太阳能热泵相变蓄热供暖系统参数影响研究

针对寒冷地区的气候特点及建筑负荷特点,提出利用相变蓄热的太阳能热泵系统,介绍该系统的运行原理,建立系统各部分的数学模型,针对哈尔滨地区(45.8°N,126.8°E)的气象条件,编制系统动态运行模拟程序,研究太阳集热器面积及相变蓄热水箱参数对整个系统运行性能的影响。研究结果表明,当设计热负荷为10 k W时,系统所需太阳集热器面积约为60 m2,对应相变蓄热水箱中相变材料最佳质量分数约为70%,相变材料封装尺寸减小有助于提高太阳能集热量,且该效果在供暖初期和末期更为显著。     

严寒地区太阳能—土壤源热泵相变蓄热供暖系统

介绍了一种节能环保的供暖方式—太阳能-土壤源热泵相变蓄热供暖实验系统。详细阐述了系统的主要运行模式,并应用该系统在严寒地区进行实验研究。通过分析系统在不同的供暖时期的运行特性可知,在供暖过渡季的系统平均供热系数达到6.13,在供暖中期系统平均供热系数为2.94。同时预测该系统应用在其它供暖地区,节能效果更加显著。     

严寒地区多源互补清洁供热系统研究现状及展望

为了解决严寒地区供热结构单一及远离城市集中供热的建筑供暖问题,实现热泵及太阳能清洁能源的推广应用,对近年来严寒地区清洁供热系统的研究与应用进行总结,分析目前存在的主要问题。在研究总结空气源热泵、土壤源热泵、太阳能集热器及多热源联合运行方案及节能效益的基础上,探讨严寒地区多源互补供热系统的构建基本思想,为今后该地区热泵与太阳能供热系统设计和应用提供参考。     

相变蓄热供热装置热性能试验研究与系统经济性分析

为分析相变蓄热装置在充热和放热过程中的热性能,设计并搭建一套相变蓄热供热装置中试实验系统,研究主要运行参数对相变蓄热装置热性能的影响;在此基础上,结合项目案例,对相变蓄热供热系统经济性进行分析。结果表明：相变材料(Phase Change Material, PCM)凝固过程中的传热主要受相变介质内部导热控制;而在其熔化过程中自然对流对传热起重要控制作用;蓄热装置充热速率快于放热速率。提高传热流体流量有助于增强PCM中的热传递,缩短充/放热时间,但蓄热装置内PCM温度分布均匀性有所降低;为降低系统能耗,提高储放热效率,优先选用小流量进行充/放热。该相变蓄热供热项目的动态投资回收期为3.55年,具有良好的经济性。研究结果可对相变蓄热供热系统的设计及应用推广提供参考依据。     

太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统冬季供暖试验研究

提出一种适用于被动式太阳能空气供暖的地下室蓄热系统,并对西北严寒地区采用该系统的农村住宅进行供暖试验研究。通过试验,分析太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统对室内热环境的影响。试验结果表明:有太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统的房间内平均空气温度比对比房的室内空气平均温度高7.5℃,最高温差达13.6℃,最低温差为2.5℃。通过对太阳房供暖节能率的分析计算得出其节能率为62.3%,验证在该地区建立太阳能集热墙与地下室复合系统建筑的可行性和经济性。     

建筑围护结构相变蓄热与自然通风技术耦合模拟分析——以合肥地区为例

随着人们对建筑室内热舒适性要求的提高,建筑能耗,尤其是供暖、通风和空调系统的能耗也在不断增加,因此建筑节能潜力巨大的通风蓄热储能系统受到越来越广泛的关注。以位于夏热冬冷地区的合肥为研究地域,对3种非相变围护结构材料和相变围护结构材料的蓄热与自然通风耦合过程进行非稳态模拟研究,通过分析室内风速场分布和温度场分布,获得合肥地区建筑围护结构的自然通风与不同材料蓄热耦合规律,为改善建筑室内热环境、降低建筑能耗以及被动式建筑设计与开发提供理论依据。     

相变蓄能太阳能热泵系统的蓄热特性研究

将太阳能光热技术、空气源热泵技术以及相变蓄能技术加以整合,研制一套复合型热水制取系统,为建筑热水供给的节能降耗提出一种思路。完成系统的设计及搭建,并在不同控制逻辑下对系统性能进行测试,着重分析相变蓄热材料对蓄热水箱的蓄热特性影响。研究发现布置有相变蓄能材料的蓄热水箱相较无相变蓄能材料的蓄热水箱其持续出热水的时间增加,出热水率提升,温度分层更好,性能得到提升。除此之外,数据显示对流量的控制亦是优化该系统蓄热特性的关键因素。     

太阳能蓄热式供暖系统的实验研究

结合淮河流域、黄淮以及长江以北地区的气候特征,设计了单纯依靠太阳能进行供热的系统,并在徐州冬季12月和1月进行了实验研究。研究表明:采用无辅助热源的蓄热式太阳能供暖系统完全可以满足该地区的供暖要求,技术上可行。该研究为上述地区太阳能单独供热提供了参考和依据,同时对太阳能供热和常规供热进行了经济性比较,分析了太阳能供热高成本的原因。     

集成管道生物质蓄热墙设计及热工性能研究

针对传统生物质墙体存在集热蓄热差的热工问题,提出一种以太阳能为热源的集成管道生物质蓄热墙体,通过建立对比实验模型,分别测试墙体系统及室内物理环境参数,研究2种模型存在的热效率差异,并对实验组墙体系统进行供热性能分析。结果表明：所提出的集成管道生物质墙体系统具有良好的集热、蓄热性能;管道流系统循环控制策略应适应当地气象条件以优化系统供热效率;集成管道生物质蓄热墙节能率可达79.3%,经济效益明显,在生物质能与太阳能富集地区具有广泛应用前景。     

地源热泵与螺旋管式相变蓄热耦合系统的实验研究

针对地源热泵供热节能及不同地区峰谷电价政策,设计并搭建与地源热泵耦合的螺旋管式相变蓄热实验台,并进行实验研究。通过监测蓄热装置工作参数及螺旋圈内、外,螺旋圈之间相变材料的温度场、蓄热过程发生相变的过程等,分析相变材料的蓄热特点和不同工况对蓄热过程的影响。结果表明,螺旋管周边相变材料发生相变的速度最快,且可成导热与自然对流的耦合作用,自然对流对相变过程的影响最大。因此蓄热装置中的螺旋管应尽量放置在下部,可提高相变材料蓄热效率,缩短蓄热的时间,节约能源。     

Simulated and experimental performance of a heat pipe assisted solar wall

Performance was evaluated for a passive solar space heating system utilizing heat pipes to transfer heat through an insulated wall from an absorber outside the building to a storage tank inside the building. The one-directional, thermal diode heat transfer effect of heat pipes make them ideal for passive solar applications. Gains by the heat pipe are not lost during cloud cover or periods of low irradiation. Simplified thermal resistance-based computer models were constructed to simulate the performance of direct gain, indirect gain, and integrated heat pipe passive solar systems in four different climates. The heat pipe system provided significantly higher solar fractions than the other passive options in all climates, but was particularly advantageous in cold and cloudy climates. Parametric sensitivity was evaluated for material and design features related to the collector cover, absorber plate, heat pipe, and water storage tank to determine a combination providing good thermal performance with diminishing returns for incremental parametric improvements. Important parameters included a high transmittance glazing, a high performance absorber surface and large thermal storage capacity.An experimental model of the heat pipe passive solar wall was also tested in a laboratory setting. Experimental variations included fluid fill levels, addition of insulation on the adiabatic section of the heat pipe, and fins on the outside of the condenser section. Filling the heat pipe to 120% of the volume of the evaporator section and insulating the adiabatic section achieved a system efficiency of 85%. Addition of fins on the condenser of the heat pipe did not significantly enhance overall performance.The computer model was validated by simulating the laboratory experiments and comparing experimental and simulated data. Temperatures across the system were matched by adjusting the model conductances, which resulted in good agreement with the experiment.     

含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗热性能分析

为了研究含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗对严寒地区建筑能耗的影响,建立了相变材料层与其他透明壁层结合发生的传热数值模型。分析了含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗在不同二氧化硅气凝胶厚度、导热系数和不同保温材料下的动态热调节性能,得到了含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗内表面热流密度和液相率随时间的变化规律。结果表明:随着二氧化硅气凝胶厚度增加,总传热量降低和液相率增加,当二氧化硅气凝胶厚度为20～30 mm时,可以实现有效的利用太阳能;随着二氧化硅气凝胶导热系数增加,总传热量升高和液相率降低;当二氧化硅气凝胶的导热系数从0.022降低到0.014 W/(m·K)时,最大液相率从0.83增加到1.00。二氧化硅作为保温层比相变材料作为保温层具有更好的保温隔热作用。     

Solar water heaters with phase change material thermal energy storage medium: A review

Latent heat thermal energy storage is one of the most efficient ways to store thermal energy for heating water by energy received from sun. This paper summarizes the investigation and analysis of thermal energy storage incorporating with and without PCM for use in solar water heaters. The relative studies are classified on the basis of type of collector and the type of storage used i.e. sensible or latent. A thorough literature investigation into the use of phase change material (PCM) in solar water heating has been considered. It has been demonstrated that for a better thermal performance of solar water heater a phase change material with high latent heat and with large surface area for heat transfer is required.     

Solar multi-mode heating system based on latent heat thermal energy storage and its application

为克服太阳能间断性和不稳定性的缺点进而实现太阳能集热与采暖的能量供需调节和全天候连续供热,提出了基于相变储热的太阳能多模式采暖方法（太阳能集热直接采暖、太阳能集热采暖+相变储热、太阳能相变储热采暖）,并在西藏林芝市某建筑搭建了太阳能与相变储热相结合的采暖系统,该系统可根据太阳能集热温度和外界供热需求实现太阳能多模式采暖的自动控制和自动运行。实验研究表明：在西藏地区采用真空管太阳能集热器可以和中低温相变储热器很好地结合,白天储热器在储热过程中平均储热功率为10.63 kW,储热量达到92.67 kW·h,相变平台明显;晚上储热器在放热过程中供热量达85.23 kW·h,放热功率和放热温度平稳,储放热效率达92%,其储热密度是传统水箱的3.6倍,可连续供热时间长达10 h,从而实现了基于相变储热的太阳能全天候连续供热,相关研究结果对我国西藏地区实施太阳能采暖具有一定的指导作用。     

Thermal performance of phase change material energy storage floor for active solar water-heating system

The conventional active solar water-heating floor system contains a big water tank to store energy in the day time for heating at night, which takes much building space and is very heavy. In order to reduce the water tank volume or even cancel the tank, a novel structure of an integrated water pipe floor heating system using shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCM) for thermal energy storage was developed and experimentally studied in this paper. The thermal performances of the floors with and without the SSPCM were compared under the intermittent heating condition. The results show that the Energy Storage Ratio (ESR) of the SSPCM floor is much higher than that of the non-SSPCM floor; the SSPCM floor heating system can provide stable heat flux and prevent a large attenuation of the floor surface temperature. Also, the SSPCM floor heating system dampens the indoor temperature swing by about 50% and increases the minimum indoor air temperature by 2°C–3°C under experimental conditions. The SSPCM floor heating system has a potential of making use of the daytime solar energy for heating at night efficiently.     

Thermal performance of phase change material energy storage floor for active solar water-heating system

The conventional active solar water-heating floor system contains a big water tank to store energy in the day time for heating at night, which takes much building space and is very heavy. In order to reduce the water tank volume or even cancel the tank, a novel structure of an integrated water pipe floor heating system using shapestabilized phase change materials (SSPCM) for thermal energy storage was developed and experimentally studied in this paper. The thermal performances of the floors with and without the SSPCM were compared under the intermittent heating condition. The results show that the Energy Storage Ratio (ESR) of the SSPCM floor is much higher than that of the non-SSPCM floor; the SSPCM floor heating system can provide stable heat flux and prevent a large attenuation of the floor surface temperature. Also, the SSPCM floor heating system dampens the indoor temperature swing by about 50% and increases the minimum indoor air temperature by 2°C–3°C under experimental conditions. The SSPCM floor heating system has a potential of making use of the daytime solar energy for heating at night efficiently.     

太阳能相变蓄热应用于吸收式制冷的分析

介绍了一种将太阳能相变蓄热技术应用于两级吸收式制冷的新型空调系统,简要分析了该系统的装置结构、工作原理和使用优点。对相变蓄热装置放热过程中放热盘管出水温度随放热时间的变化关系进行了实验测量,并对两级吸收式制冷系统效率进行了分析。通过研究可知,该太阳能空调系统有效解决了以往系统不稳定性和间断性问题;太阳能相变蓄热装置具有体积小、蓄热量大、放热速率大、连续放热温度均匀、便于控制热源加热温度等特点,适合储存太阳能并为吸收式制冷系统提供加热热源。综合考虑系统设备简单,加工要求低的制造特点,所以吸收式制冷以太阳能等低品位热源驱动有着良好的发展前景。     

Experimental study of small-scale solar wall integrating phase change material

Solar walls have been studied for decades as a way of heating building from a renewable energy source. A key ingredient of these wall is their storage capacity. However, this increases their weight and volume, which limits theirs integration into existing building. To aleviate this problem, storage mass is replaced by a phase change materials. These allow to store a large amount of energy in a small volume, which brings the possibility of retrofit trough use of light prefabricated module.This article presents an experimental study of a small-scale Trombe composite solar wall. In this case, the phase change material was inserted into the wall in the form of a brick-shaped package. While this material can store more heat than the same volume of concrete (for the same temperature range), it shows a very different thermal behavior under dynamic conditions. A particular attention is focused on the delay between the absorption of solar radiation and the energy supplied to the room. The energy performance of the wall from heat flux measurements and enthalpy balances are also presented.     

Application of a ground source heat pump system with PCM‐embedded radiant wall heating for buildings

This paper deals with the utilization of a renewable energy‐based integrated system with the latent heat storage option for building thermal management systems. Both energy and exergy‐based assessments of the current combined system are conducted. For this purpose, phase change material (PCM)‐embedded radiant wall heating system using solar heating and ground source heat pump (GSHP) is studied thermodynamically. Heat is essentially stored within the PCMs as used in the panels to increase the effectiveness. The stored heat is released when the solar energy is not available. In the thermal energy storage analyses, four different PCMs are considered. The present results show that the overall first ‐ law (energy) and second ‐ law (exergy) efficiencies of the PCM‐free radiant heating system are much lower than the case with the PCM‐embedded radiant heating system. Therefore, it is confirmed that the energy efficiency increases from 62% to 87% while the exergy efficiency rises from 14% to 56% with the option where SP26E PCM is employed accordingly.     

Experimental Analysis of a Solar Energy Storage Heat Pump System

This paper introduces a novel solar-assisted heat pump system with phase change energy storage and describes the methodology used to analyze the performance of the proposed system. A mathematical model was established for the key parts of the system including solar evaporator, condenser, phase change energy storage tank, and compressor. In parallel to the modelling work, an experimental set-up of the proposed solar energy storage heat pump system was developed. The experimental data showed that the designed system is capable of meeting cold day heating demands in rural areas of Yanbian city located in Jilin province of China. In day-time operation, the solar heat pump system stores excess energy in the energy storage tank for heating purposes. A desired indoor temperature was achieved; the average coefficient of performance of solar heat pump was identified as 4.5, and the system showed a stable performance throughout the day. In night-time operation, the energy stored in the storage tank was released through a liquid-solid change of phase in the employed phase-change material. In this way, the provision of continuous heat for ten hours was ensured within the building, and the desired indoor air conditions were achieved.