同轴水射流辅助激光加工效率及锥度实验研究

对液体环境条件下的同轴水射流辅助激光加工技术及其加工机理进行了初步研究,并建立了加工实验装置,分别研究了加工效率和加工锥度随激光能量、水射流流速、喷口与工件间隙的变化规律。实验结果表明:同轴水射流辅助激光加工效率随着激光能量、水射流流速的增加而提高,当喷口与工件间隙约为3 mm时加工效率较高;加工微孔的锥度随着激光能量、水射流流速的增加而减小、随着喷口与工件间隙的增加而增大,当间隙大于5 mm时锥度基本保持不变。最终,利用优化的工艺参数,加工出锥度约为2°且无热影响层、再铸层和微裂纹的表面完整性好的微孔。     

微细倒锥孔在线加工参数调控的电火花加工工艺

基于微细孔电火花加工中观测到的“腰鼓”现象,进行了微细倒锥孔的在线加工参数调控电火花加工工艺的研究.实验研究了开路电压、进给深度、变压深度、放电电容等加工参数对微孔加工孔形的影响.通过对工艺参数的优化选择,加工得到出入口直径平均相差18.6 μm、锥度为1.16°的倒锥孔,可用于柴油发动机倒锥喷孔的加工.进一步实验了工...     

液体辅助激光微孔加工研究进展

随着微孔加工技术的逐渐成熟,激光微孔加工的应用越来越广泛,但依靠单一激光束进行微孔加工仍存在一些问题,尤其是在深孔加工方面,出现了以激光束为主、多能量场辅助的复合打孔技术,并逐渐成为了热点。针对液体辅助激光微孔加工研究领域,总结了水基辅助激光打孔、水基超声振动辅助激光打孔、水基超声?磁场辅助激光打孔和电解液/水射流辅助激光打孔等方法。在水基的基础上,加入了超声、磁场和温度场,使得辅助场变得多元化,在多层面上进行复合加工。介绍了不同辅助加工方法的去除材料机理及加工后材料特性的变化,水起到冷却的作用,但在水层下会形成空化气泡,超声振动可以击溃气泡,磁场和温度场为材料残渣提供了能量,具体表现在热效应、材料去除速率、打孔深度、重铸层及裂纹等方面。影响微孔质量的因素有微孔锥度、深径比、孔的圆度、重铸层厚度、热影响区、微裂纹和粗糙度等,主要对微孔锥度、深径比及其他指标进行了分析,总结了加工方法对微孔质量的影响。     

Ni60/WC涂层表面圆凹坑皮秒激光加工关键参数研究

目的 优化激光路径填充方式以减少皮秒加工圆凹坑底部的堆积现象,并探究基于该激光路径填充方式的皮秒激光关键参数对Ni60/WC涂层表面圆形凹坑形貌参数的影响规律。方法 采用搭建的紫外皮秒激光微加工平台在Ni60/WC涂层表面加工预先规划的直径为230μm的圆凹坑,通过白光干涉仪测试加工所得圆凹坑的整体三维形貌对圆凹坑底部形貌进行表征。采用同心圆网格复合激光路径填充方式对圆凹坑底部堆积现象进行优化,并通过单因素法分析该路径下皮秒激光关键参数,即加工功率、扫描次数、扫描速度对圆形凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数的影响规律。结果 通过优化的同心圆网格复合激光路径填充方式加工所得圆凹坑材料去除体积为7.59×10⁶μm³,轮廓算术平均高度为21.37μm,对比原始的网格激光路径填充方式,加工的圆凹坑底部无明显堆积;基于此激光路径填充方式,在测试工艺参数范围内,圆凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数随激光功率的增大呈二次函数增大;随着扫描速度的增大,圆凹坑深度、直径呈线性减小,圆度系数呈线性增大;圆凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数随扫描次数的增加均呈线性增大。结论 同心圆网...     

TC4复合材料电解钻孔加工技术研究

基于TC4复合材料研究了大余量去除和大直径孔的电解钻孔加工技术。首先,设计了工具阴极结构,在工具阴极侧面绝缘基础上采用电场仿真研究了工作圈高度对加工效果的影响,再针对不同钻孔深度进行流场仿真分析,揭示电解钻孔加工流场分布规律并探究了工具阴极端面出液孔数量对加工稳定性的影响;其次,对陶瓷绝缘和电泳绝缘两种不同绝缘方式下的工具耐用性进行了试验对比,结果表明:高电压下陶瓷绝缘层的耐用度明显优于电泳绝缘层;然后,采用陶瓷绝缘工具阴极对不同加工参数下的电解钻孔深度、入口直径、圆度、锥度等性能进行比较并优化了加工参数;最后,利用优选的参数加工得到入口直径21.43 mm、孔深39.19 mm、圆度误差0.028 mm和锥度0.068°的盲孔。     

钛合金小孔电火花快速加工试验研究

采用电火花高速小孔机,在2 mm厚的TC4钛合金板上,进行直径为0.5 mm小孔的快速加工试验研究。运用正交试验法,研究电火花加工电参数(峰值电流、脉宽、脉间和电容)对加工效率和小孔锥度的影响,并对试验结果进行方差分析和灰关联分析,得出最优加工参数。结果表明,经参数优化后,在小孔深度方向的加工效率为3.46 mm/min,小孔锥度减小18.51%,满足钛合金件高速、精密加工的技术要求。     

飞秒激光加工镍基高温合金微孔试验研究

采用正交试验研究并分析了飞秒激光制孔参数激光功率、单层作用时间、单层进给量对DD6高温合金孔型、效率及冶金质量的影响规律.研究发现:在一定范围内随着功率增大,微孔加工效率有所提升,但受激光能量密度与去除材料量的影响,微孔孔型呈现从正锥到倒锥再到正锥的规律,且重熔层出现的几率及厚度也相应增加;当单层作用时间越小或单层进给量越大时,材料与激光焦点作用容易形成倒锥,且激光制孔效率越高,重熔层厚度越小.通过试验验证,在功率为15 W、单层进给时间600 ms、单层进给量0.04 mm的条件下,飞秒激光在DD6单晶高温合金上可获得孔型较好、孔壁周围无重熔层、无微裂纹及热影响热影响区的微孔.     

基于响应面法的水导激光加工碳纤维复合材料工艺参数优化

为了更好地采用水导激光加工碳纤维复合材料，基于响应面法设计实验，研究了工艺参数对切割质量指标的影响规律和切割质量对工艺参数的敏感性，并以热影响区、锥度、有效切割速度为目标进行了优化。结果表明：激光峰值功率对热影响区和锥度的影响显著，而切割速度和切割次数对有效切割速度的影响显著；当在切割速度2.35 mm/s、激光峰值功率324.45 W、切割次数6次时，水导激光切割碳纤维复合材料表面质量较好。     

微细电解加工用电极的侧壁绝缘及应用实验

介绍了一种微细电解加工用电极的侧壁绝缘方法及其应用实验.采用旋涂法在电极表面涂敷液态环氧树脂并固化处理,重复该过程形成多层绝缘薄膜,用机械磨削法去除电极端部的绝缘膜,使电极端面导电.通过基础工艺实验优化了旋涂法工艺参数,通过对比实验验证了侧壁绝缘电极的微孔加工效果.旋涂法可制得膜厚为5～10 μm的侧壁绝缘电极,采用该电极加工可显著减小微孔直径及锥度,提高微细电解加工尺寸精度.     

微小凹坑阵列的电解转印加工试验研究

研究表明,合理的表面织构可改善活塞汽缸中摩擦副的润滑特性,提高抗磨减摩性能.试验了用电解转印法加工凹坑阵列,对加工中阴阳极之间的封闭区域建立数学模型,并进行了ANSYS电场分析.试验研究了阴极掩模胶膜厚度、加工间隙、加工电压对微坑形貌的影响,通过优化加工参数,提高了微小凹坑阵列的均匀性与微坑加工精度.采用光刻工艺制备了直径为10 μm、厚度为40 μm的阴极掩模,以此进行电解转印加工,可获得平均直径为140 μm、深度为30 μm的凹坑阵列.     

Modelling and analysis of pulsed Nd:YAG laser machining characteristics during micro-drilling of zirconia (ZrO2)

Pulsed Nd: YAG laser beam has great ability for micro-machining of ceramic materials because of high laser beam intensity at low mean beam power, good focusing characteristics due to very small pulse duration, small kerf widths and narrow heat effected zones. In the paper, experimental investigations into CNC pulsed Nd:YAG laser micro-drilling of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) have been carried out. Influence of laser machining parameters on the HAZ thickness and phenomena of tapering of the machined micro-holes has been experimentally investigated. Response Surface Methodology-based optimal parametric analysis has been performed to determine the optimal setting of process parameters such as pulse frequency and pulse width, lamp current, assist air pressure for achieving minimum HAZ thickness and taper of the micro-hole machined by pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Minimum HAZ thickness has been obtained as 0.0675 mm when the lamp current, pulse frequency, assisted air pressure and pulse width are set at optimal parametric setting i.e. 17 amp, 2.0 kHz, 2.0 kg/cm² and 2% of the duty cycle, respectively. Minimum taper has been achieved as 0.0319 at optimal parametric setting i.e. the lamp current of 17 amp, pulse frequency of 2.0 kHz, assisted air pressure of 0.6 kg/cm² and pulse width of 2% of the duty cycle. Analysis has also been carried out for multi-optimisation of both the responses i.e. HAZ thickness and taper during pulsed Nd:YAG laser micro-drilling on ZrO₂.     

激光表面微织构工艺试验及应用研究

在声光调Q二级管泵浦固体光源Nd:YAG激光器基础上,采用"单脉冲同点间隔多次"激光微加工工艺,对45#钢试样表面进行激光微织构加工。分析了离焦量、泵浦电流、重复频率及重复次数对微织构形貌的影响规律。工艺试验表明,微凹腔的直径和深度随着泵浦电流的增大而增大,随着重复频率的增加呈减小的趋势,微凹腔深度随脉冲次数的增加呈近似线性增加,而微凹腔直径呈缓慢减小趋势。通过对某型号四缸汽油机的台架性能试验研究,表明与传统平顶机械珩磨相比,采用激光珩磨技术的汽油机机油耗要比原机降低56%,燃油耗降低1.94%~4.5%。     

硬脆材料皮秒激光微加工试验研究

硬脆材料微加工中常存在材料易崩裂、刀具磨损严重、加工效率低等不足,引入超短脉冲激光微加工技术,通过光-热-力效应引发材料去除,可有效克服上述加工难题。以羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷、氧化铝工程陶瓷、单晶硅三种典型硬脆材料为加工对象,探索基于皮秒激光的微加工工艺方法,尝试利用激光干切、液体辅助、化学辅助等不同手段,完成微槽、微孔等结构的高质量加工,并分析微加工表面特征形貌,评估工艺方法可行性。     

Effects of output waveforms on penetration for Nd: YAG laser welding

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An experimental and numerical study on laser percussion drilling of thick-section alumina

A major challenge in laser percussion drilling of thick-section ceramics is to obtain a low taper and low spatter deposition hole leading to high quality post-processing. In order to achieve the fine hole drilling, it is important to understand the mechanism of laser percussion drilling. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study on laser percussion drilling was carried out. A two-dimension (2D) axisymmetric finite element (FE) model for simulation of temperature field and proceeding of hole formation during percussion drilling was developed. The FE model was validated by the corresponding experiment. Furthermore, a theoretical model for evaluation of temperature at melt front and velocity of melt ejection was presented in order to further validate the FE model and study the spatter deposition. The effects of laser peak power, pulse duty cycle and pulse repetition rate on hole diameter and spatter deposition were investigated by the developed models and experiments, in which the simulated results were in good agreement with the experiments. The study indicated that the size and temperature of the melt front significantly affected the hole diameter formation and spatter deposition during laser percussion drilling. The characteristic of melt front was mainly determined by the employed laser peak power, pulse repetition rate and pulse duty cycle. Based on the experimental and numerical study, the process parameters were optimised and a drilled-hole with low taper and low spatter deposition was obtained using a 3.5 kW CO₂ laser. A microstructural and element compositional study was also performed in this work, by which the characteristics of microstructure and element composition in HAZ around laser drilled hole were revealed.     

不锈钢车体非熔透激光搭接焊热源模型

用激光搭接焊取代电阻点焊是解决不锈钢车体表面质量和密封性问题的理想方法,但在不锈钢车体非熔透型激光搭接焊工艺试验过程中,发现在常用的激光焊接工艺参数范围内,搭接接头的熔池形状近似花瓶状,不同于通常情况下热导焊时呈碗状和深熔焊时呈钉形.为此,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,分别对高斯热源、高斯热源+柱体热源、三维正锥体热...     

激光熔覆原位自生TiB_2/Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层的裂纹研究

用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了不同成分配比的原位自生TiB_2/Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层,研究了涂层的残余应力分布和开裂行为.结果表明:裂纹源产生的部位主要是熔敷层中的硬质相央杂物、熔覆层中共晶团问显微孔和熔覆层与基材界面间的微孔洞.     

GMAW电弧对Nd:YAG激光传输的影响

针对脉冲过渡熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)电弧和短路过渡GMAW 电弧,通过保持 GMAW 电弧正常态,Nd:YAG 激光水平逐层、逐点扫描穿过脉冲电弧区域的试验方式,获得了Nd:YAG 激光穿过GMAW 电弧后的激光折射和散射结果.试验发现,波长为1.064μm的Nd:YAG激光穿过脉冲GMAW 电弧激光光斑会略微变小,并且不同电弧区域对激光的影响能力基本相同;激光穿过短路GMAW电弧后激光光斑也会略微变小,不同电弧区域对激光的影响也基本相同.结果表明,GMAW电弧可以近似看作各项同性的激光传输介质,还可以近似认为GMAW电弧对波长1.064μm的Nd:YAG激光是透明的.

Abstract：

By keeping gas metal arc welding(GMAW)arc normal position and Nd: YAG laser parallel crossing GMAW arc,refrangibility of GMAW arc to Nd: YAG laser was measured.The results indicate that when Nd:YAG laser crosses pulse GMAW arc,laser radius will decrease slightly.And the influence of pulse GMAW arc of different part to Nd : YAG is almost same.Similarly,when Nd: YAG laser crosses short-circuiting pulse GMAW arc,the radius of the laser will decrease slightly too.By considering this phenomenon from welding point of view,GMAW arc can be regarded as transparent substance and optic isotropy to Nd:YAG laser.     

强度空间分布对脉冲激光表面强化的影响

建立了包含脉冲激光强度时空分布、温度相关的材料热物性参数以及多次相变特征在内的脉冲激光表面强化三维有限元模型。温度场和强化区深度分别得到了解析解和试验验证。针对不同脉冲能量级别，研究了强度空间分布形式和光斑几何形状对表面最高温度、强化区深度以及强化区形状等的影响。结果表明，激光强度空间分布是影响强化区的重要因素。为达到理想的强化效果，应根据不同的脉冲能量选择适当的空间分布形式和光斑几何形状。     

Comparative statistical analysis of hole taper and circularity in laser percussion drilling

The present study investigates the relationships and parameter interactions between six controllable variables on the hole taper and circularity in laser percussion drilling. Experiments have been conducted on stainless steel workpieces and a comparison was made between stainless steel and mild steel (IMechE Part B: J. Eng. Manufact. (in press)). Laser peak power, laser pulse width, pulse frequency, number of pulses, assist gas pressure and focal plane position were selected as independent process variables. The central composite design (CCD) was employed to plan the experiments in order to achieve required information with reduced number of experiments.The process performance was evaluated in terms of equivalent entrance diameter, hole taper and hole entrance circularity. The ratio of minimum to maximum Feret’s diameter was considered as circularity characteristic of the hole. The models of these three process characteristics were developed by linear multiple regression technique. The initial models were computed according to the least squares procedure and were finalised by stepwise regression method. The significant coefficients were obtained by performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 1, 5 and 7% levels of significance. The final models were checked by complete residual analysis and finally were experimentally verified.It was found that the pulse frequency had a significant effect on the hole entrance diameter and hole circularity in drilling stainless steel unlike the drilling of mild steel where the pulse frequency had no significant effect on the hole characteristics.