高压直流输电逆变侧控制模式切换对后续换相失败的影响

交流系统故障造成的交流电压降低、直流电流升高和电压过零点偏移是高压直流输电系统换相失败的主要原因,但无法解释高压直流输电系统在故障恢复过程中出现的后续换相失败现象。对此,从逆变侧故障恢复过程中控制模式切换的角度入手,考虑了控制模式变化情况对后续换相失败的影响,提出了一种抑制后续换相失败的变关断角控制策略,用逆变侧定电流控制和定关断角控制输出的差值去修正定关断角控制的整定值,让逆变侧定关断角控制跟踪定电流控制,实现了控制模式提前平稳切换。在PSCAD/EMTDC中运用CIGRE标准测试模型实现了所提出的控制策略,仿真结果验证了其有效性。     

中频隔离型光伏±35kV/500kW直流变流器研究与工程应用

首先提出一种中频隔离型光伏±35 kV/500 kW直流变流器,该直流变流器由三相T型三电平并联中频逆变器模组、中频400 Hz/24脉波移相升压变压器、三相二极管整流桥以及高压滤波电路组成,该变流器具有升压比高、结构简单、成本低的优势;其次,为了实现逆变器并联模组有功、无功功率的实时均分,采用一种瞬时功率均分的功率主从控制方案;接着,提出一种基于中频变压器无功补偿的改进型LCL滤波器参数设计方法以提高变流器的效率。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真以及张北国家大型风电并网系统研发（实验）中心建设的光伏发电中压直流汇集现场示范工程,对所提直流变流器的设计理念和控制方法进行验证,现场并网实测最大效率为96.33%,升压比高达88,输出电压±35 kV,仿真和实验结果证明了所提直流变流器的可行性。     

SMC-DPC based active and reactive power control of grid-tied three phase inverter for PV systems

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) – direct power controller (DPC) based active and reactive power controller for three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of two main controllers: the DC/DC boost converter to track the possible maximum power from the PV panels and the grid-tied three-phase inverter. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is used to transfer the maximum power from the PV panels. Control of the active and reactive powers is performed using the SMC-DPC strategy without any rotating coordinate transformations or phase angle tracking of the grid voltage. In addition, extra current control cycles are not used to simplify the system design and to increase transient performance. The fixed switching frequency is obtained by using space vector modulation (SVM). The proposed system provides very good results both in transient and steady states with the simple algorithms of P&O and SMC-DPC methods. Moreover, the results are evaluated by comparing the SMC-DPC method developed for MPPT and the traditional PI control method. The proposed controller method is achieved with TMS320F28335 DSP processor and the system is experimentally tested for 12 kW PV generation systems.     

基于关断时间的静止变频器换相失败抑制技术

静止变频器广泛应用于抽水蓄能电站、燃气轮机、泵站等电动机启动。实际运行中常因晶闸管性能下降引起关断角的余量不足,继而发生换相失败。为抑制换相失败,提出一种基于晶闸管换相关断时间偏差量的控制策略;并设计了控制决策函数,依据晶闸管换相关断时间的偏差量情况,选择无输出、补偿增大关断角、降低直流电流3种形式,抑制晶闸管换相失败。当偏差量小于死区值时,无输出;当偏差量超过死区值时,增大关断角;当关断角接近功率因数极限值时,降低直流电流。工程现场验证表明,该策略在静止变频器最小拖动电流允许的晶闸管换相的余量角范围内,可避免因晶闸管性能下降导致的换相失败。     

Photovoltaic field emulation including dynamic and partial shadow conditions

In this paper the development of a new laboratory prototype for the emulation of a photovoltaic (PV) field is presented. The proposed system is based on a DC/DC step-down converter topology and allows to obtain the solar array I–V curves, taking into account the environmental changes in solar irradiance and cell temperature. The DC/DC converter control strategy is deduced by using a comprehensive mathematical model of the PV field whose parameters are obtained from the knowledge of: (a) maximum power point data, measured when the PV plant power converter is running, (b) open circuit voltage and short-circuit current, measured off-line. This approach allows the most accurate representation of the PV source. Computer simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed circuit acts as a highly accurate and efficient laboratory simulator of the photovoltaic array electrical characteristics both in steady state and transient conditions. Partial shading and fluctuating conditions can be reproduced too. Moreover the dynamic behaviour of the proposed laboratory emulator is suitable to its effective connection to power electronic interface to the utility or to load through a DC/DC boost converter.     

青藏直流输电无功功率控制PSASP用户自定义建模

基于电力系统分析软件包PSASP,使用其用户自定义功能,建立了详细的无功功率控制模型。该模型为用户自定义高压直流输电模型的一部分,其参照青藏直流系统,并经适当简化而得。主要包括无功功率发生计算模块、无功功率消耗计算模块、无功功率控制模块及换流站无功功率调节控制模块,给出了每个模块的建模方法及建模原则。最后通过在WEPRI-7七节点系统,仿真验证了无功功率控制用户自定义模型对于交直流系统相互作用及稳定性分析的正确性及必要性。     

Power quality improvement of solar photovoltaic transformer-less grid-connected system with maximum power point tracking control

This paper presents a transformer-less single-stage grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with active reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in the reactive power generation mode, which powers control circuitry and maintains regulated DC voltage. Control scheme has been implemented so that the grid-connected converter continuously serves local load. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented at maximum power which performs power quality control by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid-injected current under varying environmental conditions. Standards (IEEE-519/1547) stipulates that current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation (DG) source. MPPT tracks actual variable DC link voltage while deriving maximum power from PV array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing the converter modulation index. Simulation results with the PV model and MPPT technique validations demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system.     

基于定关断面积的分层接入UHVDC系统换流器协调控制策略

基于分层接入特高压直流输电（UHVDC）系统逆变侧高低端的耦合特性,分析叠弧面积增加引发换流器换相失败的机理,提出一种抑制分层接入UHVDC系统非故障层换流器换相失败的协调控制策略。该策略通过补偿交流故障后非故障层换流器所需的叠弧面积,使晶闸管具有足够的关断面积完成去游离过程,从而防止换相失败的发生。最后基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建实际系统模型并进行了仿真验证,结果表明所提协调控制策略能有效抑制不同故障程度下受端电网对称和不对称故障下非故障层换流器的换相失败,可提升系统的稳定性。     

Analysis of reactive power strategies in HVDC‐connected wind power plant clusters

Offshore wind power plants (WPPs) built near each other but far from shore usually connect to the main grid by a common high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission system. In the resulting decoupled offshore grid, the wind turbine converters and the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter share the ability to inject or absorb reactive power. The overall reactive power control dispatch influences the power flows in the grid and hence the associated power losses. This paper evaluates the respective power losses in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters when applying 5 different reactive power control strategies. The case study is made for a 1.2‐GW–rated cluster comprising 3 WPP and is implemented in a combined load flow and converter loss model. A large set of feasible operating points for the system is analyzed for each strategy. The results show that a selection of simulations with equal wind speeds is sufficient for the annual energy production comparison. It is found that the continuous operation of the WPPs with unity power factor has a superior performance with low communication requirements compared with the other conventional strategies. The optimization‐based strategy, which is developed in this article, allows a further reduction of losses mainly because of the higher offshore grid voltage level imposed by the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter. Reactive power control in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters change significantly the overall power losses of the system, which depend rather on the total sum of the injected active power than on the variance of wind speeds inside the cluster.     

面向用户的多分布式电源并联优化控制技术研究

采用传统下垂控制的多分布式电源并联系统中,由于线路阻抗和本地负荷不同以及控制单元逻辑复杂、控制参数设置差异等原因,使各分布式电源有功无功功率输出不能按容量均分,导致产生系统环流。对此,提出一种改进的分布式电源并联下垂控制策略,即在传统U-Q下垂控制中加入无功补偿,将有功下垂前置到直流侧DC/DC斩波器环节,最终最大限度减小分布式电源并联变流器有功、无功之间相互耦合影响,有效改善分布式电源多机并联时有功/无功功率分配精度,降低系统环流。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真平台验证了该策略的有效性和可行性。     

含VSC换流器的交直流配网潮流算法

随着电力电子技术的发展和应用,直流技术得到了快速发展,交直流网络亦广泛应用于电力系统。建立含电压源型换流器(VSC)交直流配电系统,探讨了VSC换流器损耗及其控制方式,并针对交替迭代法和统一迭代法两种算法的不足,提出了改进交替迭代算法,该算法通过调整交流、直流子系统界限的重新界定,避免了潮流计算迭代的交替,从而大大减少潮流计算量。最后通过改进IEEE 13节点配电系统验证了所提算法的正确性和高效性。     

稳定风电输出功率的控制策略研究

为稳定风电系统输出功率,提出一种在变流器的直流侧加入超级电容器(EDLC)储能的新拓扑结构,通过分析全功率双脉宽调制交-直-交变流器的控制策略,基于永磁直驱风电机组与电网连接的拓扑结构,提出超级电容器储能系统稳定风电系统输出功率的控制策略和输出功率的解耦控制方法,分析了风电系统输出功率初始值和超级电容器容量对输出功率稳定性的影响,并针对典型风速变化给出了输出功率初始值与超级电容器容量的整定范围。     

Simple Power Control for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives Fed by a Matrix Converter

This paper presents a new and simple method for sensorless control of matrix converter drives using a power flowing to the motor. The proposed control algorithm is based on controlling the instantaneous real and imaginary powers into the induction motor. To improve low-speed sensorless performance, the nonlinearities of a matrix converter drive such as commutation delays, turn-on and turn- off times of switching devices, and on -state switching device voltage drop are modeled using a PQ power transformation and compensated using a reference power control scheme. The proposed sensorless control method is applied for the induction motor drive using a 3 kW matrix converter system. Experimental results are shown to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy.      

新型双向储能变流器分析与研究

传统双级式储能变流器存在直流支撑电容,电能需多次变换从而导致变换器故障、可靠性降低和效率降低.针对此问题,提出一种基于高频交流链接技术的新型双向储能变流器.首先对该变流器的工作原理进行详细介绍,在此基础上依据电荷分配的思想提出一种可行的控制算法,并建立Matlab/Simulink仿真模型对该拓扑结构和控制算法进行验证...     

A linear quadratic regulator control of a stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plant

This paper introduces a technique based on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) to control the output voltage at the load point versus load variation from a standalone proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plant (FCPP) for a group housing use. The controller modifies the optimal gains k _i by minimizing a cost function, and the phase angle of the AC output voltage to control the active and reactive power output from an FCPP to match the terminal load. The control actions are based on feedback signals from the terminal load, output voltage and fuel cell feedback current. The topology chosen for the simulation consists of a 45 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), boost type DC/DC converter, a three-phase DC/AC inverter followed by an LC filter. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy operated at low commutation frequency (2 kHz) offers good performances versus load variations with low total harmonic distortions (THD), which is very useful for high power applications.     

Analysis of unstable solutions in a single-phase AC/DC converter

The study of harmonic instabilities in an AC/DC power system is presented in this letter. An existing frequency domain methodology is modified to assess the phenomena produced by this harmonic interaction. A set of analytical equations is derived to compute the commutation time taking place in the single-phase converter. Suitable guidelines are suggested for effective overlap angle initializations. Test results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Instabilities are shown to take place for given operating conditions     

Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads

This paper describes a DC isolated network which is fed by distributed generation (DG) from photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources to supply unbalanced AC loads. The battery energy storage bank has been connected to the DC network via DC/DC converter called storage converter to control the network voltage and optimize the operation of the PV generation units. The PV units are connected to the DC network via its own DC/DC converter called PV converter to ensure the required power flow. The unbalanced AC loads are connected to the DC network via its own DC/AC converter called load converter without transformer. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for storage converter which has a DC voltage droop regulator. Also a novel control system based on Clarke and Park rotating frame has been proposed for load converters. In this paper, the proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between PV units, unbalanced AC loads and battery units. The simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software show that DC isolated distribution system including PV units can provide the balanced voltages to supply unbalanced AC loads.     

Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid-connected system fed DVR

This paper presents a single stage transformer-less grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an active and reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, the grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in a reactive power generation mode, which powers the control circuitry, and maintains a regulated DC voltage to the VSC. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme which performs power quality control at a maximum power by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid injected current as per IEEE-519/1547 standards is implemented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) control scheme is implemented which controls the grid side converter during single-phase to ground fault. The analysis includes the grid current THD along with the corresponding variation of the active and reactive power during the fault condition. The MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from the solar PV array, and maintains the DC link voltage constant by changing the modulation index of the VSC. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validations of the proposed novel MPPT and DVR control systems under different environmental conditions.     

A maximum power point tracking control strategy with variable weather parameters for photovoltaic systems with DC bus

In photovoltaic (PV) system, the most commonly used DC/DC converter is the basic buck or boost circuit to implement the maximum point power tracking (MPPT) due to their simple structure and low cost while there are some MPPT constraint conditions. By contrast, the conventional buck/boost DC/DC converter without MPPT constraint condition is seldom used because of its high cost or poor performance. To keep the advantages of these three DC/DC converters while overcoming their shortcomings, in this paper, the constraint conditions of capturing the maximum power point (MPP) of PV systems with direct-current (DC) bus are found out. Then, on the basis of this work, a MPPT control strategy with variable weather parameters is proposed. In this strategy, a new buck/boost DC/DC converter is proposed, which not only avoids the MPPT constraint conditions of basic buck or boost DC/DC converter but also overcomes the shortcomings of conventional buck/boost DC/DC converter. Finally, lots of simulated experiments verify the accuracy of MPPT constraint conditions, test the feasibility and availability of proposed MPPT control strategy, analyze the MPPT performance of proposed PV system and compare the output transient-state performance with conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method.     

A fuel-cell/battery hybrid DC backup power system via a new high step-up three port converter

In this paper, a fuel-cell (FC)/battery hybrid direct-current (DC) backup power system is proposed for high step-up applications. This system is composed of a newly developed non-isolated three-port converter, which achieves a high voltage gain by taking the advantage of a quasi Z-source network and an energy transfer capacitor. After analyzing the converter, a comprehensive comparison study and a design procedure are provided. Moreover, the controllers regulating the source power levels while smoothing the FC power profile according to the proposed energy management strategy (EMS) are designed based on the developed small-signal model of the proposed converter. Both hardware and controller design procedures are validated through the PSIM model of the whole system. As a result, it is shown that the proposed system can effectively couple FC and battery while transferring their energies to a high voltage DC bus according to the offered EMS.