激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削TA19钛合金高深宽比微结构的研究

目的 提高TA19钛合金的微切削加工性.方法 提出一种激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的复合加工方法.该方法使用较小功率的纳秒脉冲激光辐照钛合金表面,诱导材料在富氧氛围下产生氧化反应,生成疏松且易于铣削去除的氧化层.随后使用微铣刀快速去除氧化层,可提高加工效率和刀具寿命.通过激光诱导氧化试验和微细铣削试验,选择最优的激光参数和铣削参数.在最优参数下,加工宽度为0.5 mm、深宽比为3的微结构.为了验证复合加工方法的高效性,在相同的铣削参数下,与常规微细铣削工艺作对比研究.结果 激光平均功率与激光扫描速度均会对氧化效果有影响.激光平均功率为4 W、扫描速度为1 mm/s时,TA19钛合金的氧化效果较好,此时生成的氧化层疏松多孔,氧化层和亚表层的厚度分别为32μm和9μm.随每齿进给量的增加,铣削力逐渐增加,而背吃刀量对铣削力的影响较小,选取铣削参数n=20000 r/min、fz=1.75μm/z、ap=6μm为较优参数.与常规微细铣削工艺相比,激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的切削力降低了38％,且加工的高深宽比微结构的毛刺较小,表面质量较高.结论 激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的复合加工工艺可以有效改善TA19钛合金的微切削加工性,提高刀具的使用寿命.     

微细铣削中刀具侧刃磨损试验研究

随着科学技术的发展,微小零件广泛应用于各个领域,而微细铣削技术变得越来越重要。在微细铣削中,对刀具磨损的研究占有重要地位。采用直径1 mm的TiAlN涂层平头铣刀,针对微细铣削黄铜H59时的刀具侧刃磨损进行试验研究。发现随着铣削长度的增加,侧刃磨损量呈上升趋势。切削长度为200 m时,两组试验的磨损带宽度变化由快变慢,出现变化临界点。对刀具磨损形式与机制进行分析,发现刀具出现涂层脱落、刀尖钝圆半径变大和微崩刃现象,分析其发生机制为磨粒磨损与粘结磨损。以侧刃后刀面磨损带宽度为试验指标进行正交试验,研究铣削参数对刀具侧刃后刀面磨损的影响主次顺序及最优参数组合。结果表明:每齿进给量、轴向切深、主轴转速和径向切深对刀具磨损的影响依次减少;试验所得最优参数组合为f_z=2μm/齿,a_p=0.3 mm,n=60 000 r/min,a_e=0.15 mm。     

羰基铁–环氧树脂基吸波材料疏水结构的制备及性能研究

目的 改善羰基铁–环氧树脂基电磁波吸收材料在海洋环境中的耐腐蚀性和电磁波吸收性能。方法 将皮秒激光加工与微细铣削技术相结合,在羰基铁–环氧树脂复合材料表面制备复合疏水微结构,采用单因素实验分别考察了栅格间距为30、20μm时皮秒激光加工功率、扫描速度、扫描次数对所制备表面结构接触角的影响规律,采用扫描电子显微镜对激光加工后的结构形貌进行分析,筛选出疏水性能较好的激光加工参数;选用不同直径的微细铣刀对所筛选的激光参数加工后的表面进行微细铣削,得到复合疏水结构,并采用共聚焦显微镜和光学显微镜观察复合结构的形貌,根据复合结构的疏水性能和加工效率,筛选合适的微细铣刀直径。通过耐腐蚀性能测试对比未处理试样、仅经过皮秒激光加工后试样、仅经过微细铣削加工后试样及复合加工后试样在质量分数为5%的Na Cl溶液中的耐腐蚀能力,采用矢量网络分析仪对比各结构的电磁波吸收能力。结果 当激光加工的栅格间距为20μm,激光功率为3.5 W,激光扫描速度为1 000 mm/s,扫描次数为5时,所得到的表面微结构静态水接触角达到143°;在该表面上使用直径200μm的微细铣刀得到的复合结构接触角达到137.5°,且加...     

玻璃微结构电解电火花铣削加工试验研究

为满足石英玻璃等非导电硬脆材料微结构的加工需求,对微细电解电火花铣削加工工艺进行了深入的试验研究,在玻璃工件上进行了一系列微细电解电火花铣削加工工艺试验。首先,基于电解电火花加工的原理搭建了微细电解电火花铣削试验平台;其次,通过对比试验,研究了加工电压、脉冲频率、占空比和进给速度等工艺参数对铣削槽宽的影响,并通过优化工艺参数加工出微槽阵列;最后,成功加工出多个玻璃微结构包括二维微流道和三维微结构,试验结果表明微细电解电火花铣削工艺在加工非导电硬脆材料微结构方面具有很大潜力。     

提高铣刀铣削42CrMo寿命的试验研究

42CrMo为难加工材料,改进铣刀结构参数和材质,提高铣刀加工难加工材料的寿命.通过对加工出现崩刃的铣刀进行分析,提出改进措施.以42CrMo作为被加工工件,通过优化铣刀的后角和前角,分别用X和Y刀具材料,在数控立式铣床上做实验.结果表明:铣刀圆周后角由8°减小到6°,槽前角由12°减小到8°,铣刀寿命相应提高.刀具材料由X换成Y,铣刀寿命大大提高,提高程度比改变刀具角度大.     

微铣刀制备技术与实验研究

微铣刀制备技术是微细铣削的关键技术之一,对微细铣削加工出的微小零部件的特征尺寸和表面质量有重要影响。从微铣刀具的材料与涂层及其制造工艺两方面,对微铣刀制备技术进行了介绍,并通过线电极电火花磨削方法制备了刀头直径为100μm的微铣刀,初步验证了基于自研μEM-200CDS2微细组合电加工机床开展微铣刀在位制备的能力。     

微细铣刀几何参数对TC4合金加工影响的仿真分析

在微细铣削过程中,刀具前角、刀尖圆弧半径等几何参数的选择与铣削力有着密切的关系,不仅会影响刀具的使用寿命,还会影响铣削过程的稳定性以及工件已加工表面质量。文章针对直径为0.1mm的双刃微细立铣刀展开研究,利用AdvantEdge有限元软件分析不同刀具结构参数铣削钛合金TC4对铣削力、铣削温度的影响规律,并设计正交试验求得三种因素的最优组合,并基于响应曲面法求得微细铣刀几何参数交互影响规律。结果表明:对铣削力造成影响的因素主次顺序为刀尖圆弧半径、径向前角、螺旋角;最小铣削力出现在"小径向前角+小刀尖圆弧半径+大螺旋角"区域。     

变螺旋铣刀结构设计与优化对铣削稳定性的影响

颤振是限制铣削生产率和影响工件加工质量的重要因素之一,稳定性图表和变螺旋铣刀结构设计是目前常用的抑制铣削颤振的方法。结合铣削过程中的稳定性极限三维叶瓣图对变螺旋铣刀结构进行设计优化,进而得到变螺旋铣刀最优螺旋角变量和齿距角变量。首先建立变螺旋铣刀铣削过程的动力学模型,结合仿真分析获得颤振稳定性三维叶瓣图,得到最大稳定性切削深度对应的最优螺旋角变量和齿距角变量值分别为1°和8.1°。实验结果可知,相较于常规结构铣刀,优化得到的变螺旋铣刀能够显著提高铣削稳定性极限、提高表面质量,为抑制铣削过程中颤振的变螺旋铣刀结构设计提供了理论基础。     

激波压力扰动辅助电火花加工高深宽比微细结构方法研究

针对电火花加工高深宽比微细结构时放电间隙小、加工产物不易排除的技术难题，在分析电火花加工电蚀产物稳定性的理论基础上，结合脉冲超声聚焦技术，提出了激波压力扰动辅助电火花加工高深宽比微细结构的方法，设计了激励电源和激波发生器试验装置，测试了相应的电功率和声功率。初步实验表明，该方法可促进电蚀产物的排除，改善加工稳定性，提高加工精度，为进一步研究提供了重要的理论和实验依据。     

微铣削Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金实验研究

新型优质γ-TiAl基合金Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb具有低密度、高比强度和良好的高温力学性能，在航空航天和精密微小件制造领域拥有广泛的应用前景。为研究该材料的微铣削性能，采用直径0.8 mm的双刃硬质合金微铣刀进行四因素五水平正交试验，研究主轴转速、进给速度、铣削深度和铣刀螺旋角对微铣削加工毛刺和粗糙度的影响。结果表明：主轴转速和铣削深度是影响顶端毛刺的重要因素，铣刀螺旋角对槽底表面粗糙度影响最为显著，其结果为γ-TiAl基合金的微尺度铣削加工提供理论依据。     

Effects of micro-milling conditions on the cutting forces and process stability

Determining stable cutting conditions for corresponding cutting tools with specific geometries is essential for achieving precision micro-milling with high surface quality. Therefore, this paper investigates the influence of the tool rake angle, tool wear and workpiece preheating on the cutting forces and process stability. An advanced micro-milling cutting force model considering the tool wear is proposed. The micro-milling cutting forces are predicted and compared with experimentally obtained results for two cutting conditions and four edge radii measured at different stages of the tool wear. It is found that the cutting forces increase by increasing the edge radius. It is also observed that the cutting forces are higher at a rake angle of 0° compared with a rake angle of 8°. The increase of the cutting forces is mainly associated with the change of the friction conditions between the tool and workpiece contact. Stability lobes are obtained for different edge radii, rake angles of 0° and 8°, initial workpiece temperature and different measured static run-outs. The predicted stability lobes are compared with the micro-milling force signals transformed into the frequency domain. It is observed that the predicted stability limits result in good correlation with the experimentally obtained chatter free conditions. Also, the stability limits are higher at smaller edge radii, higher preheating workpiece temperature and positive rake angles.     

Prediction of micro-milling forces with finite element method

This paper presents the prediction of micro-milling forces using cutting force coefficients evaluated from the finite element (FE) simulations. First an FE model of orthogonal micro-cutting with a round cutting edge is developed for Brass 260. The simulated cutting forces are compared against the experimental results obtained from turning tests. The cutting force coefficients are identified from a series of FE simulations at a range of cutting edge radii and chip loads. The identified cutting force coefficients are used to simulate micro-milling forces considering the tool trajectory, run-out and the dynamometer dynamics. The same process is also simulated with a slip-line field based model. FE and slip-line field based simulation results are compared against the experimentally measured turning and micro-milling forces.     

整体式硬质合金微铣刀的几何结构优化与在位放电制备

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,对微铣刀进行模态分析和应力变形分析,讨论微铣刀的刀头形状、悬伸量、刀杆直径、刀颈半锥角、刀头长径比等几何结构参数对其动力学性能的影响规律,对比D形、三角形、"一"字形等简单刀头截面形状结构及传统螺旋结构微铣刀的强度和刚度,进而获得微铣刀的几何结构优化参数。采用线电极电火花磨削的方式,在位放电制备出刀头直径约100μm、刃口锋利的D形微铣刀。     

Thermal and mechanical modeling analysis of laser-assisted micro-milling of difficult-to-machine alloys

This study is focused on numerical modeling analysis of laser-assisted micro-milling (LAMM) of difficult-to-machine alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, Inconel 718, and stainless steel AISI 422. Multiple LAMM tests are performed on these materials in side cutting of bulk and fin workpiece configurations with 100-300 μm diameter micro endmills. A 3D transient finite volume prismatic thermal model is used to quantitatively analyse the material temperature increase in the machined chamfer due to laser-assist during the LAMM process. Novel 2D finite element (FE) models are developed in ABAQUS to simulate the continuous chip formation with varying chip thickness with the strain gradient constitutive material models developed for the size effect in micro-milling. The steady-state workpiece and tool cutting temperatures after multiple milling cycles are analysed with a heat transfer model based on the chip formation analysis and the prismatic thermal model predictions. An empirical tool wear model is implemented in the finite element analysis to predict tool wear in the LAMM side cutting process. The FE model results are discussed in chip formation, flow stresses, temperatures and velocity fields to great details, which relate to the surface integrity analysis and built-up edge (BUE) formation in micro-milling.     

Experimental and finite element simulation based investigations on micro-milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Effects of cBN coating on tool wear

Micro-milling process is a direct and flexible fabrication method in producing functional three dimensional micro-products. The advance of micro-milling process ultimately depends on the development of micro cutting tools since it is a tool-based process. Therefore, in this study an attempt to improve the performance of carbide micro-end mills by applying cubic boron nitride (cBN) coating was carried out. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) based simulations were used to study the effect of cBN coated tool in micro-machining of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The experiments were conducted to compare the performance of cBN coated and uncoated micro-end mills in terms of surface roughness, burr formation and tool wear. FE simulations were employed to investigate chip formation process in micro-milling to reveal the effects of cBN coated micro-end mills with increased edge radius in terms of cutting force generation, tool temperature and contact pressure, sliding velocity and hence tool wear rate. The simulation results were further utilized for estimating tool life using a sliding wear rate model and compared with experiments. This study clearly showed that the cBN coated carbide tool outperformed the uncoated carbide tool in generation of tool wear and cutting temperature.     

Tool wear monitoring of micro-milling operations

The mechanical removal of materials using miniature tools, known as micro-mechanical milling processes, has unique advantages in creating miniature 3D components using a variety of engineering materials, when compared with photolithographic processes. Since the diameter of miniature tools is very small, excessive forces and vibrations significantly affect the overall quality of the part. In order to improve the part quality and longevity of tools, the monitoring of micro-milling processes is imperative. This paper examines factors affecting tool wear and a tool wear monitoring method using various sensors, such as accelerometers, force and acoustic emission sensors in micro-milling. The signals are fused through the neuro-fuzzy method, which then determines whether the tool is in good shape or is worn. An optical microscope is used to observe the actual tool condition, based upon the edge radius of the tool, during the experiment without disengaging the tool from the machine. The effectiveness of tool wear monitoring, based on a number of different sensors, is also investigated. Several cutting tests are performed to verify the monitoring scheme for the miniature micro-end mills.     

微细超声辅助高速微槽铣削加工工艺研究

为了提高6061铝合金板微铣削槽加工质量,搭建一种轴向超声振动辅助高速微槽铣削实验装置。设计单因素实验探究主轴转速、超声功率、进给率三个因素对微槽顺铣侧毛刺长度和底面粗糙度的影响规律。制定正交实验寻求主轴转速、超声功率、进给率三个因素的共同作用对微槽底面粗糙度的影响效应,做显著性检验,寻找最优水平组合。实验结果表明:单因素实验中,相对高的主轴转速、适中的进给率、适中的超声功率铣削出的微槽顺铣侧毛刺较少、毛刺长度较短,相对低的转速、相对小的进给率、适中的超声功率铣削出的微槽底面粗糙度较小。正交实验中,主轴转速和超声功率值的变化对微槽底面粗糙度影响显著,通过正交分析与方差分析,最终确定出最优水平组合。     

Robust chatter stability in micro-milling operations

Micro-milling utilizes miniature end mills to fabricate complex shapes at high rotational speeds. One of the challenges in micro-machining is regenerative chatter, which results in severe tool wear and reduced part quality. The high rotational speeds of micro-milling cause changes in dynamics; and, the elasto-plastic nature of micro-machining operations results in changes to the cutting coefficients. Variations in dynamics and cutting coefficients affect the stability lobes. The tool tip dynamics can be indirectly obtained through mathematical coupling of substructures using the receptance coupling method. The effect of process damping is also considered. The robust chatter stability theorem, which is based on the edge theorem, is employed to provide the robust stability within the minimum and maximum boundaries of changing parameters.     

油泵油嘴复杂微结构微细电火花铣削加工试验

为解决油泵油嘴复杂微结构加工难题,开展了微细电火花铣削加工试验研究。在改进微细电火花加工机床系统的基础上,介绍了微细电火花铣削加工试验过程,并着重分析电极损耗补偿问题、加工效率问题的解决方法,进而完成油泵油嘴复杂微结构的精密微细电火花加工,总结出保证微细电火花铣削加工质量和加工效率的工艺规律。     

Creation of Ultra-precision Microstructures with High Aspect Ratios

In recent years, ultra-precision micromachining technology has been used in a variety of fields such as optical instruments, electronic devices, medical equipments, etc. At present, it is essential to meet the requirement of producing various shapes, one of which is a structure with a high aspect ratio. Such structures are applied, for example, to a shaft of micro robot, a long part of microactuator and micromachine, a microneedle for syringe, etc. However, due to its fragile nature, it is extremely difficult to fabricate the structure with a high aspect ratio since it is easily damaged during cutting. It is intended to produce micro towers with high aspect ratios by applying the ultra-precision milling technology using a single crystal diamond cutting tool. The method enables accurate creation of a variety of microstructures with high aspect ratios. In addition, the study also proposes a new machining method to create microneedle arrays, avoiding the contact of cutting edge with already machined parts again. As a result, it is concluded that the proposed method has the potential of producing a variety of microstructures with high aspect ratios.