per unit burned n-heptane mass. The increase in normalized unburned hydrocarbon emissions is caused by the presence of more remaining hydrocarbons that compete with hydrogen for some key radicals during high temperature combustion stage. At a given hydrogen addition level, N₂O emissions increases with overly retarding combustion phasing, but hydrogen addition moderates this increase in N₂O emissions.