燃煤锅炉中过/再热器工质温差与积灰程度关联研究

为实现对燃煤锅炉无烟温测点的对流受热面积灰程度的监测,对锅炉对流受热面的传热特性及工质吸热特性进行热平衡机理分析,在热力学基础上,用相关性分析、回归分析和灰色关联分析方法对实际生产数据进行挖掘、分析,计算了对流受热面的出入口工质温差与清洁因子的灰色关联特性,建立了利用受热面进出口温差表征积灰程度的函数模型。结果表明:负荷稳定时,锅炉燃烧释放的热量也是一定的,对流受热面单位工质吸热量能反映该对流受热面的积灰程度;受热面温差与清洁因子具有极强的关联性,受热面进出口工质温差模型能很好地反映对流受热面的积灰程度。     

基于热力学机理与生产数据挖掘相结合的受热面积灰程度的研究

为实现对燃煤锅炉各对流受热面的积灰程度的监测,以热力学为基础,对锅炉的燃烧特性、对流受热面的积灰特性及工质吸热特性进行热平衡机理分析,确定了表征受热面的积灰程度的特征参数。用相关性分析、回归分析和正态分布等方法对大量实际生产数据进行挖掘,得到了特征参数与积灰程度的关联特性,建立了描述受热面的积灰程度的数学模型。测试结果表明,该模型能较好地反映受热面的积灰程度,能为实现按需吹灰,节约能源提供参考。     

600 MW超临界锅炉尾部对流受热面积灰监测研究

为实现电厂按需吹灰,基于热平衡原理选取污染率作为积灰监测指标反映受热面的积灰程度,针对尾部对流受热面建立积灰监测模型并形成污染率计算流程。以某台600 MW超临界变压运行直流炉为实施对象,对尾部低过、低再及省煤器三个受热面进行污染率计算分析,结合积灰监测结果和安全经济性原则对尾部受热面的吹灰方式进行动态调整,并进行了3天积灰试验。结果表明:建立的积灰监测模型可准确反映受热面的积灰程度;工质吸热量可作为辅助参数判断受热面的积灰情况;整体优化了对象锅炉尾部受热面的吹灰策略,给出吹灰频率可适当减少的吹灰建议,为电厂实际吹灰运行提供了指导与参考。     

600 MW锅炉省煤器的灰污监测

锅炉尾部对流受热面灰污程度多采用清洁因子来描述,清洁因子是从传热角度分析灰污的影响。本文根据管壁表面积灰厚度与烟气流动阻力之间的本质关系,提出了采用烟气压降直接计算管壁表面积灰厚度的模型。该模型能够基于烟气压力和温度测点实时计算得到各对流受热面的积灰厚度,从而实现对流受热面积灰厚度的在线监测。本文计算了1台600 MW燃煤锅炉省煤器的积灰厚度,计算结果与电厂给的测试数据吻合。     

煤灰的沾污特性和锅炉设计

燃煤锅炉一般都会遇到灰沉积的问题。随烟气带走的飞灰通过各部分受热面时,会在受热面上形成灰沉积。灰沉积的程度和性质主要取决于煤灰的沾污特性(随煤灰成分而变),同时亦与煤灰含量、燃烧方式、炉子结构和运行工况等因素有关。受热面积灰后,吸热量减少,破坏了整个炉内热平衡,导致过热汽温改变,排烟温度升高,锅炉效率降低。灰沉积较严重时还会增加引风损失。据资料综述,由于受热面沾污,积灰等可影响锅炉效率1～2.5%左右灰沉积严重     

电站锅炉对流受热面积灰在线监测的研究

针对在线监测电站锅炉对流受热面积灰的需要,建立了对流受热面的污染监测模型.以HG1021/18.2-YM9型锅炉为监测对象,开发了受热面积灰在线监测系统,成功实现了锅炉对流受热面污染的在线监测.     

600MW超临界锅炉半辐射受热面积灰监测模型研究

针对燃煤锅炉受热面积灰监测的需求,以某电厂600 MW锅炉的半辐射受热面为研究对象,采用污染率作为受热面积灰监测指标建立了监测模型,提出了一种高温区域烟气温度推算方法,在变负荷工况下考虑了锅炉运行动态特性并引入集总参数动态修正模型,研究了稳定负荷和变负荷工况下半辐射受热面的污染率变化趋势.结果表明:稳定负荷下的积灰监测模型能够满足积灰监测的要求,而变负荷工况下的积灰监测模型虽然在一定程度上缓解了负荷变化的影响,但污染率计算结果波动较大,仍受到负荷变化的干扰.     

基于热工参数的锅炉积灰结渣在线监测

针对燃煤电厂锅炉因受热面积灰结渣而造成机组安全性和经济性下降问题,进行受热面积灰结渣监测研究。基于广东某300 MW机组,运用热平衡和传热原理建立了一套燃煤电厂锅炉受热面积灰结渣的监测模型。模型运行前对监测模型进行敏感性分析。结果表明:在负荷、燃煤低位发热量、过量空气系数处于稳定时,模型能获得较好的监测效果。输入机组DCS系统的热工参数,计算锅炉各对流受热面的清洁因子,以监测对流受热面积灰结渣的严重程度。将监测结果结合实际运行要求,可在线得到合理的吹灰策略。     

浅谈声波除灰技术研究与展望

积灰结渣问题对电站锅炉的安全经济运行有着重要影响。声波除灰器有效的防治了电站锅炉各个受热面的积灰现象。从声波除灰的机理和发展现状出发,对炉膛内声波的传播特性进行研究,并分析声波除灰器的优势。为电站锅炉除灰系统的优化和改造工作提供理论基础。     

基于遗传算法优化BP神经网络的垃圾焚烧炉结渣预测模型

利用遗传算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值,建立了垃圾焚烧炉对流受热面积灰结渣BP网络预测诊断模型。将建立起的BP网络模型应用于某焚烧处理生活垃圾量520t/d的发电厂机组,经过训练后的BP网络模型对检验样本的焓差进行仿真预测,优化前的平均相对误差为2.579%,优化后的平均相对误差为0.426%,表明经遗传算法优化后的BP神经网络更能准确地预测锅炉对流受热面的结渣状况,从而为优化吹灰提供指导,具有重要的实用价值。     

基于神经网络的电站锅炉空气预热器积灰在线监测模型研究

针对大型电站锅炉空气预热器受热面积灰状况进行了分析研究。应用3层神经网络构建了300MW电站锅炉空气预热器受热面积灰监测数学模型,选择锅炉负荷、烟气差压、排烟温度等参数作为输入向量,以反映空气预热器积灰状况的污染系数作为输出向量,利用电厂DCS系统采集的机组实时数据,经规格化处理后作为样本集对网络进行训练。训练过程中,通过添加动量项和变步长改进了BP算法。将建立的模型应用于华电国际青岛发电公司#2炉的空气预热器在线积灰监测,取得了较好的结果。     

A novel method used to study growth of ash deposition and in situ measurement of effective thermal conductivity of ash deposit

Ash deposition always brings boilers some trouble due to fouling or slagging. In this paper, a completely controlled system was developed to study the growth of ash deposit. A novel sampling probe was designed to online measure the heat flux through ash deposit. Additionally, the thickness of ash deposit can be obtained by an online figure collecting system. The results of this research showed that as the thickness of ash deposit increased, the heat flux decreased. It was also found that at the initial stage of ash deposition when the thickness of ash deposit is approximately 1 mm, the heat flux through ash deposit had a sharp reduction. An effective method was attempted to situ measure the effective thermal conductivity of the ash deposit in the simulated combustion flue gas. It was found that temperature of the ash deposit layer had no obvious effect on its value. It was concluded that the structure of ash deposit had no obvious change in a short deposition time of 30 min with varied surface temperatures of the probe head between 400 °C and 600 °C.     

Heating and cooling potential of an earth-to-air heat exchanger using artificial neural network

In this article, we use the concept of artificial neural network and goal oriented design to propose a computer design tool that can help the designer to evaluate any aspect of earth-to-air heat exchanger and behavior of the final configuration. The present study focuses mostly on those aspects related to the passive heating or cooling performance of the building. Two models have been developed for this purpose, namely deterministic and intelligent. The deterministic model is developed by analyzing simultaneously coupled heat and mass transfer in ground whereas the intelligent model is a development of data driven artificial neural network model. Six variables influencing the thermal performance of the earth-to-air heat exchangers which were taken into account are length, humidity, ambient air temperature, ground surface temperature, ground temperature at burial depth and air mass flow rate. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the impact of various factors involved in the energy balance equation at the burial depth. The model was validated against experimental data sets. Moreover, the developed algorithm is suitable for the calculation of the outlet air temperature and therefore of the heating and cooling potential of the earth-to-air heat exchanger system. The Intelligent model predicts earth-to-air heat exchanger outlet air temperature with an accuracy of ±2.6%, whereas, the deterministic model shows an accuracy of ±5.3%.     

Influence of phosphorus on ash fouling deposition of hydrothermal carbonization sewage sludge fuel via drop tube furnace combustion experiments

Phosphorus effect on ash fouling deposition produced during combustion process of sewage sludge solid fuel is a very important factor. Previous studies have only focused on decrease of the ash melting temperature and increase of slagging and sintering by phosphorus content. Therefore, research regarding combustion fouling formation and its effect on temperature reduction of deposit surface by phosphorus content is insufficient. Ash fouling is an important factor, because ash in the combustion boiler process deposits on the surface of heat exchanger and interferes with heat exchange efficiency. In particular, temperature reduction of heat exchanger surface via fouling should be considered together with fouling deposition, because this is related to the heat exchanger efficiency. Synthetic ash, phosphorus vaporization, and drop tube furnace experiments were performed to investigate effect of phosphorus on ash fouling formation and temperature reduction of deposit surface under combustion condition. Phosphorus was highly reactive and reacted with ash minerals to produce mineral phosphate, which promoted ash fouling deposition during the combustion experiments. In contrast, the occurrence of sintering on deposited fouling resulted in formation of a large hollow structure, which alleviated the temperature reduction on the deposit surface. Phosphorus content had a substantial correlation with fouling deposition behavior and influenced reduction in the surface temperature of the heat exchanger, because it led to generating low temperature mineral phases.     

Heat transfer in ash deposits: A modelling tool-box

The objective of this paper is to review the present state-of-the-art knowledge on heat transfer to the surface of and inside ash deposits formed in solid fuel-fired utility boilers, and-based on the review-to propose models for calculation of heat transfer, e.g. in deposition models. Heat transfer will control the surface temperature of the deposit, thereby influencing the physical conditions at the deposit surface, e.g. if the surface is molten. The deposit surface conditions will affect the deposit build-up rate as well as the removal/shedding of deposits: molten deposit may lead to a more efficient particle capturing, but may also flow down the heat transfer surfaces.

The heat transfer parameters of prime interest are the convective heat transfer coefficient h, the effective thermal conductivity of the deposit k_eff, and the surface emissivity ε of the deposit. The convective heat transfer coefficient is a function of flow characteristics, and can be calculated using different correlation equations, while the other two parameters depend on the deposit properties, and can be calculated using different structure-based models.

The thermal conductivity of porous ash deposits can be modelled using different models for packed beds. These models can be divided into two major groups, depending on the way they treat the radiation heat transfer, i.e. the unit cell models and the pseudo homogeneous models. Which model will be suitable for a particular application depends primarily on the deposit structure, i.e. whether deposit is particulate, partly sintered or completely fused.

Simple calculations of heat transfer resistances for deposits have been performed, showing that major resistances are in the heat transfer to the deposit (by convection), and the heat transfer through the deposit (by conduction). Very few experimental data on the thermal conductivity of ash deposits, especially at high temperatures where radiation is important, are found in the literature. Although the structure of the deposit is essential for its thermal conductivity, most of the measurements were done on crushed samples. The results obtained using different models were compared with the experimental data published in Rezaei et al. [Rezaei, Gupta, Bryant, Hart, Liu, Bailey, et al. Thermal conductivity of coal ash and slags and models used. Fuel 2000;79:1697–1710.], measured on crushed coal ash samples. Although errors of the predictions were very high in most cases, two models were proposed as suitable for heat conductivity calculations, i.e. the Yagi and Kunii model for particulate deposits, and the Hadley model for sintered and fused deposits.

This literature study showed the need for a wide range of experimental data, which would help in evaluating and improving the existing thermal conductivity models. Also, it is necessary to formulate a more accurate model for the thermal conductivity of solid mixtures, in which potentially important sources of errors can be identified.     

生物质灰在低温受热面上的沉积点腐蚀机理分析

针对纯烧生物质锅炉,位于高温烟气区的低温介质管道短时间内发生腐蚀泄露问题,通过腐蚀产物和20G管壁的SEM和XRD检测,确认其原因是氯化物造成的点腐蚀。氯元素造成的点腐蚀随着金属温度的升高而加快,介质温度低于400℃的钢管由于点腐蚀也可以在短时间内泄露。抑制受热面上的灰的沉积,将有效改善氯化物造成的点腐蚀。     

Simulation of ash deposition in different furnace temperature with a 2D dynamic mesh model

Ash deposit on the heat exchangers reduces the heat transfer efficiency and even threatens the operation of the equipment. The tool of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) allows for better understanding of the deposit formation and the prediction of the process. This paper presents an improved CFD model to reproduce the growth of ash deposition on a temperature-controlled probe in a pilot-scale furnace with the commercial software Fluent16.0. Dynamic mesh technique is included to investigate the shape variation of the ash deposit during the deposit growth. The model is improved by taking the changing surface temperature of the deposition into consideration. The deposition efficiency, surface temperature and heat flux through the deposit are monitored as the iteration. Three cases are presented to investigate the influence of furnace temperature (1473 K, 1523 K and 1573 K). The results show that the deposition efficiency increases with the increasing surface temperature of the deposit while the mass flow of impaction decreases with the changing flow field. The growth rates of the deposit for the three cases are 0.064, 0.079 and 0.103 mm/min within the simulation time which is consistent with experiment results. The simulated surface temperature shows the same trend of the experimental values. The heat flux in the simulation decreases with a range of 38.2%, 50.3% and 50% for the three cases, respectively. This method of modelling can be used to predict the growth of deposit accurately.     

Strength development at low temperatures in coal ash deposits

At temperatures below approximately 1900°F, ash particles formed in coal-fired energy systems are relatively hard and not prone to sticking to system surfaces. However, if the ash collects on a surface not exposed to a shearing gas flow such as the downstream side of a heat exchanger or the surface of a hot-gas filter, the deposit can develop enough strength over a period of minutes to days so that it becomes difficult to remove, in some cases growing to sizes that impede the flow of gas. This paper presents data from ongoing measurements of the significance of ash and gas composition, deposit temperature, and time on the rates of strength development in simulated low-temperature ash deposits. Preliminary results of surface composition and particle-size distribution analyses of the ash, including submicron material, are also presented to explain the possible mechanisms of strength development.     

Application of artificial neural networks to the condition monitoring and diagnosis of a combined heat and power plant

The objective of this study has been to create an online system for condition monitoring and diagnosis of a combined heat and power plant in Sweden. The system in question consisted of artificial neural network models, representing each main component of the combined heat and power plant, connected to a graphical user interface. The artificial neural network models were integrated on a power generation information manager server in the computer system of the combined heat and power plant, and the graphical user interface was made available on workstations connected to this server.