离心铸造WC/钢复合材料显微组织

采用离心铸造工艺制备了以废弃的轴承钢GCr15为基体,WC颗粒为硬质相的WC/钢复合材料.用金相观察和X射线衍射等分析方法,对该材料的显微组织进行了研究.结果表明:离心铸造WC/钢复合材料的显微组织是由莱氏体(P+Fe_3C_Ⅱ(共晶))、一次渗碳体(Fe_3C_Ⅰ)、二次渗碳体(Fe_3C_Ⅱ)、合金渗碳体((Fe,M)_3C)等碳化物及粒状珠光体组成,且其中有大量细小的WC、W_2C、再结晶W-Fe-C颗粒以及M_6C、M_7C_3、M_(23)C_6等碳化物颗粒析出;碳化物的形态较多,主要有网状、鱼骨状、树枝状和条块状.     

碳铬共渗奥氏体不锈钢的组织结构

采用透射电镜和Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了奥氏体不锈钢碳铬共渗层的组织结构。结果表明：在碳铬共渗过程中，先在渗层中形成Ｃｒ＿（２３）Ｃ＿６型碳化物，它与母相奥氏体（Ａ）之间具有的取向关系。进一步提高表面碳含量可生成Ｃｒ＿７Ｃ＿３型碳化物。表面碳含量越高，所生成的Ｃｒ＿７Ｃ＿３碳化物越多，而Ｃｒ＿（２３）Ｃ＿６型碳化物则减少。碳铬共渗层由表及里的最终组织为：Ａ＋Ｃｒ＿７Ｃ＿３→Ａ＋Ｃｒ＿７Ｃ＿３＋Ｃｒ＿（２３）Ｃ＿６→Ａ＋Ｃｒ＿（２３）Ｃ＿６     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢的奥氏体晶粒度,孪晶及碳化物

对锻造的4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢经相应热处理后的奥氏体晶粒度、孪晶及碳化物类型做了研究,认为固溶处理后的臭氏体晶粒度主要取决于固溶加热温度,与正常锻造温度关系不大。固溶加热过程实质也是再结晶的继续,即二次再结晶,臭氏体晶粒的大小只能通过控制再结晶温度高低和时间长短来实现。该钢热处理后,碳化物类型为M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3两种,而以M_(23)C_6最多,其中M_(23)C_6为(Cr,Fe,W,Mo)_(23)C_6和(Fe,Ni)_(23)C_6两种结构,而M_7C_3为(Cr,Fe)_7C_3。     

奥氏体形成机制

以T8等钢为例研究并综合分析了珠光体逆共析转变为奥氏体的过程和机制,指出,奥氏体是碳或各种化学元素溶入γ-Fe中所形成的固溶体。奥氏体在铁素体／渗碳体相界面形核,也可在珠光体领域交界处和原奥氏体晶界上形核。奥氏体以体扩散形式长大。奥氏体形核及长大过程中可同时吞噬铁素体和渗碳体,或只吞噬铁素体片长大,或吞噬铁素体较快,而吞噬渗碳体较慢,完成逆共析转变,最后剩下部分渗碳体。为减少相变积累的畸变和缓和应变能,而调整生长方向,形成了孪晶。奥氏体中存在未溶碳化物,需继续溶解和均匀化。     

AN EM STUDY OF CARBIDE PRECIPITATES IN HK40 REFRACTORY STEEL

<正> HK40(4Cr25Ni20)耐热不锈钢离心铸管是目前石油化工生产中大量使用的炉管材料。在一般中碳耐热不锈钢中,M_(23)C_6型碳化物是主要的强化相。它的析出规律、形态、与母相奥氏体间的取向关系等等,已经作了很多研究。当合金元素的含量不同,凝固和热处理的条件不同,则碳化物的种类、形态等等也有所区别。而对HK40耐热不锈钢的离心铸管材料,在金相上即易见其碳化物种类及形态上有其与一般不锈钢不同的特点。本文对该材料的金属薄膜,进行了比较系统的电子显微术的观测与分析,为这种材料的使用在微观组织结构方面提供参考。     

高铬白口铸铁耐磨性和显微组织的关系

研究了高铬白口铸铁亚临界热处理后耐磨性和显微组织的关系。结果表明，高铬铸铁在亚临界热处理过程中C和Cr以M23C6型二次碳化物的形式析出，导致奥氏体Ms点升高，使其在冷却时发生马氏体转变。马氏体的高硬度改善了合金耐磨性。合金耐磨性和合金组织中残留奥氏体含量具有相互对应关系，本试验中此含量为10％左右。当残留奥氏体含量低于10％时，由于（Fe，Cr）23C6发生向M3C型碳化物的原位转变，相应的组织转变为珠光体，导致耐磨性急剧下降。     

9%Cr-1%Mo耐热钢焊缝金属连续冷却组织转变

利用Ｆｏｒｍａｓｔｏｒ－Ｄ全自动热膨胀记录仪测定了三种改进型９％Ｃｒ－１％Ｍｏ耐耐热钢焊缝金属的连续冷却组织转变相图,并用光学显微镜和透射是分析了各种冷却条件下的组织转变特点。结果表明,在很大的冷却范围内,三种焊缝金属的工体均只发生马氏体转变,只有当冷速足够慢时才发生先共析铁素体转变和共析转变。其中,含合金元素较少的２号焊缝金属具有最快的先共析铁素体形成冷速。研究发现,三种焊缝金属的奥氏体均形成板     

热处理工艺对离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊组织及硬度的影响

采用了光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计等仪器,研究了离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊铸态及淬火与回火后的显微组织结构、碳化物和硬度等。结果表明:高铬铸铁轧铸态组织主要是由奥氏体+少量马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃碳化物组成,碳化物呈粗大板条状或块状,不同温度热处理后,得到回火马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃+Cr₇C₃碳化物的组织,组织中粗大板条状碳化物消失,得到细小块状或椭圆状碳化物。该高铬铸铁轧辊铸态硬度为56.0HRC左右,在950℃淬火及400℃回火处理后硬度增加到了约65.5HRC。     

TiC—50Nb钢结硬质合金退火态组织的TEM研究

运用TEM研究了TiC-50Nb钢结硬质合金的退火态组织、发现该合金退火态显微组织为:TiC硬质相和由铁素体与M_(23)C_6碳化物构成的球状珠光体。其中TiC边界存在着小凸起,接近TiC处的M_(23)C_6碳化物较少。     

Abnormal ferrite in hyper-eutectoid steels

The microstructural characteristics of ultra-high carbon hyper-eutectoid Fe–C and Fe–C–Cu experimental steels have been examined after isothermal transformation in a range just beneath the eutectoid temperature. Particular attention was paid to the formation of so-called “abnormal ferrite”, which refers to coarse ferrite grains which can form, in hyper-eutectoid compositions, on the pro-eutectoid cementite before the pearlite reaction occurs. Thus it is confirmed that the abnormal ferrite is not a result of pearlite coarsening, but of austenite decomposition before the conditions for coupled growth of pearlite are established. The abnormal ferrite formed on both allotriomorphic and Widmanstätten forms of pro-eutectoid cementite, and, significantly, it was observed that the pro-eutectoid cementite continued to grow, despite being enclosed by the abnormal ferrite. Under certain conditions this could lead to the eventual formation of substantially reduced amounts of pearlite. Thus, a model for carbon redistribution that allows the pro-eutectoid cementite to thicken concurrently with the abnormal ferrite is presented. The orientation relationships between the abnormal ferrite and pro-eutectoid cementite were also determined and found to be close to those which have been reported between pearlitic ferrite and pearlitic cementite.     

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and properties of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel A-TIG weld

Appropriate deep cryogenic treatment can improve comprehensive mechanical properties of the AISI304 austenitic stainless steel activating flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welds. The microstructure of the welds before and after deep cryogenic treatment was all austenite with a small amount of δ-ferrite. The vermiform ferrite + austenite distributed in the whole weld, but the lath-shaped ferrite + austenite mixed components only distributed in the centre of the weld. The phases in the two welds were all Cr–Ni–Fe–C and Fe–Ni solid solutions, ferric carbide (i.e. Fe₃C) and chromic carbides (i.e. Cr₂₃C₆ and Cr₇C₃). After deep cryogenic treatment, the grain size of the weld was decreased a certain of degree, and the carbide phase content was increased. The strength and micro-hardness of the weld joints were increased due to the grain refinement. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the weld was reduced because the precipitation of chromium carbides at the austenite grain boundary.     

钢的铬钒复合镀渗层组织与性能

本文研究了45、T10、3Cr2W8V钢预先镀铬,随后在粉末渗钒剂中渗钒的复合镀渗层的组织和性能。结果表明,铬钒复合镀渗层主要由VC、(V,Cr)C、(Cr,V)_(23)C6、Cr_(23)C6及Cr_7C_3组成。镀渗层与渗钒层相比,具有渗钒层的高硬度和高耐磨性,同时其耐蚀性、抗氧化性和抗热疲劳性均优于渗钒层。     

A STUDY ON THE INITIAL CARBIDES FORMED DURING ISOTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF AUSTENITE IN CHROMIUM STEEL

采用X射线衍射法对七种铬钢进行了研究.进一步证实了关于铬钢中奥氏体等温分解过程和Cr/C比值有关的结果.采用新的观点进行解释. 同时还发现上述过程也和奥氏体的分解温度(或过冷度)有关(图3).Cr/C比值低的奥氏体在图3中所示之全部温度范围内,初期都形成(Fe,Cr)_3C.并且能够大致地预测Cr/C比值高的奥氏体初期在高温范围内将形成(Cr,Fe)_(23)C_6,在中温范围内将形成(Cr,Fe)_7C_3,在低温范围内将形成(Fe,Cr)_3C.Cr/C比值适中的奥氏体初期在高温和中温范围内都形成(Cr,Fe)_7C_3,在低温范围内形成(Fe,Cr)_3C. 并且初步认为在所有的情况下,都存在从一相至另一相的由两相构成的过渡区.     

电子束表面合金化合成(Cr,Fe)7C3复合层耐磨性

以Fe/Cr/C粉末为添加原料,采用可控电子束旋转线扫描方式对低碳钢表面进行表面改性.通过电子束加热工艺和粉末配比的优化,在表面复合层中原位合成了(Cr,Fe)7C3.对表面复合层的显微组织及室温干滑动磨损性能进行了分析.结果表明,表面复合层中主要包含两种相,即少量的初生硬化相(Cr,Fe)7C3以及奥氏体与(Cr,Fe)7C3组成的共晶相,共晶碳化物弥散分布于奥氏体基体中,呈不连续网状组织.表面复合层与基体之间为完全冶金结合.复合层与GCr15钢球的磨损机理为磨料磨损,在室温干滑动磨损下具有优异的耐磨损性能.     

电冶稀土WC钢结硬质合金中碳化物特征的研究

采用电渣熔铸冶金工艺，用回收的碳化钨钢结硬质合金作原料，再加入微量的稀土，制备了新型的钢结硬质合金。用透射电镜、扫描电镜、金相显微镜及X射线衍射等测试手段研究了新材料中的碳化物的特征。结果表明：在该材料的显微组织中存在原始颗粒区和扩散区。原始颗粒区组织中碳化物的特征是存在大量变化甚微的角状大尺寸原始WCp及具有明显反应层的长椭圆状WC颗粒，界面反应产物为Fe3W2C。在粗大碳化钨颗粒附近能够原位生成先共晶析出相（WC和W2C），在较远处的钢基体中分布着细网状碳化物，同时有（Cr，Fe）7C3等条状复式碳化物生成；而扩散区主要细小W2C小颗粒、WC颗粒及再结晶W-Fe-C小颗粒组成。稀土的加入可提高WC颗粒分散性。     

元素V对奥氏体焊缝金属晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用透射电镜(TEM)分析技术研究了1Cr19Ni23N焊条熔敷金属中钒含量对组织及对熔敷金属抗晶间腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,低钒含量焊条熔敷金属组织中沿奥氏体晶界析出M23C6型富铬碳化物,在晶界附近形成贫铬层,导致晶间腐蚀的发生;高钒含量焊条熔敷金属组织中,V优先于Cr与C形成细小弥散的碳化钒分布在晶粒内部,使得该焊条在保持原较高碳含量的基础上,通过改变碳化物形态和分布达到了保持高强度和改善晶间腐蚀敏感性的目的.     

Cr27高铬铸铁生产工艺的试验研究

针对Cr27高铬铸铁的质量问题,确定了合金的成分范围、熔炼工艺、铸造工艺及热处理工艺.结果表明,Cr27高铬铸铁的铸态组织为(Cr,Fe)7C3、奥氏体和出现在碳化物周围贫碳合金元素区的少量马氏体和珠光体.合金经过V、Ti、B变质处理后,碳化物变得细小、均匀,V、Ti、B、RE复合变质效果更佳.     

Effect of alloying elements on the structure of cast hypereutectoid steels after heat treatment

Conclusions In selecting a treatment schedule providing uniform distribution of carbides in cast hypoeutectic steels for rolls it is necessary to take account of the fact that the cementite network along grain boundaries dissolves in the temperature range 850–950°C. In steel with a low content of carbide-forming elements eutectic cementite does not dissolve at these temperatures. As the heating temperature is increased from 850 to 1100°C intense surface graphitizing commences, which points to the possibility of forming graphite inclusions with bulk heat treatment. With an increase in the content of chromium and molybdenum in steel the graphitizing process is suppressed, and carbon is bonded into stable carbides. In such a steel eutectic carbides dissolve at 1050–1100°C. Preparation of a structure with uniform carbide distribution during heat treatment is only possible in steels containing about 2% Cr and not less than 0.3% Mo.Ukrainian Research Institute of Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 62–64, August, 1987.     

淬火工艺对Cr26高铬耐磨铸铁组织与硬度的影响

利用光学显微镜、洛氏硬度计等研究了不同淬火工艺对Cr26高铬耐磨铸铁组织与硬度的影响。结果表明:铸态Cr26高铬铸铁组织主要由初生奥氏体和碳化物组成。经980~1060 ℃不同温度淬火、空冷后,高铬铸铁组织中有大量二次碳化物析出。随着淬火温度的升高,析出的二次碳化物先增加后减少,试样硬度先升高后降低。1020 ℃淬火试样硬度达到峰值,为65.7 HRC。1020 ℃淬火高铬铸铁,经空淬、油淬和水淬不同方式冷却,随着冷却速度的增大,高铬铸铁组织中碳化物颗粒、碳化物比例逐渐增大,硬度逐渐增大,其中水淬高铬铸铁试样硬度最大,达到68.2 HRC。     

Microstructure and properties of high chromium cast irons: effect of heat treatments and alloying additions

Abstract

Different combinations of critical and subcritical heat treatments variously modify the initial as cast microstructure of high chromium white cast irons leading to secondary carbide precipitation of different extent and nature. Destabilisation (critical heat treatment) of austenite at 970°C for 2·5 h followed by annealing (subcritical heat treatment) at 600°C for 13 h results in massive precipitation of M₂₃C₆ carbide particles along with spheroidised M₇C₃. The reversed order of heat treatments leads to extensive precipitation of M₇C₃ secondary carbide particles. Mo has a favouring effect on the hardness of the microstructures containing pearlite by limiting pearlite formation. The gradual increase in the alloying additions, C and Cr, increases the hardness of the materials at the different treatment states by inducing carbide precipitation. The increase in the Si content leads to the opposite effect by favouring pearlite formation.