Ni_3（Al，Zr）单晶循环变形行为的研究

通过对Ｎｉ_３（Ａｌ，Ｚｒ）单晶在室温下对称拉－压循环变形实验，发现存在拉－压流变应力的不对称性和循环应变硬化现象。应力不对称性随所加循环应变的增大而增大。循环应力响应曲线可分为循环硬化及循环饱和两个阶段。透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ）观察表明：疲劳试样中的超结构位错主要以超结构内禀堆垛层错（ＳＩＳＦ）形式存在，这种位错结构是产生应变硬化的主要原因。     

On the evolution and modelling of lattice strains during the cyclic loading of TWIP steel

The evolution of lattice strains in fully annealed Fe–24Mn–3Al–2Si–1Ni–0.06C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is investigated via in situ neutron diffraction during cyclic (tension–compression) loading between strain limits of ±1%. The pronounced Bauschinger effect observed upon load reversal is accounted for by a combination of the intergranular residual stresses and the intragranular sources of back stress, such as dislocation pile-ups at the intersection of stacking faults. The recently modified elasto-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) model which empirically accounts for both intergranular and intragranular back stresses has been successfully used to simulate the macroscopic stress–strain response and the evolution of the lattice strains. The EPSC model captures the experimentally observed tension–compression asymmetry as it accounts for the directionality of twinning as well as Schmid factor considerations. For the strain limits used in this study, the EPSC model also predicts that the lower flow stress on reverse shear loading reported in earlier Bauschinger-type experiments on TWIP steel is a geometrical or loading path effect.     

[011]取向镍基单晶合金蠕变特征

研究了一种[011]取向镍基单晶合金的拉伸蠕变特征及其变形期问的微观组织结构.结果表明:在750℃/680 MPa条件下,合金的初期蠕变和稳态蠕变速率相对较高,蠕变寿命较短.TEM观察显示,蠕变期间的变形特征是1/20<110>位错在基体中运动,发生反应形成1/3<112>超Shockley不全位错切入γ'相后产生层错;在870℃/500 MPa条件下,蠕变中期出现不均匀滑移带并有大量超不全位错剪切γ'相,使合金具有较高的应变速率;在980℃/200 MPa条件下,合金具有较长的蠕变寿命和较低的稳态蠕变速率.不同Burgers矢量的位错相遇发生反应形成界面位错网,位错网可以阻止位错切入γ'相,γ'相沿[010]方向扩散生长,逐渐转变成筏形组织.蠕变后期位错切入,γ'相,是合金变形的主要方式.     

TA2拉压力学性能不对称性及应变速率敏感性

本文研究了不同应变速率下工业纯钛TA2室温拉伸和压缩力学行为,结果发现TA2具有明显的拉压屈服不对称性和拉压应变硬化不对称性;随着应变速率的增加,拉压不对称性有明显增加。采用电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术分析了拉伸和压缩时TA2微观变形机制及微观组织演化规律,结果表明,TA2压缩时以孪晶变形机制为主,拉伸时以位错滑移为主;TA2微观变形行为的载荷敏感性导致了宏观力学性能的不对称性。     

Effective γ-surfaces in {111} plane in FCC Ni and L12 Ni3Al intermetallic compound

The well-known concept of γ surfaces originally suggested by Prof. Vitek is extended to the case of a shift of one part of a crystal with respect to the other part in two adjacent {111} planes of a stacking fault. The proposed approach is used to construct the effective γ surfaces in the {111} plane in fcc Ni and L1₂ Ni₃Al of intermetallic compound. It is shown that Ni₃Al can have five metastable stacking faults in this plane, namely, an intrinsic superlattice stacking fault, an extrinsic superlattice stacking fault, a complex stacking fault, an antiphase boundary, and a complex extrinsic stacking fault. The existence of the latter in the {111} plane in the L1₂ Ni₃Al intermetallic compound has not been reported previously. The shift of the crystal in two close-packed planes in fcc Ni makes it possible to avoid the formation of a high-energy stacking fault which arises when constructing an ordinary γ-surface, as well as to self-consistently include the extrinsic stacking fault into consideration.     

A first-principles study on interfacial properties of Ni(001)/Ni3Nb(001)

The Ni (001) surface, Ni₃Nb (001) surface and Ni (001)/Ni₃Nb (001) interfaces were studied using the first-principles pseudopotential plane-wave method. The adhesion work, thermal stability and electronic structure of Ni/Ni₃Nb (001) interfaces were calculated to expound the influence of atom termination and stacking sequence on the interface strength and stability. Simulated results indicate that Ni and Ni₃Nb (001) surface models with more than eight atomic layers exhibit bulk-like interior. The (Ni+Nb)-terminated interface with hollow site stacking has the largest cohesive strength and critical stress for crack propagation and the best thermal stability among the four models. This interfacial Ni and the first nearest neighbor Nb atoms form covalent bonds across the interface region, which are mainly contributed by Nb 4d and Ni 3d valence electrons. By comparison, the thermal stability of Ni/Ni₃Nb (001) interfaces is worse than Ni/Ni₃Al (001) interface, implying that the former is harder to form. But the Ni/Ni₃Nb interface can improve the mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloys.     

铱单晶纳米线在不同应力状态下的变形行为

基于分子动力学模拟方法计算了铱单晶纳米线在室温下的拉伸和压缩变形行为。计算结果表明,铱单晶纳米线在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能均存在尺寸效应。铱单晶纳米线的拉伸和压缩变形行为具有非对称性,在拉伸条件下其伸长率为14%,而在压缩条件下表现出较好的塑性,在压缩过程中有堆垛层错产生,压缩应变达到0.499后模型还未发生断裂。     

偏压对Ni3Al薄膜的微观结构及力学性能影响

本文利用PVD技术在不同偏压下制备了一系列Ni3Al薄膜，通过XPS、XRD、SEM、AFM、纳米压痕仪以及显微硬度计等详细研究了偏压对于Ni3Al薄膜组分、沉积率、微观结构、硬度和断裂韧性的影响。结果表明：施加偏压可以增大溅射过程中被离化部分带电离子的动能，从而显著提高Ni3Al薄膜的沉积率、内部结构的致密性以及表面平整性；此外，适当偏压的引入可以诱导生成非晶包裹纳米晶的纳米复合结构，这种包裹态的双相纳米复合结构提供了大量晶界，增强了对位错的阻碍作用，位错堆积在晶界处无法继续运动从而导致硬度的增加。同时，大量存在的晶界可以消耗裂纹传播的能量、抑制宏观裂纹的产生，从而显著增强Ni3Al薄膜的断裂韧性。     

Tension-Compression Yield Asymmetry Influenced by the Variable Deformation Modes in Gradient Structure Mg Alloys

Surface mechanical attrition treatment(SMAT) was carried out on hot-rolled AZ31 Mg samples along two orthogonal directions;as a result,two types of gradient structures with different grain sizes and texture components in different layers were produced.The tension-compression yield asymmetry(YA) was studied using samples with different thicknesses,in order to elucidate the effect of combinations of variable deformation modes operating in different layers of the two oriented SMAT samples.The 0° oriented SMAT sample containing layers with strong basal texture displayed significant YA,because of either dislocation slip or extension twinning domination during tension or compression.By contrast,the 90° oriented SMAT sample containing layers with coexisting orthogonal texture components had an obviously weakened YA,which was attributed to the multi-deformation modes cooperating during tension or compression,i.e.,extension twinning or detwinning in conjunction with dislocation slips,leading to close yield stresses compared between tension and compression.     

Ni_3Al合金中硼原子的占位

采用特征晶体模型计算了Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金中的Ｎｉ和Ａｌ原子的半径。依据特征晶体模型理论和从硬球模型所得到的不同间隙的间隙半径方程,计算了不同间隙的间隙半径、间隙能和固溶度。计算结果表明：硼原子趋向于占据６个Ｎｉ原子所围成的间隙。     

Ni_3Al有序金属间化合物的主要特性和应用

Ni_3Al有序金属间化合物由于在高温下具有优异的强度和抗氧化能力而越来越受关注。Ni_3Al金属间化合物的晶体结构为L1_2,是面心立方的有序衍生结构。Ni_3Al具有屈服强度对温度的反常关系。采用硼微合金化能有效减低材料的本征脆性和高温水气环境中的氢脆。应用6%～9%Cr合金化能减轻材料的中温脆性。,它可以应用粉末冶金、铸造和锻压方法进行工业生产。     

纳米Ni薄膜在摩擦过程中塑性行为的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学模拟研究了金刚石压头在Ni晶体薄膜上的摩擦过程和薄膜塑性变形行为的纳观机制.结果表明:在摩擦过程中,穿晶层错和棱形位错环是纳米薄膜结构传递塑性变形的两种载体,纳米薄膜晶界捕获位错阻滞了塑性变形向薄膜晶界下方材料中传播.摩擦过程中易在较薄的薄膜表面和薄膜晶界之间产生穿晶层错,穿晶层错的产生增加了薄膜蓄积塑性变形的能力,从而抑制材料表面摩擦力在黏滑过程中的振荡幅度;在比较厚的薄膜中不易生成穿晶层错,在摩擦过程中位错环依次向体材料发射,并与晶界反应,湮灭于晶界,黏滑动摩擦响应与单晶相似.由于不同厚度薄膜塑性变形产生的位错结构不同,使得在摩擦过程中亚表面微结构的演化亦不同.     

1Cr18Ni9钢螺旋压缩弹簧应力松弛机理

为了揭示1Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢螺旋压缩弹簧的抗应力松弛性能优异的主要原因,在100、140、180和220 ℃下分别对弹簧进行了长达960 h的应力松弛试验。结果发现,经过松弛试验后,弹簧的自由长度变化较小。松驰温度为100 ℃时,在松驰过程中一阶段和二阶段间的拐点相较于其他松驰温度不明显,这是由松驰机理不同所导致的。此外,1Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢螺旋压缩弹簧在100 ℃松弛时的塑性变形方式以位错的多滑移为主,而在更高的温度则以多滑移和孪生的方式发生塑性变形。     

Microstructure and strength of B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation of the morphologies and crystal structures of precipitates in supersaturated B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al has revealed that rod-like precipitates of the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase with a hexagonal structure form parallel to the <111> direction of the B2 matrix. By aging at temperatures below 973 K, a long period superlattice structure of hexagonal (Ni,Co)₂Al was formed. The (Ni,Co)Al hardens appreciably by the precipitation of these phases. An energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the compositions of each phase formed in the B2-(Ni,Co)Al. The effects of the dispersion of the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase on the temperature dependence of the strength of the B2-(Ni,Co)Al have been investigated over a temperature range from 298 K to 1173 K.     

Mechanical alloying as method for introducing carbon in Ni3Al intermetallide

The method for the mechanical alloying of Ni-Al-C and Ni₃Al-C mixtures was used to obtain nonequilibrium solid Ni(Al,C) solutions in which the carbon content varies from 2.9 to 8.5 at %. The relationship between carbon dissolution and the probability of appearance of deformation-induced stacking faults (SFs) in the formation of mixed (substitutional and interstitial) solid Ni(Al,C) solutions has been found based on an analysis of the diffraction spectra. SFs are assumed to serve as pathways of carbon penetration in nickel-based solid solutions. The effective carbon radius was found to be about 0.0616 nm in the formation of an antiperovskite phase Ni₃AlC _x . The method of calculating the amount of interstitial carbon was proposed based on the experimental lattice parameters of fcc solid Ni(Al,C) solutions and ordered phases L1₂ Ni₃Al and E2₁ (Ni₃AlC _x ). The temperature stability of the nonequilibrium solid Ni(Al,C) solutions was established. It was shown that the decomposition of the solid solutions proceeded according to a spinodal mechanism at a temperature of 400°C with separation into two phases, i.e., an antiperovskite carbide (Ni₃AlC _x ) and Ni(Al,C). At higher temperatures (600?C800°C), carbon precipitates from these phases with the formation of an antiperovskite Ni₃AlC_0.16, solid Ni(Al) solution, and nanocrystalline graphite.     

Orientation-Dependent Mechanical Responses and Plastic Deformation Mechanisms of FeMnCoCrNi High-entropy Alloy:A Molecular Dynamics Study

Mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure strongly depend on their initial grain orientations.However,the orientation-dependent mechanical responses and the underlying plastic flow mecha-nisms of such alloys are not yet well understood.Here,deformation of the equiatomic FeMnCoCrNi HEA with various initial orientations under uniaxial tensile testing has been studied by using atomistic simulations,showing the results consistent with the recent experiments on fcc HEAs.The quantitative analysis of the activated deformation modes shows that the ini-tiation of stacking faults is the main plastic deformation mechanism for the crystals initially oriented with[001],[111],and[112],and the total dislocation densities in these crystals are higher than that with the[110]and[123]orientations.Stacking faults,twinning,and hcp-martensitic transformation jointly promote the plastic deformation of the[110]orientation,and twinning in this crystal is more significant than that with other orientations.Deformation in the crystal oriented with[123]is dominated by the hcp-martensite transformation.Comparison of the mechanical behaviors in the FeMnCoCrNi alloy and the conventional materials,i.e.Cu and Fe50Ni50,has shown that dislocation slip tends to be activated more readily in the HEA.This is attributed to the larger lattice distortion in the HEA than the low-entropy materials,leading to the lower criti-cal stress for dislocation nucleation and elastic-plastic transition in the former.In addition,the FeMnCoCrNi HEA with the larger lattice distortion leads to an enhanced capacity of storing dislocations.However,for the[001]-oriented HEA in which dislocation slip and stacking fault are the dominant deformation mechanisms,the limited deformation modes activated are insufficient to improve the work hardening ability of the material.     

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 利用双向脉冲复合电沉积技术制备Ni/Al₂O₃复合镀层，并用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜/能谱（SEM/EDS）及性能测试等方法研究了复合镀层的组织与硬度。结果表明：采用双向脉冲电沉积技术可获得结晶细密且表面光滑平整的Ni/Al₂O₃复合镀层。在本试验范围内，镀层的硬度随着Al₂O₃含量的增加而升高。     

循环压缩载荷下Ni3Al基合金单晶体的疲劳开裂

采用两种晶体取向的单边缺口试样，在循环压缩载荷下对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基合金单晶体的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为进行了研究。在循环压缩载荷下，第一阶段的晶体学开裂在缺口根部同时沿着两个或更多的（１１１）面发生。     

Yielding behavior of aluminum-rich single crystalline γ-TiAl

The yielding behavior of Al-rich single crystalline γ-Ti 55.5 at% Al has been measured along near [0 0 1], [0 1 0] and orientations in both tension and compression and as function of temperature. All three orientations displayed anomalous yielding and a pronounced tension/compression asymmetry. The relative strength of the material, location of the anomalous yielding peak, and tension/compression asymmetry are all orientation dependent. A micromechanical superdislocation model addressing crystal geometry, sense of the applied load, Escaig forces and the Yoo torque is presented to explain the observed experimental results.     

Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Cu(Ni)焊点的抗时效性能

采用扫描电镜(SEM)研究在150 ℃等温时效下Cu/Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Cu与Ni/Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Ni焊点的界面扩散行为. 结果表明，在时效过程中，随着时效时间的增加，Cu/Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Cu焊点界面金属间化合物(intermetallic compound，IMC)形貌由开始的细针状生长为棒状，IMC层厚度增加，界面IMC主要成分为(Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅. Ni/Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Ni焊点的界面IMC形貌由细小突起状转变为较为密集颗粒状，且IMC层厚度增加，界面IMC主要成分为(Cu,Ni)₃Sn₄. 经过线性拟合，两种焊点的界面IMC层生长厚度与时效时间t1/2呈线性关系，Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Cu界面间IMC的生长速率为7.39 × 10?2 μm2/h，Sn5Sb1Cu0.1Ni0.1Ag/Ni界面间IMC的生长速率为2.06 × 10?2 μm2/h. 镀镍层的加入可以显著改变界面IMC的形貌，也可降低界面IMC的生长速率，抑制界面IMC的生长，显著提高抗时效性能.