中等功率柴油机缸体和缸盖制芯工艺

总结了中等功率柴油机缸体、缸盖制芯工艺的要点,包括:缸体缸筒砂芯设计应尽量避免实心制芯;在湿砂造型生产线大批量生产缸盖的情况下,应尽量采用底座砂芯;水套砂芯应尽量设计成整体;缸体、缸盖砂芯一次涂料一般用水基涂料,特别部位的二次涂料一般用醇基涂料;缸体、缸盖砂芯必须采用组芯胎具和夹具来完成组芯和下芯工序;等。最后指出:近精确制芯技术是中等功率柴油机铸造业的发展方向。     

灰铸铁缸盖整体水套芯冷芯工艺的失效与对策

分析了黄梅雨季水套芯失效原因,认为水分、温度、压力和时间是灰铁缸盖整体水套芯冷芯工艺的四大控制要点.对局部疏松失效、涂料烘干后变形失效、砂芯断裂失效,以及水腔脉纹失效原因也进行了详细分析,指出人为形成压力差是解决局部射不实的途径;对后期固化、不合理的升温速率和烘干温度的监控可以避免水套砂芯变形;吹胺量和吹胺吹气条件适当,冷芯盒砂芯不会断裂;而防止砂芯表面开裂和控制型内瞬时压力能杜绝脉纹缺陷的出现.     

灰铸铁缸盖整体水套芯冷芯工艺的失效与对策

分析了黄梅雨季水套芯失效原因,认为水分、温度、压力和时间是灰铁缸盖整体水套芯冷芯工艺的四大控制要点。对局部疏松失效、涂料烘干后变形失效、砂芯断裂失效,以及水腔脉纹失效原因也进行了详细分析,指出人为形成压力差是解决局部射不实的途径;对后期固化、不合理的升温速率和烘干温度的监控可以避免水套砂芯变形;吹胺量和吹胺吹气条件适当,冷芯盒砂芯不会断裂;而防止砂芯表面开裂和控制型内瞬时压力能杜绝脉纹缺陷的出现。     

90D缸体铸件缺陷的防止措施

介绍了90D缸体的铸件结构特点,分析了90D缸体铸件小批生产时出现的水套芯折断、砂眼、渗漏和气孔等缺陷的原因,决定采用下列改进措施:采用底注式浇注系统;设置4个冒口,使用23根明排气针和17根暗排气针;砂芯局部增加加强筋并采用圆滑过渡结构;调整水套芯与盖板芯配合芯头间隙;增加覆膜砂小芯;在热节部位刷Te粉涂料;在砂芯个别部位加芯撑;在所有水套砂芯工艺芯头处钻排气孔,加强水套砂芯在浇注时排气;将水套砂芯的树脂加入量降低至1.4%;砂芯运输采用专用垫板及小车。采用上述措施后,水套芯折断、砂眼、渗漏和气孔缺陷已消除,铸件内废率控制在3%以下,加工外废率控制在10%以下,综合废品率控制在15%以下。     

利用SLS技术烧制发动机缸盖水套砂芯

利用选择性激光烧结(SLS)技术烧制某重型发动机缸盖水套砂芯并对工艺过程进行了研究。该重型发动机缸盖水套砂芯内腔形状复杂,外形尺寸大,浇注温度高。通过选用70~140目宝珠砂,加入适当配比酚醛树脂的覆膜砂,采用合适的激光烧结工艺参数和后固化温度和时间,一次浇注成功合格的大型缸盖铸件。     

493缸体左侧面气孔和缸筒孔眼的防止措施

研究了不同类型的涂料和不同耐高温覆膜砂对493缸体左侧面气孔和缸筒孔眼缺陷的影响,得出以下结论:(1)要消除水基涂料引起的气孔缺陷,整芯使用C型浸涂工艺最好,左侧面气孔的废品率最低,缸筒部位砂芯浸涂的干态渗透层深度为1.5～1.8 mm,涂料的发气量为33～36 mL/g,加工的缸筒孔眼废品率最低;(2)采用不同耐高温覆膜水套砂制芯工艺,#2水套砂的铸件左侧面气孔废品率最低,砂芯粒度越粗,越有利于其形成的气体排出,水套芯浸涂后,干态的涂料渗透层深度控制在1.5～1.8 mm,可降低缸体气孔的比例。     

铝缸盖端面注入式浇注

铝缸盖铸造工艺分析在铝合金发动机缸盖的重力铸造工艺开发过程中,通常选择底注或顶注浇注方式,但有些铝缸盖由于受结构限制,不便于采用这两种浇注方式,见图1.图1缸盖照片由于铝缸盖进排气侧油池壁均向内收,且有凸凹结构,若采用顶注,则铝液进入型腔后会顺着油池壁的形状进入内腔,而冲刷油池和水套芯产生飞溅,违背充型平稳原则.另外,进气侧气道下部需要砂芯成型,且气道砂芯要求定位在底模上,若采用底注式,进气侧浇道及内浇口布置困难较大.     

气缸盖组芯浸涂夹具的改进

详细介绍了柴油机缸盖砂芯浸涂夹具的改进经验。缸盖砂芯夹具的主要功能是:从砂芯预装座夹起盖板芯和底座芯组,运送到浸涂工位进行涂料浸涂,然后将多余涂料甩除,将砂芯放在烘干板上。原浸涂夹具的翻转动作由2个电机和2套链轮机构完成,有时会发生不同步情况,为此改进为由1个电机驱动的夹紧翻转系统,消除了不同步问题。砂芯侧面夹紧系统原采用气囊夹紧方式,砂芯容易被夹坏,气囊管口容易被涂料侵蚀,烘干板清理工作量大,生产率低,为此改进为气缸夹紧方式,避免了上述问题。叙述了甩除多余涂料的最佳夹具摇摆速度和最佳摇摆角度;最后还介绍了夹具水平限位器的设计和材料选择。     

用呋喃I型砂立射缸盖水套砂芯

295柴油机的缸盖是柴油机的关键另件之一,其形状见图1的剖面照片,而水套砂芯又是制作缸盖铸件的关键。过去用桐油砂手工制芯,工艺复杂、操作不便砂芯精度不高以及铸件内腔芯砂很难清理干净,直接影响了295柴油机的功率及经济技术指标。近年来,我们采用呋喃Ⅰ型树脂做粘结剂,在ZZ8612射芯机上一次立射两片水套砂芯(合起来是一套),     

四开模两工位热芯盒射芯机

四开模两工位热芯盒射芯机,是为满足汽车发动机缸体、缸盖整体水套砂芯的射制需要而设计的。所用芯盒最大轮廓尺寸为1070×650×300mm,可射制最大砂芯的重量为50kg。该机采用气缸带动卡板锁紧芯盒和叉式步移取芯机等技术措施,使用效果良好。     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.