基于内聚力单元与XFEM的热障涂层失效分析

为了更好的理解热障涂层的失效机理,文中运用ABAQUS有限元软件来分析热障涂层的失效情况,使用内聚力单元和扩展有限元（XFEM）两种方法研究热障涂层TGO界面开裂与陶瓷涂层（TC）和氧化层（TGO）内随机裂纹的萌生与扩展,研究竖直裂纹与水平裂纹的关系.结果表明,热障涂层TGO界面的开裂首先出现在TGO/TBC波谷处.陶瓷涂层和氧化层内随机裂纹的萌生同样发生在TGO/TBC波谷处.竖直裂纹的存在可以抑制水平裂纹的萌生与扩展,且其在TGO/TBC波谷处的扩展长度比在TGO/TBC波峰处的扩展长度更长,说明TGO/TBC波谷区域是个危险区域,在此区域容易引发裂纹的萌生与扩展.     

粘结层和陶瓷层厚度对纳米结构热障涂层性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂+大气等离子喷涂工艺,在K403高温合金表面制备不同层厚比的NiCrA-lY/纳米7YSZ热障涂层,研究了涂层厚度变化对热障涂层表面粗糙度、结合强度、热震性能和热循环寿命的影响规律。结果表明:当粘结层厚度一定时,随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其表面粗糙度增加,涂层结合强度下降;当粘结层厚度为50μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加而降低,粘结层厚度提高至100μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加先提高,后降低,热障涂层在1100℃的热循环寿命测试结果也基本对应这一规律;当粘结层厚50μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(1～2)∶1的范围内,或者粘结层厚100μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(2～2.5)∶1范围内时,热障涂层具有较优异的性能。     

高温合金热障涂层的氧化和失效研究

评述了热障涂层发展的现状，研究了电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）热障涂层的恒温氧化和循环氧化行为。结果表明：热障涂层 1000℃氧化稳定后，基本遵循抛物线氧化规律。循环氧化过程中，微裂纹优先沿陶瓷层柱状晶界形成，并逐渐沿横向及纵向扩展。热障涂层热循环过程中产生的热应力、氧化物长大应力等引起金属氧化物（TGO）／粘结层分界面多处开裂，最终导致热障涂层失效于TGO中或TGO／粘结层的分界面。     

EB-PVD热障涂层的结构演变与表面拉曼光谱特性

热障涂层被广泛应用于航空发动机和燃气轮机等高温部件,其破坏机理和无损检测手段是研究中急需解决的问题。采用EB-PVD方法制备了陶瓷层厚度分别为180、120和90μm的3组热障涂层试样,经1 000℃高温氧化0、1、10、50和100h后,用HR800激光显微拉曼光谱仪测得试样表面的拉曼光谱特性,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测了试样内部裂纹及氧化层(TGO)厚度的演变。研究表明,EB-PVD热障涂层裂纹主要发生在陶瓷层内部及陶瓷层与粘结层的界面处,粘结层和基体界面处产生裂纹的概率相对较小;同等条件下,增大陶瓷层的喷涂厚度,可以减缓氧化层的生长速度,但是会增大陶瓷层表面应力;热障涂层表面残余应力会随着热氧化时间的增加而增大,当表面残余应力减小时表明陶瓷层中有明显的裂纹或脱落产生。     

EB-PVD热障涂层系统界面应力的理论分析

目的获得热障涂层系统危险界面应力解析解及其变化规律。方法基于弹性理论,推导出能同时考虑氧化物热生长及其形貌、CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(CMAS)沉积、温度变化、材料参数不匹配的危险界面应力分布的解析解。分别研究热循环中氧化层热生长和CMAS沉积对热障涂层界面应力的影响,并从应力演化的角度对危险界面微裂纹的萌生和扩展进行预测。结果理论分析显示,当系统经历24个热循环后,陶瓷层/氧化物层界面波谷应力σv从最初的0增加到301.44MPa。氧化物层/粘结层界面波峰应力σp从最初的617MPa增加到1189.89MPa。当CMAS沉积深度hCMAS从0增加到150μm时,应力σv从170.26MPa增加到443.37 MPa,应力σp从1317.83 MPa减小到1050.17 MPa。结论氧化物热生长可以促使陶瓷层/氧化物层界面波谷和氧化物层/粘结层界面波峰裂纹的萌生和扩展。CMAS沉积将进一步促使陶瓷层/氧化物层界面开裂,然而对氧化物层/粘结层界面的开裂有抑制作用。解析解的计算结果与先前的有限元分析结果和模型试验结果相近,证明了该理论方法计算界面应力的准确性。     

热障涂层高温TGO生长变化

通过Abaqus有限元分析软件对热障涂层在高温氧化过程中的热氧化物层(themally growth oxide,TGO)生长机制进行研究.结果表明,当高温氧化到100 h时,TGO厚度由初始的0.5μm生长至6.7μm且在不同位置TGO的厚度略微不同.随着高温时间的增加,热障涂层在TGO的波峰、波谷以及涂层边界处容易出现应力较大值,且和周围材料相比应力明显较大,此时,这些位置容易达到材料开裂临界应力,形成裂纹萌生点,使得涂层失效.在高温氧化过程中,涂层吸收总能量为43.6 J,其中少部分转化为涂层变形所消耗的能量,剩下的能量为高温氧化过程中涂层成分改变,微观组织改变以及裂纹萌生扩展提供能量.     

TGO及初始裂纹对热障涂层裂纹形核与扩展影响的有限元分析

针对热障涂层系统裂纹的形核位置变化与扩展失效过程及其机理,提出采用内聚力单元分析热氧化物（TGO）层/陶瓷（TC）层界面裂纹的形核位置及扩展,采用扩展有限元法分析TGO层厚度、粗糙度以及TC初始裂纹对新TC、TGO裂纹形核位置及扩展的影响。结果表明:TGO/TC界面承受热循环载荷后,界面裂纹首先出现在近波峰处同时向两侧扩展;在冷却过程中,随着TGO初始厚度增加,TC裂纹的形核位置由波峰转向近波峰处而裂纹扩展长度没有明显变化,TGO裂纹形核位置不变但裂纹长度明显增加;随着TGO粗糙度的不断减小,TC裂纹形核位置由近波峰向中部转移,而裂纹扩展长度没有明显变化。当粗糙度减小到一定程度,TC裂纹被抑制。而TGO裂纹的形核位置没有变化,但裂纹扩展长度随着TGO粗糙度减小而增大;初始横向TC裂纹越长,TGO裂纹也越长。近波峰与中部的初始竖直TC裂纹能有效地抑制新的TC裂纹形核与扩展。本研究为热障涂层微裂纹失效机理提供了理论支撑。     

PS-PVD制备粘结层及其对热障涂层性能的影响

目的探究真空热处理对PS-PVD制备的粘结层的影响,并研究PS-PVD制备粘结层对热障涂层性能的影响。方法采用PS-PVD技术在高温合金基体上制备不同材料体系的粘结层和陶瓷层,采用真空热处理和高温氧化试验,对粘结层与基体界面间的元素扩散过程以及不同材料粘结层对热障涂层抗氧化性能的影响进行研究,并通过X射线衍射和EDS能谱对涂层的物相及元素分布进行分析。结果通过PS-PVD制备的不同粘结层体系的热障涂层试样,在近粘结层处的陶瓷层物相组成并无明显区别。粘结层与基体的元素扩散情况受真空热处理时间和温度的影响,随着真空热处理时间的延长,基体一侧的富铝相逐渐增多。当热处理8 h后,形成的扩散区的宽度已超过20μm;随着热处理温度的提高,同样也形成了更宽的扩散区。NiCoCrAlYTa/7YSZ热障涂层氧化100h后,TGO层的厚度达到4.0μm,氧化150h时,涂层发生脱离。NiCrAlY/7YSZ热障涂层氧化150 h后,TGO层的厚度达到4.4μm,但未出现脱离现象。结论热处理的时间越长,温度越高,粘结层与基体的元素扩散行为越剧烈。不同的粘结层材料会影响热障涂层的氧化动力学过程。     

高温拉压环境下DZ125高温合金的热障涂层失效

采用电子束物理气相沉积法（EB-PVD）在定向凝固Ni基高温合金DZ125基体上制备了NiCoCrAlY粘结层和YSZ陶瓷层，研究了高温拉压环境下热障涂层的失效模式，并对其进行了有限元分析。实验结果表明，热障涂层的失效与仅受热载荷作用下的有很大不同，仅有热载荷作用下的热障涂层裂纹多萌生于热氧化层（TGO）内部，进而扩展引起热障涂层的失效。而高温拉压试验后热障涂层体系存在两种裂纹，分别萌生于TGO／粘结层界面和粘结层／扩散层界面附近。有限元模拟结果显示TGO／陶瓷层和TGO／粘结层处存在应力状态的转变和应力值的突变，径向应力的突变导致了界面分离现象的产生，而轴向应力的突变加速了垂直于界面裂纹的扩展，并导致了试样的最终断裂。     

粘结层预处理对PS-PVD沉积7YSZ热障涂层氧化行为的影响

目的提高PS-PVD沉积7YSZ热障涂层的抗高温氧化性能。方法采用等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)分别在未预处理和预处理(抛光+预氧化)的粘结层表面制备了柱状结构7YSZ热障涂层,并在大气环境下测试了柱状结构7YSZ热障涂层的950℃静态高温氧化性能。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪对高温氧化过程中的陶瓷层/粘结层界面形貌、TGO层结构演变进行表征。结果粘结层的抛光处理能够降低表面几何受力不均匀部位,抑制陶瓷层/TGO/粘结层界面处微裂纹的产生,同时粘结层的预氧化处理形成的薄而连续的TGO层能有效降低TGO的生长速度,抑制陶瓷层-粘结层之间的元素互扩散。柱状结构7YSZ涂层的高温氧化动力学曲线符合Wagner抛物线规律,粘结层未预处理和预处理的7YSZ热障涂层的氧化速率常数分别为0.101×10~(-12) cm~2/s和0.115×10~(-13) cm~2/s。结论粘结层预处理能有效改善等离子物理气相沉积7YSZ热障涂层的抗氧化性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis     

Preface

<正>We are pleased to present this Special Issue of Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China containing selected papers from the First Asian Conference on Aluminum Alloys(ACAA-2013),held in Beijing,China,13–17 October 2013.This conference has been initiated,with approval of     

Information for Contributors

The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology, including mineral processing, extraction metallurgy, metallic materials and heat treatments, metal working, physical metallurgy, powder metallurgy, with the emphasis on fundamental science. It is the unique preeminent publication in English for scientists, engineers, under/post-graduates on the field of nonferrous metals industry. This journal is covered by many famous abstract/index systems and databases such as SCI Expanded, Ei Compendex Plus, 1NSPEC, CA, METADEX, AJ and JICST.