Nitriding of die steels 4Kh5MFS and 5Kh2MNF in a vibrofluidized bed

Conclusions Nitriding of steels 4Kh5MFS and 5Kh2MNF in a vibrofluidized bed (graphite with a particle size of 0.2–0.4 mm) should be conducted at 540–570° with the ammonia entering below the bed at a rate of 1.1 liter/min, frequency of vibration 22 Hz, amplitude of vibration 2.0 mm, and acceleration of vibration 4g. After 5 h the case depth is 0.25 mm for steel 4Kh5MFS and 0.22 mm for steel 5Kh2MNF.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 11, pp. 57–58, November, 1978.     

Methods of eliminating defects arising in the chemicothermal and thermal processing of chrome—nickel steel components

Chrome—nickel steel 20Kh2N4A is used in bearing production, particularly for large bearings, which contains 0.16–0.22% C, 3.25–3.65% Ni, and 1.25–1.65% Cr, with the other elements in the usual ranges for electrosteel, and which is used with deep case hardening. In spite of much research, no steel equivalent in properties to 20Kh2N4A has been discovered for use with case hardening by chemicothennal treatment. The successful combination of chromium and nickel in 20Kh2N4A provides the best mechanical properties. Components operating with elevated frictional wear and high shock loads are made from that steel. However, the high chromium and nickel contents complicate technological operations and sometimes cause a specific form of rejection, which is most prominent on prolonged case hardening with case-hardened layers thicker than 2 mm.Moscow Bearings AO (PO GPZ-1). Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 9, pp. 31–34, September, 1994.     

Heat treatment of stamping dies

Conclusions To manufacture dies we recommend 40Kh steel nitrided to a depth of 0.3–0.35 mm, which ensures the required mechanical properties.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 63–64, May, 1963     

Effect of titanium on nitriding

Conclusions Nitriding of steels alloyed with titanium at 600–650°C results in a high hardness (HV 1100–1400) in 3–6 h, with a case depth of 0.4–0.5 mm.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 77–79, February, 1970.     

Surface induction hardening of Minsk Automobile Plant truck final gears

Conclusions Continuous induction hardening of gears with movement of their tooth surface with a varied rate relative to the inductor, which is located parallel to the generatrix, makes it possible to provide a uniform hardened case depth on the contour of the tooth surface of 1.0–2.2 mm and a high surface hardness of 56–62 HRC_eq for 40, 40Kh, and 30KhGSA steels with low residual deformation. The process is characterized by high production effectiveness.Minsk Automobile Plant. Ukrainian Scientific-Research Institute for Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 9–13, June, 1990.     

Die steels for high-speed automatic hot die forging machines

Conclusions Steel 3Kh3M3F produced by ESR has the best combination of strength, hardness, and toughness, and also resistance to crazing. The life of punches made of this steel was double that of standard steel 3Kh2V8F and considerably higher than that of steels with a higher carbon content (0.4–0.5%).The life of 3Kh3M3F punches (ESR) was three to four thousand bearing races higher than that of the same steel melted in an open furnace.These data lead us to recommend that punches for high-speed water-cooled presses be manufactured from steel 3Kh3M3F (ESR) with the following chemical composition: 0.26–0.34% C, 2.8–3.3% Cr, 2.5–2.9% Mo, 0.40–0.60% V (ChMTU-1-963-70).The following heat treatment is recommended: preliminary heating in an electric furnace at 500–510°, salt bath at 850–860°, and salt bath at 1040±10°. The parts should be quenched in oil with a temperature of 120–150°. The first tempering after quenching should be conducted in a salt bath at 600° for 2 h, with cooling in air. The second tempering should be conducted in a salt bath at 560° for 2 h, with cooling in air. The hardness of the parts after heat treatment is HRC 49–51.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of the Bearing Industry. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 11, pp. 20–25, November, 1973.     

Vacuum quenching of steel Kh12M

Conclusions Vacuum quenching of die steel Kh12M in argon and in VM-1 vacuum oil after heating to 1030° (10^–1 mm Hg) ensures a hardness of HRC 63-64 with retention of a bright surface and reduction of distortion.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Electrothermal Equipment. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 39–41, January, 1978     

Effect of the austenitizing temperature on the mechanical properties of steel after standard and thermomechanical treatments

Conclusions An increase of the austenitizing temperature with TMT of secondary-hardening steel 40Kh5MVFS, as in the case of SHT, increases the strength up to a certain limit. The negative influence of the increase in the austenite grain size on the ductility of the steel is smaller in the case of TMT than in SHT.Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 24–27, December, 1969.     

Effect of the hardness on the service life of die-casting molds for aluminum alloys

Conclusions The service life of die-casting molds for aluminum alloys is greatest for steel 4Kh5MFS after quenching from 1010–1040°C and tempering at 560–570°C to hardness HRC 49–50.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 66–67, October, 1978.     

Rationally alloyed steels for extra large forgings

Conclusion To evaluate the properties forming in the section of extra large forgings, and also to compare different steels, a promising method is the modeling of heat treatment processes.The rationally alloyed steel 35Kh2N2M ensures bulk hardenability of parts with up to 1000 mm diameter in hardening in oil. The level of the mechanical properties including cold resistance is not poorer or even better than the level of properties of steel 34KhN3M.TsVIShM. Production Association NKMZ. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 4, pp. 9–12, April, 1990.     

Effect of Overheating on the Mechanical Properties of Roll-Foundry and Die Steels

The effect of overheating on the properties and structure of roll steels 9Kh2, 9Kh2MF, and 9Kh2SVF and steel 5KhNV used for the production of heavy-duty forging dies is studied. It is shown that the elevation of the heating temperature changes the fracture behavior of roll steels. The temperature of overheating of roll steels is established. It is shown that the consequences of the overheating can be removed by means of subsequent quenching from conventional temperatures (860 – 890°C). The overheating is shown to have a weak effect on the properties of steel 5KhNV, which can be removed by single heating to a temperature of 890°C.     

Kh23N7SL steel as a substitute for ÉI316 nickel steel used for heat resistant castings

Conclusions The mechanical properties at high temperatures, the heat resistance, and the susceptibility to embrittlement during aging as well as the other characteristics of cast chromium-nickel Kh23N7SL steel (21–25% Cr, 6–8% Ni, and up to 1.2% Si) indicate that it can be recommended for the manufacture of heat resistant cast machine parts for oil refineries in place of ÉI316 steel.State Institute of Industrial Oil Refining Equipment Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 49–52, January, 1966     

Effect of preliminary prolonged loading on the properties of steel 18Kh2N4VA AT −196°C

Conclusion Prolonged preliminary loading of samples of 18Kh2N4VA steel at –196°C has practically no effect on the mechanical properties at this temperature either for smooth or notched samples.VNIIKRIOGENMASh. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 20–22, October, 1968.     

Effect of partially recrystallized structure on the heat resistance of steel 15Kh1M1F

Conclusions Steel 15Kh1M1F with a partially recrystallized structure is characterized by a lower stability and ultimate long-term strength than the same steel tempered at technological temperatures. In this case, the long-term plasticity, especially the relative necking, is also reduced.Ural Branch of the All-Union Heat Institute. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 4, pp. 50–52, April, 1981.