3Cr2Mo钢马氏体相变塑性及应力对其相变动力学的影响

通过不同单轴拉/压应力载荷作用下的膨胀试验研究了3Cr2Mo钢中马氏体相变的相变塑性和应力对马氏体相变动力学的影响。结果表明:所测定的Greenwood-Johnson相变塑性模型中参数K随等效应力增加而增加,表征马氏体相变动力学的Koistinen-Marburger方程中系数α约为0.0236,应力状态对其没有明显影响。马氏体点(MS)范围在410～438℃之间,且随等效应力值的增加而升高。     

A508-3核电大锻件用钢连续冷却贝氏体的相变塑性

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了A508-3钢在单轴压应力下的连续贝氏体相变诱发的相变塑性.借助于从膨胀曲线分离相变塑性应变的数据处理方法,获得了压应力对贝氏体相变塑性的影响规律.结果表明:基于Greenwood-Johnson模型的贝氏体相变塑性参数K随着外加压应力的增大而增大,并且相变塑性应变占总应变的比重显著增加.相变塑性应变随贝氏体相变进行逐渐增大,增速先快后慢.     

Cr5支承辊用钢马氏体相变的相变塑性研究

以Cr5支承辊用钢为研究材料，采用热模拟实验对单轴应力作用下马氏体相变的相变塑性进行了研究。介绍了从径向膨胀曲线分离出相变塑性应变的数据处理方法，并讨论了该方法带来的误差，分析了马氏体相变动力学对实验结果的影响。实验结果表明，在Cr5支承辊用钢马氏体相变结束时，相变塑性应变与应力成线性关系，Greenwood—Johnson模型中的相变塑性参数是与应力无关的常数。     

装甲钢马氏体相变塑性的实验研究

采用Gleeble热模拟实验机对装甲钢马氏体相变塑性进行了研究。通过对热变形中的热应变、组织应变和弹性应变进行分离,从总应变中分离了相变塑性,并得到了相变塑性的定量关系式,采用Greenwood-Johnson模型得到该种材料的相变塑性系数。分析结果表明,该种材料的相变塑性、组织应变和热应变是引起变形的主要原因,相变塑性与组织应变数值相当,在热处理变形分析中不容忽视;随着温度降低及马氏体体积分数增大,相变塑性迅速增大,马氏体体积分数达到0.8后,相变塑性基本保持不变;随着施加应力的增加,相变塑性逐渐增大,相变塑性与施加应力呈线性关系。文章研究结果不仅为该种材料热处理、焊接过程形状畸变和残余应力研究提供基础,还为该材料复杂热力学行为研究提供参考。     

0Cr16Ni5Mo1马氏体不锈钢的连续冷却相变动力学

采用显微组织表征和硬度测试研究了0Cr16Ni5Mo1马氏体不锈钢连续冷却转变动力学和显微组织演化规律。结果表明:0Cr16Ni5Mo1马氏体不锈钢在1100 ℃×60 min奥氏体化条件下,以0.5~100 ℃/s的速度冷却时仅发生马氏体转变,马氏体相变的开始温度(Ms)约为212 ℃,结束温度(Mf)约为25.3 ℃,组织均为板条马氏体,硬度约为371 HV。冷却速率的变化对相变温度、室温组织和硬度无显著影响。采用K-M方程描述马氏体相变过程,其相变动力学参数α约为0.0317。     

应力应变对马氏体相变动力学及相变塑性影响的研究

针对应力应变对马氏体相应动力学及相变塑性的影响进行了研究。得到了应力作用下相变动力学和相变塑性的计算模型，而且发现相变前预应变限制了相变塑性的数量和相变反应的速度，使之不能用弹性状态下得到的模型进行简单的外推，并利用应力应变诱导相变，母亲上强化等理论进行了解释。     

应力对U75V重轨钢珠光体转变的相变塑性影响

基于Greenwood-Johnson理论,采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机,对U75V重轨钢连续冷却转变过程中珠光体转变的相变塑性进行研究。通过测定不同加载应力下的膨胀曲线,对总变形中的组成应变,即热应变、相变应变、弹性应变、相变塑性应变进行分离,建立重轨钢相变塑性模型方程,通过数值模拟对热处理工艺进行优化。计算结果表明,重轨钢U75V在珠光体相变过程中,热应变在总应变中占80%以上;相变塑性应变在总应变中所占比例的最大值随应力而增加,当加载应力为-45MPa、相变在577.1℃结束时,相变塑性应变占总应变的比例最大可达到12.5%。     

低应力／应变幅控制的对称拉压疲劳对Ti—49.6Ni合金相变行为的影响

采用电阻法研究了TiNi形状记忆合金在对称拉压应力或应变疲劳条件下的相变行为,结果表明,经过低应力/应变疲劳,材料发生R相变,试样的相变温度变得稳定,马氏体相变温度Ms和逆相变温度As低于未疲劳试样,随着循环次数的增加,应变疲劳后材料的Ms点、As点与循环次数无明显关系,材料具有良好的相变稳定性。     

应力作用下的相变

水静压抑制Fe-C和钢中体积膨胀型相变，如铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体和马氏体相变。单向应力促发铁素体和珠光体相变，拉应力的效果尤为显著。0．38C-Cr-Mo钢中，铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体相变在应力下的动力学，可由Johnson-Mehl-Avrami方程中加入应力因子经修正来描述。由于铁素体和珠光体的化学驱动力小，应力所作膨胀功使形核率(J^*)增高和孕育期τ缩短。而贝氏体相变中，可能由于应力下碳自奥氏体贫化，或减少相界面能，从而使τ增高和τ缩短，待试验予以证明。水静压对Ms温度影响的定量描述因不同材料而异。列出Patel-Cohen所建立的dMs／dσ方程，及本文作者提出的应力影响Ms的方程。应力诱发马氏体会改变其晶体学及形态，提出以形核率的数值来判定其形态。奥氏体的力学稳定化在马氏体相变中主要由于奥氏体强化所导致，在贝氏体相变中却主要由于晶体学阻碍长大所造成的。     

压应力对Cr-Mo钢连续冷却贝氏体相变的影响

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测量了Cr-Mo钢在1～90℃/s的冷却速度下奥氏体连续冷却过程中的温度-膨胀曲线,用origin软件进行数据处理,获得了实验钢的CCT曲线;同时测量了施加轴向载荷为0、40MPa、80MPa和120MPa的压应力时奥氏体连续冷却过程中的温度-膨胀曲线,冷却速度分别为50℃/s、70℃/s和90℃/s.利用杠杆定律,根据不同温度下的膨胀量计算得到贝氏体相变动力学曲线,研究了压应力对贝氏体相变动力学和贝氏体相变温度的影响.结果表明,在以冷却速度为50℃/s和70℃/s连续冷却时,压应力抑制前期阶段的贝氏体相变,促进后期阶段的贝氏体相变;在以冷却速度为90℃/s连续冷却时,压应力对整个贝氏体相变过程都有促进作用,特别是应力较大时:压应力使贝氏体相变开始温度Bs升高,贝氏体相变终了温度Bf降低.     

Design concept and material demand characteristics of rail

In order to improve fatigue strength in welded joints, low transformation-temperature welding wire has been developed in which residual tensile stress can be reduced. In application of the low transformation-temperature welding wire, the prevention of cold cracking without preheating in high strength steel welded joints is expected and examined from the control of residual tensile stress. However, it is expected that residual stress distribution in a welded joint can be suggested by numerical analysis, because the residual stress cannot be measured simply and non-distractively.

In this report, martensite transformation behaviour such as Ms point, transformation expansion, and so on is measured firstly by the Formaster test.

And temperature dependence of several mechanical properties was measured in full-austenite and full-martensite microstructures, and temperature dependence of mechanical properties was estimated in dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite.

By these data, numerical analysis was carried out and martensite transformation behaviour was compared with measured and calculated results in a rigid model test. From the comparison, it was suggested that transformation superplasticity had to be considered in numerical analysis.

Next, the increase of Ms point due to transformation induced plasticity was guessed from the comparison with measured data by laser speckle measurement and calculated data under transformation superplasticity consideration.

From the all results, it was found that the measured transformation behavior and residual stress had good agreement with the calculated results under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity considerations.     

Different Mechanisms of ε-M and α'-M Variant Selection and the Influencing Factors of ε-M Reversion During Dynamic Tension in TRIP Steel

The variant selection of martensites(ε-M and α'-M) and ε-M reversion in dynamic tensile high-manganese TRIP steel were investigated. α'-M variant pairs with a zigzag morphology frequently formed, and the pairs of neighboring α'-M variants were examined in terms of mechanical work and strain energy reduction. The occurrence of a primary α'-M variant is determined by mechanical work, but high products of mechanical work and strain energy reduction are essential for secondary variant selection. In contrast to α'-M variant pair selection, ε-M variant selection can be attributed to the highest mechanical work. During ε-M→α'-M transformation, the mechanical work of ε-M reversion is higher than that of α'-M variant, thereby implying that ε-M reversion in h110 icgrain is possible. e-M plate distribution also affects the feasibility of ε-M reversion.     

Bake-Hardening Response of High Martensite Dual-Phase Steel with Different Morphologies and Volume Fractions

Bake-hardening behaviour of carbon steel with different martensite morphologies and volume fraction was investigated.The specimens with fibrous and bulky martensite were prestrained in tension by 4%.After this,they were unloaded and bake hardened at 180 °C for 10–160 min.It was found that dual-phase steel samples which were bake hardened at 180 °C for 20 min showed an increase in the yield stress(YS) and ultimate tensile stress(UTS) but a decrease in ductility.Further increase in the bake-hardening time of 80 or 160 min has reduced the YS and UTS,but increased the ductility.Dr(increase in stress due to bake hardening),YS and UTS values are higher for the microstructure containing fibrous martensite compared to the microstructure-containing bulky martensite.It was also observed that at a given baking temperature Dr,YS and UTS increased by volume of martensite.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of CrFeNi2V0.sWx (x=0, 0.25)High-Entropy Alloys

CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_x (x = 0, 0.25) alloys based on these parameters of mixing enthalpy (ΔH_mix), mixing entropy (ΔS_mix), atomic radius difference (δ), valance electron concentration, and electronegativity difference(Δχ) were designed and prepared. The microstructure and room-temperature mechanical behavior of both alloys were investigated. Compressive test results showed that the CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy had higher yield strength than that of the W-free CrFeNi₂V_0.5 alloy, although they all exhibited quite larger compressive plasticity (ε > 70%). Compression fracture surface of CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy revealed a ductile fracture in the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase and a brittle-like fracture in the σ phase. Moreover, tensile test results indicated that the CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy exhibited excellent mechanical property with an ultimate tensile strength of 640 MPa and a high tensile elongation of 15.7%. The tensile deformation mode of the FCC phase in the CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy is dominated by planar glide, relating to dislocation configurations, high-density dislocations, and dislocation wall. Therefore, dislocation slip plays a significant role in tensile deformation of CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 high-entropy alloy. The higher strength of CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy is predominantly due to the solid solution strengthening of W element and σ phase precipitation strengthening. Combination of the higher tensile strength and plasticity suggests that the CrFeNi₂V_0.5W_0.25 alloy can be a promising aerospace material.     

淬火冷却规范对G50钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

借助转子钢冷却过程实测温度变化,制订了不同直径棒材心部冷却规范,研究了G50超高强度钢在奥氏体化后以不同冷却速度冷却后得到的微观组织及其力学性能。结果表明,等效ø430 mm和ø500 mm棒材轴心冷却试样形成马氏体+下贝氏体复相组织,抗拉强度高于油淬试样,屈服强度降低,但不明显损害冲击性能。等效ø650 mm棒材轴心淬火冷却形成60%以上的下贝氏体组织,进一步降低屈服强度的同时,冲击性能反而明显回升,表明该材料在较低的冷却速度下仍保有较高的韧性。     

4330M钢连续冷却过程中的组织转变特征

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对4330M钢进行连续冷却转变试验,研究了冷却速率在0.8~10 ℃/s范围内连续冷却过程中组织结构转变特征。采用热膨胀、硬度测试及彩色金相等试验测定4330M钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,4330M钢在冷却过程中存在铁素体、贝氏体和马氏体相变区,没有珠光体相变区。随着冷却速率的增加,过冷奥氏体依次分解为铁素体+粒状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体+下贝氏体+马氏体和完全马氏体,马氏体的临界冷却速率约为3 ℃/s。下贝氏体中铁素体和渗碳体的取向关系为(110)_α//(102)_Fe3C和[111]_α//[201]_Fe3C。结合维氏硬度试验与彩色金相定量分析,建立了4330M钢硬度-体积分数模型HBW=-0.07-4.69f_F+4.02f_GB+4.63f_LB+4.82f_M。     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Characteristics of Ti–46Al–8Nb Alloy

Hot deformation behavior,microstructural evolution and flow softening mechanism were investigated in Ti–46Al–8Nb alloy via isothermal compression approach.The true stress–strain curves exhibited typical work hardening and flow softening,in which the dependence of the peak stress on temperature and strain rate was obtained by hyperbolic sine equation with Zener–Hollomon(Z)parameter,and the activation energy was calculated to be 446.9 k J/mol.The microstructural analysis shows that the alternate dark and light deformed ribbons of Al-rich and Nb-rich regions appeared and were associated with local flow involving solute segregation.The Al segregation promoted flow softening mainly arising from the recrystallization of γ phase with low stacking fault energy.The coarse recrystallized γ and several massive γ phase were observed at grain boundaries.While in the case of Nb segregation,β/B2 phase harmonized bending of lamellae,combined with the growth of recrystallized γ grains and α+β+γ→α+γ transition under conditions of temperature and stress,leading to the breakdown of α_2/γ lamellar colony.During the hot compression process,gliding and dissociation of dislocations occurred in γ phase that acted as the main softening mechanism,leading to extensive c twins and cross twins in α/γ lamellae and at grain boundaries.In general,homogeneous microstructure during the hot deformation process can be obtained in Ti Al alloy with high Nb addition and low Al segregation.The deformation substructures intrinsically promote the formability of Ti–46Al–8Nb alloy.     

Precipitation Characteristics and Mechanism of Vanadium Carbides in a V-Microalloyed Medium-Carbon Steel

The precipitation characteristics and mechanism of vanadium carbides during isothermal transformation at 650 ℃ in a V-microalloyed medium-carbon steel were investigated through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy as well as dilatometry test. Five morphologies of vanadium carbides were found to precipitate at different nucleation sites during the transformation. Two kinds of interphase precipitation form simultaneously in both pro-eutectoid and pearlitic ferrites. The linear arrays of fine interphase precipitates are parallel to the c/a interface, and the fine needles of interphase precipitates are perpendicular to the c/a interface. The vanadium carbides of long or short fibers, coarse particles and fine particles form in both pro-eutectoid and pearlitic ferrites, displaying different precipitation distributions and orientation relationships with ferrite. The precipitation mechanisms of vanadium carbide precipitates with different modes were proposed, and the precipitation sequence of various vanadium carbide precipitates was finally ascertained.