残余应力测量方法的研究现状

针对残余应力测量的重要性,对目前残余应力的测量方法进行了综述和展望.阐述了传统的测量残余应力的方法及其应用情况,介绍了几种新型的残余应力的测量方法及其适用范围,指出残余应力的测量技术正朝着无损、快捷、在线测量等方向发展.     

材料三维残余应力测量的新方法

提出了一种新的材料残余应力的测量方法。该方法的测量原理是由材料加工后相对体积变化定量的测量,得到其残余应力的定量结果。由此,材料的残余应力将造成体积变化,此体积变化可以由比容的精确测量得到。基于弹性虎克定律从原理上推导了体积变化得出了残余应力的计算公式。在此基础上,应用该新方法对一种Al-Cu合金的残余应力状态进行了定量测量及表征,结果表明:结合传统的表面应力测量方法,再由应力应变关系的弹性虎克定律,可得出材料三维残余应力。该新方法可用于材料三维残余应力的精确测量,为残余应力的研究提供了一种新的精确且定量的分析测量方法。     

提高小孔法测量焊接残余应力精度的研究

基于焊接残余应力的测量，介绍了常用的测量方法，重点阐述了小孔释放法的测量原理、推导了焊接残余应力的计算公式以及为提高测量精度而进行的释放系数的标定和塑性变形公式的修正，同时还分析了释放应力小孔间距、边距以及应力释放时间对测量结果的影响。     

薄壁LY12铝合金焊接残余应力超声波法无损测量及验证

传统残余应力破坏测量方法无法满足焊接结构服役状态下的应力测量,无法实现结构的无损应力测量.基于声弹性原理,超声波法可以无损测量出结构内部的残余应力.使用临界折射纵波进行薄壁结构件测量时,易激发Lamb波和Stonely波等特殊波形,将影响测量的准确度.开发了适用于薄壁结构件测量的新型超声波法焊接残余应力测量系统,对厚度为2mm的两种LY12薄壁焊接结构进行了测量,测量过程实时无损快速.用切割释放法和有限元模拟进行了验证.结果表明,该测量系统准确可靠,为航天器薄壁焊接结构服役状态在线可靠性评估奠定了基础.     

高速列车车体服役状态残余应力超声波法无损测量及验证

焊接残余应力影响焊接结构可靠性.传统残余应力测量方法无法满足焊接结构服役状态下的应力测量,无法实现薄壁结构的应力测量.使用改进的超声波法焊接残余应力测量系统,对壁厚3.5 mm的薄壁高速列车车体残余应力实现了无损测量,测量过程实时无损快速.测量结果与有限元模拟和激光全息小孔法测量结果对比,超声波法测量结果可靠,且对试验结果进行了讨论分析.建立的超声波法应力无损测量系统为焊接结构服役状态在线可靠性评估奠定了基础.     

基于快速面探测方法的碳化硅表面残余应力测量

陶瓷加工后表面残余应力的测量通常采用一维X射线衍射线探测法,该方法存在测量过程烦琐、效率低、成本高等问题,因此采用新型快速二维面探测X射线衍射残余应力测量方法,对碳化硅陶瓷表面的残余应力进行测量,实验中测量了3种不同品牌碳化硅工件的初始表面和抛光后表面的残余应力。结果表明:此新方法单次测量即可获得样品500点的衍射信息,特别适用于陶瓷材料的应力测量。同时还发现:对于被加工表面的残余压应力,抛光加工最高能够消除近80%的残余应力,但不能改变工件的残余应力分布。      

大型汽轮机、发电机转子残余应力测量新方法——环芯法及国外应用实例

介绍了汽轮机、发电机转子残余应力产生的主要原因及若干残余应力测量方法,以及环芯法测量残余应力的基本理论和国外在大型汽轮机、发电机转子上的应用实例。     

球形封头热冲压成形残余应力分析

球形封头在其直边段易发生折皱和开裂,残余应力过大是造成其缺陷的根本原因之一.针对无损X射线衍射法、有损全释放法这两种残余应力测试方法的检测原理、测试方法及应用特点等方面进行了分析介绍.以12Cr2Mol R(H)材料为例,采用两种方法分别测量了球形封头热冲压成形后的外壁残余应力值.揭示了封头外壁残余应力分布规律:封头外壁的残余应力值由底部开始逐渐增大,过渡段为应力值转折区域,进入直边段后,残余应力值达到最大.通过对比发现:两种测量方法测得的残余应力变化规律相似;全释放法测得的残余应力值较大;残余应力值在封头外壁直边段部分达到最大.     

焊接残余应力场声弹性不稳定性分析

基于声弹性效应,超声波可以无损检测出结构内部应力.超声波法焊接残余应力测量克服了传统应力测量方法费时耗力、破坏、体积庞大等缺点,对多种焊接结构残余应力进行的测量已证明其准确和可靠.在残余应力场测量时发现了在低应力弹性区存在声弹性不稳定现象,利用声弹性模拟试验对声弹性不稳定现象进行了分析研究.根据焊接残余应力场弹性区临界折射纵波包络波峰声弹性效应随机分布呈双峰分布的试验现象,提出了弹性区声弹性主应力计算公式,可通过超声波法纵向残余应力测量结果计算出测量点的两个主应力及横向残余应力.     

确定护环残余应力分布的测量理论与方法

本文论述护环具有轴对称的残余应力分布规律、新的测量方法;提出了测量计算相当外力的基本方程式及其求解;论证了护环中内、外表面总的切向残余应力,等于所测附加弯矩引起的切向残余应力与强化变形不同引起的切向残余应力之和。     

A novel approach of accurately evaluating residual stress and microstructure of welded electrical steels

In the present research work the determination of residual stress distribution in welded non-oriented electrical steel samples is discussed. Tungsten inert gas was used for the welding method. Residual stress was directly determined through deformation measurements and appropriate math calculations. Two methods were used: the magnetic, non-destructive method of Barkhausen noise and the semi-destructive method of X-ray diffraction. In order to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the magnetic method applied, the steel samples were subjected to both compressive and tensile stresses and the magnetic noise values were correlated to residual stress values through an appropriate calibration curve. The results were then verified by the XRD method and were further evaluated by examining the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the as received and welded samples through scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements, respectively. It was found that the deviation between the two methods was within acceptable limits, thus implying potential applicability of the MBN method in non-destructive testing of materials.     

X射线法测量淬火铝合金厚板表面残余应力

采用无损X射线衍射技术测试了7075铝合金厚板淬火后表面残余应力水平与分布,得到了淬火铝合金厚板表面残余应力的分布区间和一般规律,分析了准直管对测试结果的影响,并与中心钻孔法得到的结果做了比较。结果表明,两种方法都能有效并正确测量构件的表面残余应力,但中心钻孔法不适合用于应力梯度大的场合,而X射线法在无应力或原始应力水平很低的场合效果欠佳。淬火铝板表面残余应力的测试结果呈正态分布,且淬火过程中边缘局部有应力释放,释放值可达40%,且此区域大小约为铝板的一个厚度。     

Non-destructive determination of residual stress state in steel weldments by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise technique

The purpose of this study is non-destructive determination of residual stresses in the welded steel plates by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique. A MBN-stress calibration set-up and a residual stress measurement system with scanning ability were developed. To control the accuracy and the effectiveness of the developed system and procedure, various MBN measurements were carried out. The MBN results were verified by the hole-drilling method. Microstructural investigation and hardness measurements were also conducted. It was concluded that if the calibration procedure including the effect of microstructure is appropriate then MBN is a very promising method for non-destructive, fast and accurate prediction of residual stresses in the welded plates.     

Measurement of residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel weld joints using ultrasonic technique

Abstract

A methodology has been developed using a non-destructive ultrasonic technique for measuring surface/subsurface residual stresses in 7 mm thick AISI type 316LN stainless steel weld joints made by activated tungsten inert gas and multipass tungsten inert gas welding processes. Measurement of residual stresses using an ultrasonic technique is based on the effect of stresses on the propagation velocity of elastic waves. Critically refracted longitudinal L _CR wave mode was employed and accurate transit time measurements were made across the weld joints. Quantitative values of the longitudinal residual stresses across the weld joints were estimated from the measured transit times and predetermined value of acoustoelastic constant for AISI type 316LN stainless steel. The nature of the residual stress profiles and their variations across the two types of weld joints were compared and interpreted.     

Measurement of residual stress in steel using the magnetic Barkhausen noise technique

Surface residual stresses on a structural beam steel sample were evaluated using a non-destructive technique based on the measurement of surface magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN). MBN measurements were performed using a high resolution probe consisting of a small magnetic read head mounted between the poles of a ferrite U-core magnet. Applied stress magnitudes were correlated to MBN energy levels for calibration purposes. MBN energy measurements were done at various locations on the steel sample. The magnitude of the residual stress component along the sample beam axis was evaluated across the width of the beam using these calibration curves. The range of sensitivity of the MBN signal to stress as defined by the calibration curves was limited by the direction of easy magnetization. The effect of stress on the MBN signal was interpreted in terms of the active 180° domain wall population. The validity of the residual stress results was confirmed experimentally using conventional methods: cutting and sectioning and hole drilling. Possible sources of residual stresses and their distribution on the structural steel specimen are discussed.     

短波长X射线衍射无损测定铝板内部残余应力

利用重金属靶短波长特征X射线WKα1对轻质材料的强穿透性,自主研发了1台用于工件内部晶体物质衍射分析的短波长X射线衍射仪（SWXRD）。介绍了短波长X射线衍射仪无损测定工件内部应力的原理和方法,在国内首次无损地测定了30 mm厚7075铝合金淬火板内部残余应力及其分布,并与中子衍射和高能同步辐射的短波长X射线衍射测定内部应力进行了比较分析,表明该新方法具有设备体积小,投资少,使用维护方便等优势。     

Residual stress measurement of coarse-grain aluminum alloy using X-ray diffraction method

When measuring residual stress of coarse-grain aluminum alloy using X-ray diffraction method,the diffraction profile shows two peaks and position of measured 2d will be changed,which lead to an inaccurate measurement result.Hence,in this paper,some methods were employed to improve the measurement accuracy.During the measuring process,different parameters(diameter of irradiated area,Ψ-oscillation range and exposure time) were selected and profile peak shift method was utilized.Moreover,when the 20 of profiles was determined,different calculation methods were used to calculate the residual stress.The results show that diameter of irradiated area and Ψ-oscillation range have significant influence on the measuring result.For stress value calculated directly from the test equipment,cross correlation method is more accurate than the absolute peak.Furthermore,another two calculation methods of slope with 2θ- sin~2Ψ and e- sin~2 Ψ were used to calculate the stress based on parameters(2θ,ε) obtained from cross correlation method.It is concluded that 20- sin~2Ψ method can further improve the measurement accuracy.     

轮廓法测量残余应力研究进展

轮廓法是一种基于截面解剖法的残余应力测量方法,可以获得目标平面法向的残余应力二维分布云图。经过20多年的发展与完善,轮廓法已经被广泛应用在航空航天、核电、高端装备制造等许多重要领域,尤其适用于焊接件、金属连接件和异型工件的残余应力测量。文中详细介绍了轮廓法测量的优势,分析了轮廓法测量的理论依据、测量步骤、误差修正、拓展应用、试验验证及研究热点,深入探究在一次切割轮廓法测量基础上发展起来的多次切割轮廓法、断裂轮廓法和X射线衍射法的叠加测量、近表面残余应力轮廓法测量等方法,这些方法克服了常规轮廓法测量断面应力、近表面应力方面的技术限制,可获得工程结构件的三维残余应力分布,针对不同的工程应用需求调整切割方法及测量方案以提供技术支持,拓展了轮廓法测量的应用范围。该文旨在为国内的同行提供参考,助力轮廓法在国内科学研究和工程应用方面的推广应用。 创新点： (1)对比常用的工程残余应力测量方法,明晰轮廓法测量的技术优势及其适用范围。(2)分析轮廓法测量过程中可能引入的试验误差,提出相对应的解决方法。(3)拓展轮廓法的应用范围以满足三维应力测量需求。     

基于临界折射纵波的超声波应力测量方法

在对现有各种残余应力测量方法进行分析比较的基础上,提出基于临界折射纵波的超声波技术测量应力。采用一发两收的探头布置形式,对5%Cr圆板进行超声应力测量,同时与应用X射线衍射法和盲孔法测得的结果进行比较。试验证明了基于临界折射纵波的超声波应力测量法的可行性。