还原熔炼法从谦比希铜冶炼厂转炉渣中回收钴(英文)

研究从赞比亚谦比希铜冶炼厂转炉渣中回收钴的还原熔炼过程。实验考察还原剂用量、熔炼温度、保温时间及渣型改善剂CaO和TiO2的添加对还原熔炼金属回收率的影响。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析对所得贫化渣和含钴合金进行表征。结果表明,在优化条件下,转炉渣中钴、铜、铁的回收率分别为94.02%,95.76%和小于18%;贫化渣的主要物相组成为铁橄榄石和铁尖晶石,含钴合金中主要含有金属铜、含钴铜的铁合金和少量的硫化物。     

铜闪速熔炼渣中砷的赋存状态和浸出毒性（英文）

铜冶炼含砷炉渣的高效安全处置取决于对其含砷物相及其浸出毒性的准确认识。采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、电子探针显微分析、扫描电子显微术和选择性逐级提取法对铜熔炼渣中的含砷物相进行鉴定,并基于对炉渣中不同含砷物相的选择性逐级提取结果探讨渣中砷浸出毒性的可能来源。结果表明,砷以水溶性砷、铜砷金属间化合物、铜砷硫化物以及固化在铁橄榄石和硅酸盐玻璃相中的砷等形式赋存在熔炼渣中。浮选过程可以去除熔炼渣中的水溶性砷并回收铜砷金属间化合物,降低渣尾矿的砷浸出毒性,使其符合USEPA和SEPA标准要求。     

使用废阴极炭块还原提取铜转炉渣中铜钴的初步研究

研究了用废阴极炭块作为还原剂、铜精矿为硫化剂,还原铜转炉渣提取铜钴的可行性,探索废阴极炭块添加量对铜钴回收率的影响并分析了产物物相。试验结果表明,废阴极炭块作为还原剂用于提取铜转炉渣中铜钴是可行的,当废阴极炭块的加入量为8%～12%时,铜转炉渣中的铜钴被有效还原回收,铜的回收率在95. 52%以上,钴的回收率在91. 40%以上,且废阴极中大量的氟固化在贫化渣中。钴冰铜中主要物相为钴铁合金(Co-Fe)、硫化亚铜(Cu2S)、硫化亚铁(Fe S)、斑铜矿(Cu5Fe S4)和金属铜,贫化渣中的主要物相为铁橄榄石(Fe2SiO4)和铁尖晶石((Fe0. 865Al0. 135)(Al1. 865Fe0. 135) O4)。     

基于FeO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3渣型的废旧铝壳锂离子电池还原熔炼回收有价金属（英文）

提出一种基于FeO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3渣型废旧铝壳锂离子电池还原熔炼回收有价金属的新工艺,该工艺仅采用铜渣作造渣剂。研究表明:在造渣剂用量为铝壳锂离子电池质量的4.0倍、熔炼温度1723 K、熔炼时间30 min条件下,钴、镍、铜的回收率最高,分别为98.83%、98.39%和93.57%;还原熔炼合理的渣型组成为m(FeO):m(SiO_2)=0.58:1~1.03:1,Al_2O_3含量为17.19%~21.52%;熔炼产出合金主要由Fe-Co-Cu-Ni固溶体相和冰铜相构成,产出炉渣的主要矿物成分为铁橄榄石和铁铝尖晶石,铜在渣中损失的主要机制是板条状铁橄榄石对冰铜和金属铜的机械夹杂。     

炼铜炉渣的显微分析与渣含铜

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜，研究了空气熔炼和富氧熔炼条件下炼铜炉渣试样的显微结构。在低倍的条件下测定了渣中含铜物相的粒级分布及其与周围物相种类的关系，用元素面扫描的方法逐一鉴定了渣中各物相的形态与组成；用微区分析的方法确定了不同粒径含铜物相化学成分的差异，发现含铜物相的粒径越大，其含铜越高。分析中注意到不同氧化程度的渣中磁铁矿相结晶形态和数量的不同，氧化越甚，磁铁矿晶体发育越完全，渣含铜就越高。     

钒渣钙化焙烧相变过程的机理分析

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析对钒渣钙化焙烧相变机理进行研究。结果表明:钒渣主要物相为不规则多边形铁钒尖晶石和铁橄榄石,660℃时均已开始氧化分解,前者产物为固溶体R2O3和部分铁板钛矿微晶聚体及晶间少量钒酸锰,铁橄榄石740℃时已显著分解、结构破坏。随着温度的提高(660~900℃),氧化产物逐渐增多,微晶粒长大聚合,钒酸盐形态由少量浸染状逐渐向微质点、无定形熔态带状变化,并向渣粒外侧迁移。低于900℃时,钒酸盐中Mn含量较高,Ca含量偏低,实际生成的为钒酸锰盐;900℃以上时,Mn和Ca含量则逆向变化,形成焦钒酸钙;940℃时,渣粒出现液相,使部分焦钒酸钙与R2O3和玻璃相混杂,阻碍氧化反应。     

镍冶炼渣中CaO-SiO_2-FeO-MgO系炉渣热力学与物相平衡研究

硫化镍闪速熔炼终渣中铁主要以含镁橄榄石型硅酸盐为主,致使其后续资源利用中提取困难。本研究从提铁角度出发,通过适当调整熔炼初始渣系组分,利用Fact Sage热力学软件计算了FeO-SiO_2-CaO-MgO渣系在特定温度下的热力学条件、相平衡及物相组成,并用实验验证,以期找到最有利于后续还原提铁的渣组成。结果表明,在500~1 400℃间,该渣系主要存在物相以橄榄石以及钙镁硅酸盐为主,并伴有少量Fe_3O_4、MgO(方镁石)和Ca_3MgSi_2O_8。渣中CaO及Fe/SiO_2比增加,MgO含量降低(13%降为7%),均会降低渣系熔点。随着CaO含量从5%增加到20%,体系中铁镁橄榄石和铁橄榄石物相含量降低显著,FeMgSiO_4相对含量从34%降低到6%左右,Fe2SiO_4相对含量从39%降低到小于6%。该渣组分非常有利于渣后期还原提铁。     

氧气底吹铜熔池熔炼过程的机理及产物的微观分析

对氧气底吹熔炼过程气体喷吹行为、造锍熔炼化学反应机理及熔炼炉内热工作状态进行理论分析及水模型实验和取样分析验证。结果表明,氧气底吹气流能使熔体形成均匀的扩散区,实现熔体的搅拌,在气体连续相区和液体连续相区,气液、液液之间的相互作用强烈,为炉内化学反应及传热传质提供了良好的动力学条件;氧气底吹熔炼过程在零配煤的情况下能达到自热熔炼,在节能减排方面,该工艺具有很强的优势;获得了铜渣、冰铜和蘑菇头中各组分的形貌,确定了铜渣、冰铜和蘑菇头的物相组成,渣样主要由冰铜相、磁铁矿相、铁橄榄石相和玻璃体相组成,熔炼内的氧势和硫势分布有利于反应的进行,能有效抑制Fe3O4的形成以及降低渣含铜。     

鼓风炉水淬铅冶渣的矿物特征

通过X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜、热重差热分析仪以及化学分析对铅冶炼渣进行系统矿物特征研究。结果表明:铅冶炼渣中主要金属矿物为硅锌矿、锌黄长石、锌铁尖晶石、方铁矿以及金属铅。锌元素高度分散在玻璃渣相中,其中锌在硅酸盐中占66.28%(质量分数),在铁酸盐中占31.63%(质量分数),选矿回收有价金属锌需要以含锌矿物矿相重构为基础。金属铅与锌铁尖晶石伴生,可以采用强磁选回收锌铁尖晶石而富集金属铅。铅冶炼渣的水溶液为弱碱性,水溶液pH值与渣料的粒度大小有关。在强酸或强碱条件下,金属的溶解行为不同,控制碱性浸出条件可作为冶炼渣中铅选择性提取的有效方法。     

碱度对镍渣球团深度还原回收铁、镍和铜的影响

以镍冶炼废渣作为二次资源回收有价金属铁、镍、铜,采用球团深度还原焙烧法,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析了不同碱度下铁、镍、铜的回收指标以及还原产物中金属相的微观形貌和存在形式。结果表明,适当提高碱度可促进金属相的还原生长,同时改善金属相在渣相中的形态结构以利于后续分离回收,而碱度过高导致金属相中夹入杂质。确定1.0为适宜碱度,该条件下得到的金属精选粉产率为40.67%,铁、镍、铜的品位分别为90.09%、0.280%、0.247%,相应的回收率分别为91.04%、56.93%、55.80%,可以实现镍渣中铁、镍和铜的富集回收。     

Mass balance calculations in copper flash smelting by means of genetic algorithms

This paper presents mass balance calculations using genetic algorithms for copper smelting in an Outokumpu flash furnace. Based on the elemental composition of the copper concentrates being fed to the reactor, the mineralogical composition of the concentrate mixture is adjusted by means of genetic algorithms. The macroscopic mass balance equations for the species entering and leaving the furnace are solved and the compositions and flow rates of matte, slag, and the off-gas stream are computed. Good agreement between the predicted and plant data was obtained in terms of matte and slag flow rates, matte grade, and copper, iron, magnetite, and silica contents in the slag. Predictions are more suitable and faster to obtain with this method than a conventional method in which the mineralogical composition of the feed is not adjusted. Future applications of the formulation are discussed. For more information, contact V.M. Sanchez-Corrales, Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico; +662-259-2105; fax +662-259-2105; e-mail vsanchez@guaymas.uson.mx.     

Chemical and mineralogical characterizations of a copper converter slag

A copper converter slag was examined chemically and mineralogically to determine its existing phases,in particular those containing Co and Cu.The slag consists predominantly of fayalite and magnetite,together with some glass,chalcocite,and metallic copper,Copper is entrapped in the slag mostly as chalcocite and metallic copper,as well as trace copper oxide,There was no indication of any independent Co was detected in all the phases of the slag by SEM-EDX(scanning electron microscopy equipped with model EDAX-9100 energy dispersive spectrometer)and WDS(model WDX-2AX-ray wave-length dispersive spectrometer.).     

Minimization of Copper Losses in Copper Smelting Slag During Electric Furnace Treatment

In the quest to achieve the highest metal recovery during the smelting of copper concentrates, this study has evaluated the minimum level of soluble copper in iron-silicate slags. The experimental work was performed under slag-cleaning conditions for different levels of Fe in the matte and for a range of Fe/SiO₂ ratios in the slag. All experiments were carried out under conditions where three phases were present (copper?Cmatte?Cslag), which is the condition typically prevailing in many slag-cleaning electric furnaces. The %Fe in the electric furnace matte was varied between 0.5?wt.% and 11?wt.%, and two different Fe/SiO₂ ratios in the slag were used (targeted values were 1.4 and 1.6). All experiments were performed at 1200°C. From thermodynamic considerations, from industrial experience, and from the results obtained in this study, the minimum soluble copper content in the electric furnace slag is expected to be near 0.55?wt.% Cu. This level does not account for a portion of the copper present as mechanically entrained matte/metal droplets. Taking this into account, the current authors believe an overall copper level in discard slag between 0.7?wt.% and 0.8?wt.% can be obtained with optimal operating conditions. For these conditions, the copper losses in the slag are roughly 75% as dissolved copper and 25% as entrained matte and copper. Such conditions include operating the electric furnace at metallic copper saturation, maintaining the %Fe in the electric furnace matte between 6?wt.% and 9?wt.%, not exceeding a slag temperature of 1250°C, and controlling the Fe/SiO₂ ratio in the smelting furnace slag at ??1.5. In addition, magnetite reduction needs to be performed efficiently during the slag-cleaning cycle so as to maintain a total magnetite content of ??7?wt.% in the discard slag. The authors further consider that under exceptionally well-controlled conditions, a copper content in electric furnace discard slag between 0.55?wt.% and 0.7?wt.% can be obtained, by minimizing entrained matte and copper solubility in the discard slag.     

Some Notes On Oroya Copper Slags

This paper is a study of the interrelationship between copper and magnetite content of reverberatory slags. During an experimental run converter slag was withheld from a reverberato ry, resulting in much cleaner waste slags. The possibilities of treating converter slags outside the normal copper smelting circuit are briefly discussed.     

Copper Anode Furnace: Chemical,Mineralogical and Thermo-Chemical Considerations of Refractory Wear Mechanisms

In copper anode furnaces, the installed refractory lining is exposed to chemical attack caused by slag and copper oxide. This results in infiltration of the brick microstructure and corrosion of the bricks’ inherent components. Increased temperature level changes the temperature and partial pressure during the furnace operation, as well as the copper infiltration into the brick microstructure, leading to further degeneration of the microstructure and decreased lining life. The mechanical load includes the erosion caused by primary movement of the metal bath, slag and charging material, as well as stresses in the brickwork due to improper lining procedures. Thus, chemical and mineralogical investigation carried out on “post-mortem samples”, together with thermochemical calculations by FactSage? software, enables better understanding of refractory wear in the copper anode furnace.     

Oxidization mechanism in CaO-FeOx-SiO2 slag with high iron content

Oxidization mechanism in CaO-FeOx-SiO2 slag with high iron content was investigated by blowing oxygen into molten slag so as to oxidize Fe（ Ⅱ）. The relationship between Fe（ Ⅱ ） content and oxidizing time at different temperatures was obtained by chemical analysis. Microstructure of slag was observed by metallographic microscope and SEM. Phases compositions were ascertained by EDXS and XRD. Grain size and crystallizing quantity of magnetite（Fe3O4 ） were determined by image analyzer. The oxidizing kinetic equations were deduced. Confirmed by graphical construction method, Fe（ Ⅱ ） oxidizing reaction in CaO-FeOx-SiO2 slag system is of first order, and the reaction apparent energy Eo is 296. 67 kJ/mol in the pure oxygen and 340. 30 kJ/mol in air. The enrichment and crystal growth mechanism of magnetite（Fe3O4 ） phases were investigated. In oxidizing process, content of fayalite declines, while that of magnetite（Fe3O4 ） increases, and iron resources enrich into magnetite（Fe3O4 ） phase. All these provide a theoretical base for compressive utilizing of those slags.     

MICROSTRUCTURE IN FUSION-CAST MAGNESITE- CHROME BRICKS FOR USE IN COPPER FLASH-SMELTER

对炼铜闪速炉用熔铸镁铬砖进行了显微结构研究,测定了主要矿物组成,如方镁石固溶体、晶间尖晶石和镁橄榄石固溶体的含量、晶粒大小及光学性质,推算出近似结构式。分析了结构类型的特征和出现的条件。使用后的砖可分渣层、反应带和未变带。因反应带短和无过渡带,说明低熔点物未能渗透,由化学分析和岩相鉴定,可以判明砖在使用过程中,主要是熔渣中的硅酸铁和铁氧化物溶蚀砖内的方镁石和尖晶石,而方镁石比晶间尖晶石更容易被侵蚀。同时讨论了对砖的显微结构的基本要求以及控制如何形成适合的显微结构的意见。     

Slag Characterization: A Necessary Tool for Modeling and Simulating Refractory Corrosion on a Pilot Scale

The slag in pyrometallurgical operations plays a major role affecting the life of furnace refractory. As such, comprehensive mineralogical and chemical slag examination, physical property determination including the slag melting point or liquidus, and viscosity are necessary for precise understanding of a slag. At the RHI Technology Center Leoben, Austria, the main objective of slag characterization work is to reach a better understanding of refractory corrosion. This corrosion testwork is performed at the laboratory and pilot scale. Typically, corrosion tests are performed in an induction furnace or rotary kiln, with the main purpose being the improved selection of the most suitable refractory products to improve refractory performance in operating metallurgical furnaces. This article focuses on characterization of samples of six non-ferrous, customer-provided slags. This includes slag from a copper Peirce-Smith converter, a short rotary furnace for lead smelting, a titania-processing furnace, and a Ni-Cu top blowing rotary converter (TBRC) plant.     

涡流贫化法回收铜渣中的金、银、铜

采用熔融铜渣为原料,经过涡流贫化过程,回收铜渣中的金、银、铜,贫化渣进一步升温还原得到含铜铁水,最终可制备成耐磨铸铁。结果表明,通过涡流贫化,铜渣中的Fe_3O_4被还原为FeO,然后FeO与SiO_2结合,生成Fe_2SiO_4。经过涡流贫化后,金、银、铜的回收率分别达到了99.44%、93.97%和93.14%。贫化渣中Fe_3O_4和铜的含量分别为1.53%和0.61%(质量分数)。贫化渣涡流还原后得到的含铜铁水制备的耐磨铸铁成分满足高铬耐磨铸铁国标要求。