P91钢的瞬态蠕变行为分析

系统研究了P91钢在600和620 ℃下不同应力水平时的瞬态蠕变变形行为。通过将蠕变过程中材料内部位错与析出相间相互作用耦合于内应力,结合Orowan方程,应用非线性拟合的方法确定了瞬态蠕变模型参数,对P91钢在瞬态蠕变阶段的变形曲线进行了数值模拟。结果显示,数值模拟结果与试验数据较为吻合,表明应用该模型对瞬态蠕变状态进行研究具有一定的可行性。同时,结合瞬态蠕变时间和归一化瞬态应变对温度和应力的依赖关系,进一步证实了P91钢在600和620 ℃下,135~175 MPa的应力范围内的瞬态蠕变主要是受位错攀移过程控制。     

内压与焊接残余应力共同作用下高温管道蠕变有限元分析

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能,先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析,然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系,根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数,对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析,分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律,同时预测了在高温环境下服役105h后蠕变应变分布.结果表明,由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响,焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力,通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力.但由于热处理残余应力的存在,仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响,并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变.     

Finite Element Analysis of High Temperature Piping Creep for Considering the Effect of Inner Pressure and Welding Residual Stress

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能,先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析, 然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系,根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数,对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析,分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律,同时预测了在高温环境下服役105h后蠕变应变分布. 结果表明,由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响, 焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力,通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力.但由于热处理残余应力的存在, 仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响,并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变.     

T/P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的超声检测

采用超声纵波声速法和衰减法等两种方法,对T/P92钢焊接接头不同蠕变时间的蠕变损伤进行检测,发现检测效果并不理想,无法有效地发现蠕变损伤缺陷。     

Cr-Mo-V钢焊接接头塑性损伤的非线性超声评价

采用非线性超声纵波技术对汽轮机转子钢30Cr2Ni4MoV焊接接头不同程度塑性损伤试样进行了超声非线性信号的检测.结果表明,超声非线性参数随着焊接接头试样塑性应变或损伤的加剧而显著上升;对于同一加载情况下的试样,与母材和热影响区相比,焊缝中心的非线性参数变化最大.同时,利用透射电子显微镜对不同塑性应变焊缝中心微观结构进行观察,发现位错密度的增加是导致非线性参数随着塑性应变增大的主要原因.     

新型耐热钢P91焊缝金属中的马氏体

介绍了P91钢焊缝金属中马氏体组织的形态及形成条件,分析了焊缝金属中马氏体组织的影响因素,探讨了马氏体组织对焊缝金属韧性的影响,提出了马氏体形态控制机理。结果表明,P91钢焊后状态的焊缝组织为板条马氏体+δ铁素体,焊后热处理状态的组织为回火马氏体+δ铁素体+碳化物,回火马氏体的板条碎化且板条间的位向消失,位错密度变小,焊缝中马氏体形态的变化在很大程度上受焊接热输入控制。在马氏体组织的影响因素中,合金元素及其优化含量对形成细小板条马氏体有重要影响,合理的焊接工艺参数(如小的焊接热输入、较低的预热温度和较低的层间温度)和焊后回火温度,对获得细小板条马氏体有益,焊接方法中,以钨极氩弧焊形成的马氏体形态最细小,埋弧焊缝马氏体最粗大,焊条电弧焊缝马氏体也较粗大。马氏体形态与焊缝韧性之间存在对应关系,即粗大板条马氏体的焊缝韧性很差,而细小板条马氏体的焊缝韧性优良。优化的合金系统和化学成分是控制板条马氏体形成的必要条件,而合理的焊接条件和工艺参数则是控制细小回火马氏体形态的充分条件,二者缺一不可。推荐了一项有效改善P91钢焊缝韧性的创新工艺,该工艺使得焊接工艺变得较为宽松,具有推广价值和应用前景。     

奥氏体异种钢薄壁小径管焊缝裂纹超声相控阵检测

将超声相控技术用于奥氏体异种钢薄壁小径管对焊接焊缝的裂纹检测,采用专用超声相控阵换能器和楔块,通过仿真模拟确定检测工艺参数,并制作对比试样进行试验研究.结果表明,该技术可以有效检测出焊缝熔合线处长5 mm,宽0.2 mm,深1 mm的内、外壁的人工缺陷,并且对于焊缝表面裂纹深度可以进行准确的定量分析.     

T/P91钢在高应力条件下蠕变行为的CDM模型模拟

通过对超临界火电机组用T/P91耐热钢的蠕变数据分析,探讨了T/P91钢在600℃下不同应力范围内的蠕变机制以及服役过程中的蠕变损伤.并使用基于材料物理本质建立的CDM(continuum damage mechanics)模型来模拟高应力范围内T/P91钢的蠕变曲线,将模拟结果与文献中的实验数据进行对比,表明模拟结果是可信的.     

Welding in the World（《世界焊接》）2010年第7／8期（54卷）要目

新抗蠕变焊缝金属的加速蠕变试验 摘要：利用焊条电弧焊多层多道制备了P91级的新抗蠕变焊缝金属,从中截取试样在Gleeble物理模拟机上进行了加速蠕变试验。最近在Gleeble上开发的加速蠕变试验（ACT）过程可以将相对较短时间（100h以内）抗蠕变材料的微观组织转化为近热力学平衡状态的微观组织,类似于蠕变状态下多年服役后的状况。     

核电站压力容器接管安全端同种钢焊缝的相控阵超声检测

反应堆压力容器接管安全端与主管道对接接头属奥氏体不锈钢同种钢焊缝,受晶粒粗大等因素的影响,其常规超声检测的难度较大。结合焊接结构特点以及相控阵超声检测技术的优势,提出了一种接管安全端同种钢焊缝相控阵超声检测技术方案,阐述了相控阵探头参数设计方法,并根据确定的参数进行声场模拟和实测验证;使用参考试块、相控阵探头与常规探头进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,设计的相控阵检测技术方案可以有效地对接管安全端同种焊缝进行检测,定量能力高于常规超声检测技术的定量能力,并能有效减少探头数量和检测时间。     

不同组配P91钢焊接接头断裂性能的试验研究

采用JR阻力曲线试验方法，研究了强度组配对P91钢焊接接头不同区域断裂性能的影响规律，并分析了不同组配P91钢焊接接头的硬度分布。结果表明，焊接热循环对其热影响区的性能没有明显的影响；低组配焊接接头焊缝区的断裂阻力要高于高组配焊接接头焊缝区的断裂阻力，即强度低组配有利于提高P91钢焊缝的抗断性能；对于熔合线区域，试验结果体现出类似的规律，即随组配比的降低，熔合线区域的抗断性能升高；而无论何种强度组配的P91钢焊接接头。其焊缝金属的抗断性能均优于熔合线区域。     

IMPROVEMENT OF TYPE IV CRACKING RESISTANCE OF 9Cr HEAT RESISTING STEEL WELDMENT BY BORON ADDITION

Creep lives of high Cr ferritic heat resisting steel weldments decrease due to Type Ⅳ fracture, which occurs as a result of formation and growth of creep voids and cracks on grain boundaries in fine-grained heat affected zone (HAZ). Because boron is considered to suppress the coarsening of grain boundary precipitates and growth of creep voids, we have investigated the effect of boron addition on the creep properties of 9Cr steel weldments. Four kinds of 9Cr3WSCoVNb steels with boron content varying from 4.7×10-5 to 1.8×10-4 and with nitrogen as low as 2.0×10-5 were prepared. The steel plates were welded by gas tungsten arc welding and crept at 923K. It was found that the microstructures of HAZ were quite different from those of conventional high Cr steels such as P91 and P92, namely the fine-grained HAZ did not exist in the present steel weldments. Boron addition also has the effect to suppress coarsening of grain boundary carbides in HAZ during creep. As a result of these phenomena, the welded join     

Influence of heat input and post-weld heat treatment on boiler steel P91 (9Cr–1Mo–V–Nb) weld joints Part 1 – Microstructure

Abstract

Steel P91 is known for its excellent high temperature properties. The achievement of optimum weld metal properties for steel P91 within the course of its extensive applications in power plants has however often caused concern. In the present work, three thick pipes of P91 steel were welded using three different levels of heat inputs within the range of 1·15–3·5 kJ mm^?1. A circumferentially multipass butt welded P91 steel pipe, typically used for high temperature applications in power plants was selected for this investigation. The achievements of optimum weld metal properties, which are closely linked to microstructure, are known to cause concern in such weldments. Two types of heat treatments were employed, subcritical post-weld heat treatment and normalising/tempering treatment. The microstructure was evaluated by optical, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and magnetic permeability. The results have shown a great influence of heat input and heat treatment on the microstructure. Martensite and ferrite were the main structures obtained. Bainite and δ-ferrite have been observed in the weld metal, heat affected zone and weld metal for all heat input/treatment conditions. The volume fraction of bainite and δ-ferrite increased with increase in heat input till a critical value slightly lower than 1·15 kJ mm^?1; then decreased with the increase in heat input. The normalising/tempering treatment resulted in a decrease in the volume fraction of δ-ferrite and bainite compared to the subcritical post-weld treatment which is conventionally used. This explains the enhancement in the toughness and creep properties of the steel presented in the second paper.     

A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING LONG-TERM CREEP DEFORMATION IN A SMALL REGION

1.IntroductionManypressurizedcomponentsinpetrol-chemicalplantsandelectricitygeneratingplantsoperateforlongperiodsathightemperaturewherecreepmayoccur.Undercreepconditionstheperformanceofweldsincomponentsmaybealife--limitingfactor.Ahighpercentageofthefailureshavebeenreportedtooccurintheregionsofheterogeneousmicrostructure.Forconventionaluniaxialtensilecreeptestingtheevaluationofcreepdeformationandfractureresistanceisonlyanaverageinformationwithinthegaugelength,whichcannotprovidethefundamentalund…     

Nondestructive evaluation of creep damage in power-plant steam generators and piping by magnetic measurements

Magnetic hysteresis measurements have been used to evaluate creep damage in power plant weldments. This method relies on the sensitivity of the magnetic properties of steels, such as coercivity, remanence and hysteresis loss, to microstructural changes occurring during creep. During high temperature creep there is a significant change in microstructure such as the formation of voids, dislocation networks and grain boundary cavities. The evolution of these defects during creep affects the magnetic properties by changing the impedance to magnetic domain wall motion and also by introducing internal demagnetizing fields associated with cavities. The present paper discusses results obtained from on-site inspection of creep damaged Cr-Mo steel welds at two thermal power plants. One of the objectives of this research was to establish whether there were any trends in the magnetic properties as a result of creep damage which could be used later as part of a more comprehensive screening procedure for monitoring the progress of creep damage.     

P91主蒸汽管道焊接接头的蠕变特性和寿命估算

对P91钢母材和焊接接头进行持久试验，研究P91钢的蠕变特性，采用等温线法和L-M参数法对持久强度进行外推，进而对P91钢制主蒸汽管道的蠕变寿命进行估算。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(下)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因--焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

新型马氏体耐热钢蠕变-疲劳性能与寿命预测

针对P92和G115新型马氏体耐热钢进行了应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能研究,分析了保载时间和峰值应力对应力控制下蠕变-疲劳性能的影响规律.?结果表明,应力控制下蠕变-疲劳过程中蠕变变形和损伤主导了蠕变-疲劳寿命.?蠕变-疲劳寿命随峰值应力和保载时间的增加而下降,同时相同峰值应力下,G115钢的蠕变-疲劳寿命约是P92钢的8...     

Imaging of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel weldment via ultrasonic velocity measurements

Abstract

Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been carried out across the weld line in two perpendicular sections of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel weldments, in the as welded and post-weld heat treated (PWHT) conditions. The ultrasonic velocity plot is correlated with the weld profile in both the sections and with the associated microstructural features in different regions of the weldments for the two conditions investigated. The present study reveals that the weld profile can be imaged and the adequacy of the PWHT can also be assessed in modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel weldments using ultrasonic velocity measurements.