AN INVESTIGATION OF GHOST LINES IN A LOW-ALLOY STEEL

本文结合生产研究了碱性电炉冶炼30航空结构钢材中的发纹问题。大量生产检验结果的统计分析指出:发纹的平均长度与钢材尺寸有密切的关采,钢锭锻轧成材后,钢材直径越小,则出现的发纹也越长;340×340公厘见方的钢锭当加工成60～70公厘直径的钢材时出现发纹的机率最大;同时钢材中发纹分布与钢锭原来部位也有一定的关系。产生发纹的原因是由于链状非金属夹杂物的存在,如铁尖晶石(AL_2O_3·FeO)和铁尖晶石与刚玉的混合物(Al_2O_3·FeO;Al_2O_3)之类。生产试验证明:改善脱氧、采用不同的锻造比以及在锻造过程中进行扒皮可以大大减少以至完全消灭钢中发纹。     

Formation mechanism of shrinkage and large inclusions of a 70t 12Cr2Mo1 heavy steel ingot简

Shrinkage cavities and large inclusions are serious internal defects of heavy steel ingot and influence the quality of subsequent forgings.In order to remove these two types of defects,a 70 t 12Cr2Mo1 heavy ingot fabricated by vacuum carbon de-oxidation process was sectioned and investigated by means of structure observation and EDS analysis.To further study the forming mechanism of shrinkage and inclusion defects and find possible solutions,simulation on pouring and solidification processes was also carried out using Fluent and ProCAST software,respectively.Results show that the shrinkage defects do not appear in the middle-upper part of the ingot.The critical value of shrinkage cavity criterion is ascertained as 0.013 on the basis of sectioning investigation and simulation results,which can be used in computer simulation to predict and avoid shrinkage defects in production of 12Cr2Mo1 ingots with different weights.However,large inclusions are found at the bottom of the ingot body.The bad thermal conditions of the ingot surface and large amount of entrained slag are the main origin of the large inclusions.The simulation result of the pouring process shows that large inclusions may be eliminated by combined measures of improving the top thermal condition and controlling the height of rudimental molten steel in the ladle to above 300 mm.     

2205双相不锈钢锻造失效分析

针对2205双相不锈钢在实际工业化生产中出现的锻造失效问题进行了研究。采用10 t EAF-AOD双联工艺冶炼2205双相不锈钢,浇注2支4.2 t钢锭。钢锭化学成分合格,表面质量良好,但在锻造开坯过程中,钢锭表面出现大量横向裂纹,导致锻件产品报废。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析仪等,对2205双相不锈钢在锻造过程中出现的裂纹缺陷进行金相组织、截面形貌及能谱分析。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢锻造失效主要原因是,锻前加热过程中,在850℃进行了时效处理,析出大量σ脆性相,导致钢的塑韧性急剧下降,受到变形力作用后表面严重开裂;热加工过程中,2205双相不锈钢在600~1000℃温度范围内应快速升温,不宜做时效处理,避免σ相析出,恶化钢的力学性能。     

Nb和Ti对超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固组织及表面起皱的影响

通过真空感应炉浇注实验和热力学软件分析研究了Nb、Ti稳定化元素和C、N间隙元素含量对超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固组织及晶粒簇的影响。结果表明,添加稳定化元素后实验钢的结晶区间变宽,通过控制稳定化元素和间隙原子含量使实验钢在凝固过程中析出较多TiN粒子,可以有效的提高凝固组织的等轴晶率。在充分退火条件下,与Ti单一稳定化实验钢相比,Nb、Ti复合稳定化实验钢中的晶粒簇较弱并具有较小的晶粒尺寸,有利于带钢的抗起皱性能。     

Y12Cr13易切削不锈钢气孔缺陷分析及工艺改进措施

针对高S Y12Cr13易切削不锈钢连铸方坯产生的气孔缺陷，采用低倍检验、扫描电镜对缺陷处进行检测分析。通过理论计算以及相关验证试验，分析钢液中N2、H2、CO气体与气孔缺陷相关性，采用排除法最终确定具体原因。综合分析试验结果表明：Y12Cr13不锈钢连铸方坯气孔缺陷是由于钢液中发生C-O反应生成CO气泡所致，采取降低钢液中游离O质量分数的工艺改进措施可有效减少连铸方坯的气孔缺陷。     

铁素体不锈钢铸坯凝固特性及等轴晶率控制

具有较高等轴晶率的铁素体不锈钢连铸坯可以显著避免冷成型加工过程中的皱折缺陷。采用了低倍组织观察、第二相特征分析以及凝固模型计算的方法研究了含Ti、Nb双稳定化超纯铁素体不锈钢的凝固特性以及等轴晶率控制机理。结果表明,当Ti和Nb加入到铁素体不锈钢中,连铸的等轴晶率显著提高;模型表明铸坯凝固参数的变化规律基本一致,然而钢中第二相粒子的成分及形貌发生显著变化,第二相粒子的非均质形核能力显著增强。本研究建立的凝固模型可以较好预测连铸坯的CET转变,同时指出稳定地提高铁素体不锈钢连铸坯的等轴晶率需要对钢中微量元素含量、核心形核效果以及冶炼过程进行合理设计。     

高温合金母合金锭的真空电磁铸造技术研究

为了提高高温合金母合金锭的内在质量，提出了在高温合金真空熔铸的凝固过程，施加电磁搅拌的真空电磁铸造技术。使用电子探针和光学显微镜研究了在真空熔铸的凝固过程，施加电磁搅拌对高温合金母合金锭内在质量的影响。结果表明：在高温合金真空熔铸的凝固过程中，合理施加50Hz，60A的电磁搅拌，细化和增加了高温合金母合金锭的等轴晶组织，减少了中心缩孔缩松的大小和分布，大幅减轻了枝晶偏析的程度，从而使高温合金母合金锭的内在质量得到明显的改善。     

燃气轮机7FA压缩机排气缸铸件的生产

通过对压缩机排气缸凝固过程的模拟,设计了合理的浇注系统、补贴及冒口,确定了优化的铸造工艺方案.利用电炉+LF-VD双联冶炼工艺,并严格控制化学成分,降低了钢液中夹杂物及气体含量,提高了钢液纯净度,满足了纯净钢钢液生产质量要求.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金铸锭铸造缺陷产生原因与防止措施

铸锭的铸造质量对合金的使用性能有重大影响,Cu-Cr-Zr合金常见的铸造缺陷包括缩孔、气孔、裂纹、偏析、冷隔和铜豆等。通过对比不同工艺条件下铸锭的微观组织,讨论了熔铸工艺参数以及模具预处理状态对Cu-Cr-Zr合金铸锭铸造质量的影响,并分析了较高含量合金元素所造成的枝晶偏析以及成分偏聚对合金性能的影响。分析了铸造缺陷的产生原因及其对合金性能的影响,介绍了防止常见铸造缺陷的措施和工艺方法。     

Solidification microstructure of M2 high speed steel by different casting technologies

The present work investigated the solidification microstructure of AISI M2 high speed steel manufactured by different casting technologies,namely iron mould casting and continuous casting.The results revealed that the as-cast structure of the steel was composed of the iron matrix and the M2C eutectic carbide networks,which were greatly refined in the ingot made by continuous casting process,compared with that by the iron mould casting process.M2C eutectic carbides presented variation in their morphologies and growth characteristics in the ingots by both casting methods.In the ingot by iron mould casting,they have a plate-like morphology and grow anisotropically.However,in the ingot made by continuous casting,the carbides evolved into the fiber-like shape that exhibited little characteristics of anisotropic growth.It was noticed that the fiber-like M2C was much easier to decompose and spheroidize after heated,as a result,the carbides refined remarkably,compared with the case of plate-like carbides in the iron mould casting ingot.     

电磁搅拌对功能材料凝固组织和心部缺陷的影响

分别采用电磁搅拌和传统模铸工艺制备金基合金,研究了电磁场对金基合金显微组织和心部缺陷的影响,结果表明：采用电磁搅拌技术制备的金基合金其凝固组织的枝晶化程度明显降低,与此同时,消除了在传统模铸条件下金基合金铸锭心部所普遍出现的中心缩孔和缩松等缺陷,并对电磁搅拌作用下,金基合金凝固组织的细化和铸锭心部缺陷的消除机理进行了探讨。     

Internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio

Steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio is utilized to produce multiple products by one stock in practice. Water cooling is a usual way to enhance production efficiency. However, the combination of the two factors will generate internal defects, such as shrinkage porosity and hot crack. The characteristic of internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio was examined by an ultrasonic test. A slice was sectioned from the ingot middle part where billets containing star-like crack were further extracted. The billets were examined by X-ray high energy industrial CT, and the compactness was reconstructed in three dimensions. Microstructure near the crack was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the solidification process and grain size were studied by high temperature confocal microscopy. Moreover, thermomechanical simulation and post-processing were carried out to analyze the formation of shrinkage porosity and hot crack. A new criterion considering mushy zone mechanical behavior in brittle temperature as well as grain size distribution was proposed to evaluate hot cracking potential in the ingot. The results show that a deep shrinkage porosity band easily forms in the center line of such an ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio, and water-cooling further generates excessive tensile stress tearing the liquid films around the porosities. Then, hot cracks begin to propagate along grain boundaries. The grain size in the upper and center of the ingot is large, which leads to an inverted cone shape defects zone in the ingot center.

     

大型低碳不锈钢水轮机下环铸件的生产实践

分析了大型低碳不锈钢水轮机下环件的结构特点及生产难点.生产中采用水玻璃砂造型,感应炉熔炼和复合精炼措施,设计合理的浇注系统并设置保温冒口,利用计算机模拟铸件凝固过程,预测缺陷部位,并设计了合理的热处理工艺.经生产验证,铸件的化学成分及力学性能完全满足要求,铸件质量合格,并降低了生产成本,为生产高质量的大型低碳不锈钢铸件提供了宝贵的经验.     

OXIDATION OF RIMMING STEEL INGOT DURING TEEMING AND SOLIDIFICATION

本文定量地研究了在不同性质的气氛下凝固的小沸腾钢锭遭受氧化的程度;并研究了在大气中和隔绝大气凝固的大型沸腾钢锭,在浇铸和模内沸腾过程中的沸腾情况,母液成分的变化及钢坏中杂质含量和偏析等。结果指出:在浇铸和模内沸腾过程中,钢液的二次氧化对沸腾起着主要作用;用限制锭模内钢液与大气接触的办法来控制沸腾,可以减轻钢锭的偏析。     

钢液导热系数对大型钢锭凝固过程的影响

数值模拟是提高大型钢锭质量、优化浇铸工艺、降低实验费用和帮助缺陷诊断分析的重要手段之一.模拟结果是否可靠很大程度上取决于数学模型假设是否合理,合金热物性参数和边界条件的设置是否准确等因素.利用ProCAST铸造模拟软件,分析了钢液导热系数对钢锭充型和凝固过程中的温度分布、凝固时间和缩孔、疏松的影响规律.结果表明,导热系数的提高显著缩短钢锭整体凝固时间,增加钢锭中心产生缺陷的可能性,因此有必要在模拟计算之前准确测量该物性参数.另外,对于在同一模具中浇铸具有不同物性参数的各类合金,该结果为了解其凝固规律提供了参考.     

大型真空锭浇注过程温度控制分析

以450 t钢锭与340 t钢锭生产为例,分析大型真空锭浇注过程中温度的控制。通过分析与曲线拟合,得出大型钢锭多包合浇过程中各包温降与温降因子的关系式,为优化出钢温度提供较好的理论依据。     

高炉炉壳用超宽BB503Z35厚板的生产实践

目前采用铸坯生产的厚度100 mm以下、宽度不大于3 500 mm、探伤保Ⅱ级的高炉炉壳用BB503Z35钢板,已满足不了大容量高炉的使用要求。为此,南阳汉冶特钢有限公司采用模铸钢锭对100~120 mm厚、3 800 mm超宽且保Ⅰ级探伤高炉炉壳用BB503Z35钢板进行了开发试制。介绍了BB503Z35钢板化学成分设计,VD炉真空冶炼、水冷模浇注、控轧控冷工艺,研究了正火+控制冷却钢板、高温正火+控制冷却钢板不同热处理下钢板的组织性能。结果表明:通过采用Nb、V、Ti复合微合金化、钢坯低温加热、控轧控冷、高温正火+控制冷却热处理工艺,成功研发出100～120 mm厚、3 800 mm超宽BB503Z35钢板。钢板碳当量为0.405%,焊接裂纹敏感性指数Pcm为0.228%;钢板中夹杂物及夹杂物总量均较低,内部组织均匀、晶粒度细小、带状组织轻微,各项性能指标有较大富裕;超声波探伤检验符合NB/T 47013.3—2015 标准Ⅰ级要求;在高温930 ℃时钢板高温塑性较好,面缩率指标优异,符合高炉炉壳用钢的耐高温性能要求。     

锭模斜度及浇注工艺对钢锭质量影响的数值模拟研究

采用THERCAST模拟软件,模拟35 t钢锭的浇注和凝固过程,分析钢锭内部缺陷形成的原因。模拟计算锭模斜度、浇注温度和浇注速度对缺陷分布的影响,得出材料为30Cr Ni Mo8的35 t钢锭最佳浇注工艺方案。     

Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingot CastingEI北大核心CSCD

Many key forging components of heavy equipment are manufactured by large steel ingots. Macrosegregation in steel ingots is a key defect formed during the solidification process. Over the past few decades, numerical modeling has played a more and more important role in the study of macrosegregation. Various models have been developed and applied to different ingot casting processes. This paper focused on the application of macrosegregation models to the steel ingot. Firstly, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of macrosegregation were introduced. Then, the existing macrosegregation models and their recent development were summarized. Macrosegregation models accounting for such mechanisms as solidification shrinkage- induced flow and mushy zone deformation were analyzed, respectfully. To model macrosegregation due to solidification shrinkage, the key was to solve the free surface. A simple derivation showed that the multi-phase (including gas phase) models were equivalent to the VOF-based segregation models in dealing with the shrinkage-induced flow. Finally, our recent research work on numerical modeling of macrosegregation in steel ingots was illustrated, including application of the developed multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation model to a 36 t steel ingot, and numerical simulation of multiple pouring process. The carbon and sulphur concentrations at about 1800 sampling points, covering the full section of a 36 t ingot, were measured. By detailed temperature recording, accurate heat transfer conditions between the ingot and mould were obtained. Typical macrosegregation patterns, including the bottom-located negative segregation and the pushpin-like positive segregation zone in the top riser, have been reproduced both in the measurements and the predictions, The carbon and sulphur concentrations predicted by the three dimensional multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation models agreed well with the measurements, thus proving that the model can well predict the macrosegregation formation in steel ingots. As for the multi-pouring process simulation, the results show a high concentration of carbon at the bottom and a low concentration of carbon at the top of the mould after the multi-pouring process with carbon content high in the first ladle and low in the last ladle. Therefore, the multiple pouring process could get the initial solute distribution with the opposite form of segregation. Such carbon concentration distribution would reduce the negative segregation at the bottom and the positive segregation at the top of the solidified ingot, thus proving the ability of the multiple pouring process for the control of macrosegregation.     

熔模铸造不锈钢叶轮铸件的充型及凝固过程模拟分析

针对不锈钢叶轮铸件在熔模铸造过程中存在的缩松、缩孔及浇不足等缺陷,以ProCast软件为平台,对叶轮的充型凝固过程进行了数值模拟,研究了艺参数的优化对减少铸件缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,合适的浇注速度及加强散热能力可以显著减少铸件产生缺陷的几率.