H13钢激光熔覆陶瓷修复层的参数优化

针对H13模具钢失效而产生的磨损以及腐蚀等表面问题，采用镍基碳化硅粉末，对H13模具钢的修复层进行参数优化. 为了探究激光熔覆中激光参数对修复层的影响，采用不同的激光电流、离焦量为优化工艺参数进行激光熔覆试验，发现改变激光电流、离焦量的大小对修复层的熔覆尺寸、微观组织以及力学性能均有不同程度影响；熔覆层的几何稀释率随着激光电流的增大而增大，熔覆层的晶粒尺寸变粗；熔覆层的几何稀释率随着离焦量的增大而减小，熔覆层的晶粒尺寸变细. 通过金相显微镜、SEM和显微硬度仪分析得到优化结果为:激光电流115 A、离焦量51 mm，熔覆层显微硬度值达到最高，约为基材硬度的2.6倍. 上述研究成果为提高模具失效表面激光熔覆修复层质量提供理论和技术依据.     

45钢多道搭接激光熔覆层的组织与性能

在45钢表面进行了激光搭结熔覆WC-12Co涂层的实验,对复合涂层的组织、硬度等进行了研究.结果表明:激光熔覆区在微观结构上分为熔覆层、熔化区和热影响区.在搭接区出现了较为粗大的组织特征,采用同一激光工艺参数,多道搭接熔覆层的显微硬度降低.多道搭接熔覆产生的重稀释导致涂层中WC硬质相含量明显降低,是造成激光熔覆层硬度下降的主要影响因素.     

冷作模具曲面激光熔覆修复工艺及路径研究

目的冷作模具在高压力和高冲击力作用下易磨损,传统的修复方式效率慢、自动化程度低,导致冷作模具报废率高,故采用激光熔覆技术对其进行修复,以获得具有优良使用性能的修复层。方法利用修复质量高、修复速度快的激光熔覆技术与空间自由度大、操作灵活的机器人技术相结合的方法获得熔覆层,基于组织观察、硬度分析和摩擦磨损实验观察检测熔覆层质量。结果熔覆最佳工艺参数为:功率1500 W,扫描速度2 mm/s,载气6 L/min,送粉器转速10 r/min,搭接率1/2。熔覆层硬度为350~430HV,远高于基体硬度。结论沿曲面短边方向由下往上做"之"字形扫描,熔覆效果最优。多道多层激光熔覆时,下一层的起点相对于上一层的起点偏移1.5 mm,得到的熔覆成形效果较好。微观组织分析表明,熔覆层与基体之间的界面冶金结合,熔覆层主要由致密的树枝晶组成。熔覆层的耐磨损性能明显优于基体。     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝熔覆层微观组织及性能

采用自行研发的水下激光填丝熔覆装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行激光填丝熔覆试验,并对空气环境和水下环境的熔覆结果进行对比分析,以探索在水下环境进行304不锈钢的缺陷修复. 通过XRD,EDS,光学显微镜分析了熔覆层的显微组织、化学成分和物相组成,采用显微硬度仪进行了硬度测试,利用动电位极化与交流阻抗谱技术研究熔覆层电化学腐蚀行为. 结果表明,在两种环境下均制备了单层多道熔覆层,且无明显气孔、裂纹等缺陷;熔覆层包括熔覆区、搭接区、相变影响区、熔合区、热影响区,显微组织主要由奥氏体、铁素体、马氏体组成;由于各区域内微观组织及晶粒的大小不同,使得熔覆层硬度呈阶梯分布;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,两种环境熔覆层均呈现出明显的钝化行为,且两种熔覆层耐腐蚀性能相近;所研制的水下激光填丝熔覆装备及工艺,可以满足实际工程对于熔覆层高效制备、成形质量控制及耐蚀性能的要求,可用于水下环境304不锈钢表面的防护与修复.     

超声辅助H13模具钢表面激光熔覆强化层组织分析

H13模具钢在制造业有广泛的应用,大多数的工作环境比较恶劣,表面经常会出现各种失效问题,因此需要对其表面进行强化处理. 单一进行激光表面强化处理时,强化层的性能往往达不到预期需求,进而采用超声辅助的方法进行强化涂层的制备. 基于超声辅助激光熔覆的过程中,通过对H13模具钢进行熔覆强化层的制备,探究超声功率对熔覆层尺寸及微观组织的影响. 结果表明,施加超声振动后增大了熔池表面的润湿性,焊缝表面变得相对平坦,超声振动使熔覆层内的元素分布更加均匀,晶粒更加细化,施加超声振动后的熔覆强化层显微硬度比未施加超声振动提高了21%. 用激光熔覆修复模具的同时施加超声振动,可以大幅度的提高模具表面的各种力学性能,延长模具的服役时间.     

TC4表面激光熔覆沉积Ti40阻燃钛合金的工艺研究

采用半导体激光熔覆沉积,在传统TC4钛合金表面熔覆沉积Ti40合金。研究了激光熔覆沉积工艺对单道单层沉积层的几何尺寸、成分及显微硬度的影响,优化了激光熔覆沉积工艺。结果表明:随着激光功率的提高以及扫描速率的降低,熔覆层、重熔区以及热影响区尺寸均有所增加;随着送粉率的提高,熔覆层尺寸有所增加,而重熔区、热影响区尺寸均随送粉率的提高先提高而后降低。在各工艺条件下,热影响区硬度均显著高于基体区以及重熔区和熔覆层;激光功率1800~2700 W、扫描速率10 mm/s、送粉率11 g/min以及激光功率2400 W、扫描速率10 mm/s、送粉率8~17g/min时,均获得了成分、硬度分布均匀的重熔区和熔覆层,表明在以上工艺条件下,熔池内对流充分,基材与熔覆Ti40材料充分混合以及合金化。     

基于激光填丝熔覆的Cr12MoV模具修复及性能表征

目的引入基体表面粗糙度作为激光填丝熔覆工艺参数,在Cr12MoV表面获得综合性能优良的熔覆层,研究激光功率、送丝速度、扫描速度和表面粗糙度对熔覆层形貌的影响。方法利用Nd:YAG脉冲激光在Cr12MoV基体上熔覆SDK11丝材,用于修复模具表面损伤。利用光学显微镜、SEM和EDS对熔覆层、热影响区微观结构和化学组成进行表征,通过显微硬度仪获得熔覆层纵向硬度分布。结果因为陷光效应,表面粗糙度对熔覆层形貌影响较大,随着粗糙度变大,激光吸收率提高,熔深和稀释率增加,高度降低。影响机理的本质是有效体能量E_v和比填丝率ω。当E_v为80～100 J/mm~3、ω为1～3时,可获得较为稳定的熔覆工艺,熔覆层由胞状晶、柱状晶和等轴晶混合组成,并且晶粒细小,存在硬质铬钒碳化物,可使硬度提升900HV,是基体的3倍。结论 E_v和ω可以作为关键控制工艺因素,在特定范畴内可以获得稀释率低的扁平熔覆层,熔合缺陷少,熔覆层硬度高,不存在明显软化区域。激光填丝熔覆可以达到模具表面缺陷修复的要求。     

电站设备转子轴颈等离子弧增材修复的组织与性能

针对电站设备转子轴颈的现场修复要求，采用微束等离子熔覆技术，在20Cr2NiMo材料表面实现了不预热单层多道增材熔覆316L合金，分析了熔覆层与热影响区的组织、硬度、化学成分和力学性能. 结果表明，熔覆层与基材完全冶金结合，熔覆层与热影响区无裂纹等缺陷；316L熔覆层组织为奥氏体 + δ铁素体，一次热影响区可分为脱碳区、粗晶区、细晶区、混晶区，且粗晶区因二次热循环而粗化、细化与软化. 316L熔覆层硬度与基材相差小，一次粗晶区硬度最高，但二次粗晶区硬度在476 HV0.3以下，热影响区宽度约为2.5 mm；热影响区抗剪强度高于基材，但基材塑性更好.     

铝青铜片与Q345钢激光熔覆工艺与组织

采用单道熔覆试验,在Q345钢表面激光熔覆铝青铜片,研究激光功率和扫描速度对熔覆层组织及显微硬度分布的影响。结果表明,激光熔覆铝青铜覆层内组织致密,与基体呈冶金结合,随着激光能量密度的增加,熔覆层组织逐渐由细小等轴晶向大量树枝晶过渡,覆层无气孔、裂纹等缺陷。覆层中主要有α相、β相、γ2相、κ相以及Fe相。热影响区硬度最高,覆层次之,基体硬度最低。随着扫描速度的增加,覆层硬度逐渐增加,随着激光功率的增加,覆层硬度逐渐降低。     

55Mn钢表面激光熔覆原位析出颗粒增强Ni基复合涂层的组织与性能

在楔横轧模具钢55Mn表面采用同轴送粉CO2激光熔覆WE—TiCp／镍基合金复合粉末，在增碳、锆条件下可获得成形好、无裂纹、与基体冶金结合的熔覆层。熔覆层微观组织特征为γ-（Fe，Ni）基体上均匀分布的大量从液态析出的富含Ti、W、Zr的复合碳化物颗粒相。熔覆层表层颗粒尺寸约为7～8μm，颗粒数量约为3500个／mm^2；熔覆层中部析出颗粒数目约为42100个／mm^2，尺寸约为1～3μm；熔覆层底部析出颗粒尺寸约为1～2μm，颗粒数量约为16800个／mm^2。中部区域个别析出颗粒相中间出现黑色圆点状组织。激光熔覆后模具钢表面形成3个不同的硬度分布区域，激光熔覆层硬度为427HV0．2，深度1020μm；热影响区硬度为740HV0．2，深度780μm；基体的硬度为250HV0．2。激光熔覆后的硬度分布兼顾了模具使用要求和后续加工。无润滑的环块磨损试验发现：激光熔覆处理后的试样摩擦系数降低30％，耐磨性提高一倍。     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Rheology Feature of Simple Metal Melt

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

Secondary Recrystallization Behaviors of Grain-Oriented 6.5 wt% Silicon Steel Sheets Produced by Rolling and Nitriding Processes

By rolling and nitriding processes, 0.23- to 0.3-mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheets were produced. The core losses of grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel at frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 20 k Hz were lower than that of the grain-oriented 3 wt% silicon steel with the same thickness by 16.6–35.8%. The secondary recrystallization behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that the secondary recrystallization in high-silicon steel sheets develops more completely as the nitrogen content increases after nitriding, secondary recrystallized grain sizes become larger, and the sharpness of Goss texture increases. Because more {110}116 grains in the subsurface and the central layer of the sheets have a lot of 20°–45° high-energy boundaries in addition to Goss grains, {110}116 can be the main component through selective growth during secondary recrystallization when the inhibitor quantity is not enough and inhibitor intensity is weaker. The increases in nitrogen content can increase the inhibitor intensity and hinder abnormal growth of a mount of {110}116 grains and therefore enhance the sharpness of Goss texture.     

Laser Cladded TiCN Coatings on the Surface of Titanium

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80?滋m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis