基于热加工图的双相不锈钢热成形机制及工艺优化

采用Gleelbe-3500热力模拟试验机对2507双相不锈钢在900～1 150℃,以0.01～10 s^-1的应变速率进行了单向热压缩试验,以研究热变形参数对其热加工行为的影响。根据热压缩变形时的真应力-真应变曲线获得双相不锈钢基于动态材料模型理论的热加工图,并通过金相检验对热加工图进行验证。结果表明：2507双相不锈钢的真应力-真应变曲线有两个特征,即高温或应变速率较大时的动态回复和低温或应变速率较小时的动态再结晶。根据热变形方程计算得到该双相不锈钢的热变形激活能Q为473.01 kJ/mol,并构建了峰值应力本构方程。结合不同变形条件下的应力-应变曲线和显微组织,建立了2507双相不锈钢的热加工图,并确定了其最佳的热加工工艺区间为变形温度950～1 100℃,应变速率0.01～0.85 s^-1,该区域的功率耗散系数均大于0.3,发生了明显的奥氏体动态再结晶。     

0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的热变形特性

为了探究0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的最佳动态再结晶条件和热变形机理,利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对试验钢进行了等温热压缩模拟试验,试验变形温度为750~1050 ℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^-1,变形量60%。结果表明,峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增大,在应变速率为0.01∼0.1 s^-1,变形温度为950~1050 ℃时,发生明显动态再结晶;具有双曲正弦函数型的本构方程能较好地描述0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的流变行为;0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的形变激活能为442.022 kJ/mol。基于动态材料模型和流变应力数据建立了热加工图。通过热加工图及微观组织的观察确定了变形温度950∼1050 ℃,应变速率0.01∼0.15 s^-1为最佳热变形条件;变形温度750∼950 ℃,应变速率1.2∼10 s^-1为流变失稳区。     

13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢热压缩变形行为与组织演变

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢进行单道次压缩变形试验,系统研究变形温度在950~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为。利用双曲正弦模型建立了13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢的流变应力本构方程,求得试验钢的热变形激活能为412 kJ/mol,并基于动态材料模型(DMM)理论绘制了材料的热加工图,得出材料的最佳热变形工艺参数窗口为:变形温度1032~1072 ℃,应变速率0.039~0.087 s^-1。组织演变结果表明,试验钢在高变形温度和低应变速率的条件下,容易发生动态再结晶。当应变速率一定时(0.01 s^-1),变形温度从950 ℃升到1050 ℃,动态再结晶的体积分数从18.7%升高到60.1%,组织的再结晶程度提高,晶粒均匀细小;当变形温度一定时(1050 ℃),随着应变速率的降低,动态再结晶的晶粒长大粗化。     

基于摩擦-温度双修正的Maraging250钢热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,通过热压缩试验研究了变形温度900~1200 ℃、应变速率0.001~10.0 s^-1时,Maraging250钢的热变形行为,综合考虑摩擦效应和变形热效应,对流变应力曲线进行摩擦修正和温度修正,建立双修正条件下的Maraging250钢本构方程和热加工图,并针对真应变为1.2的热加工图分析了试验钢在不同变形条件下的微观组织变化。结果表明,在相同试验条件下,变形温度降低或应变速率升高,摩擦效应对试验钢流变应力影响越显著;变形热仅在低温、高应变速率条件下对流变应力有显著影响。由变形热引起的最大温升约80 ℃、流变应力最大变化约20 MPa。利用双修正的流变应力曲线计算出试验钢的热变形激活能为393.552 02 kJ/mol,并建立了Z参数方程和本构方程,绘制了真应变ε=0.4、0.8和1.2的热加工图。结合微观组织分析,Maraging250钢在1000～1125 ℃、0.001～1.0 s^-1范围内能获得均匀细小的动态再结晶组织,具有较佳的热加工性能。     

GH141镍基高温合金的热变形行为和组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了GH141镍基高温合金在变形温度为1040～1160℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为和组织演变，分析变形温度和应变速率对流变行为的影响，对流变应力进行摩擦、温度和应变修正补偿，用修正后的流变应力构建更加精准的本构方程并绘制热加工图，分析不同热加工区的微观组织演变以验证得到的最优热加工区。结果表明：压缩流变应力对变形温度和应变速率较为敏感，综合摩擦、温度变化和应变补偿修正的本构方程能较好地预测不同变形条件下的热压缩流变应力，结合热加工图及不同热加工区域内的微观组织演变确定最优热加工区为变形温度1130～1145℃、应变速率为0.1～5 s^-1，此区域内动态再结晶完全，晶粒内部几乎不存在畸变，晶粒组织为等轴晶，且较均匀。     

316L/Q420双金属热变形行为及热加工图

为研究不锈钢和低合金高强钢双金属的高温变形行为，对316L/Q420双金属进行了温度为950～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1、最大变形量为50%的单向热压缩试验，通过观察试验结果，研究了该双金属的热变形行为，进而构建了基于Z参数的Arrhenius本构方程，并应用动态材料模型和Prasad失稳判据绘制了应变分别为0.1、0.3、0.5和0.7时的热加工图。结果表明，316L/Q420双金属热变形具有典型的动态再结晶型特征，流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小；根据所建本构方程得到的预测应力与试验值之间有良好的线性相关性。对应热加工图，综合分析了碳钢侧微观组织状态和脱碳层厚度，确定了最优热加工工艺窗口为：变形温度为1110～1150℃,应变速率为1.284～10 s^-1。     

X12CrMoWVNbN钢的热变形行为及热加工图

利用Gleeble3180热模拟试验机,在变形温度为950~1100 ℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s^-1,真应变为0.7的条件下,对X12CrMoWVNbN钢进行了高温单向热压缩试验。通过不同条件下的高温流变曲线分析了变形温度和应变速率对试验钢热变形力学行为的影响。以Arrhenius方程为本构模型,建立了能够预测该钢流动应力的本构方程。基于动态材料模型和试验参数、结果,绘制了该钢不同应变量下的热加工图并结合图进行了组织分析。结果表明,流变峰值应力和稳态应力随温度降低或应变速率升高而升高;功率耗散系数随应变速率降低和变形温度的升高而增大;最优热加工区域功率耗散系数η的值都在0.4以上,且这些区域的变形组织晶粒均匀细小;0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6应变下的最优热加工区域都处于变形温度1050~1100 ℃、应变速率0.001~0.003 s^-1的范围。     

AM355不锈钢的热变形行为

使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对锻造态AM355不锈钢进行等温热压缩试验,应变速率选择0.01~10 s^-1,变形温度选择1173~1423 K。热变形后的组织通过光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜进行观察。基于Arrhenius模型采用峰值应力构建了本构方程,并对其改进得到了准确度更高的本构方程。采用动态材料模型构建了热加工图。由热加工图与变形后的组织得到了真应变为0.9时的热加工窗口。结果表明,适用于AM355钢的最优热加工区域为变形温度1250~1300 K、应变速率0.01~0.03 s^-1与变形温度1300~1400 K、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1及变形温度1400~1423 K、应变速率0.5~10 s^-1,该区域下能量耗散率均小于0.36,且发生了完全的动态再结晶。此外,还确立了完全动态再结晶时奥氏体晶粒尺寸d_drx与Z参数的关系。     

30CrNi3MoV钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对30CrNi3MoV钢进行单向热压缩试验,研究了其在变形温度950~1150 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1的热变形行为,构建了应变补偿型流变应力本构方程,并绘制出该钢的热加工图。结果表明,30CrNi3MoV钢真应力-真应变曲线有3种不同特征:高温小应变速率时,表现为典型的动态再结晶过程;低温小应变速率时,曲线为动态回复特征;应变速率较大时,应力随应变的增大而增大,无明显的峰值应力。采用5次多项式拟合构建的应变耦合流变应力本构方程具有高的精确度,采用该方程获得的预测值与试验值的平均相对误差为3.2%,相关性系数R值为0.993。从热加工图中得到试验钢最佳的热加工工艺参数范围是:变形温度为1020~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.03~0.35 s^-1。     

退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为

为了研究退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为，利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机进行了单道次热压缩实验，获得了变形温度930～1230℃、应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的高温流变应力曲线。分别应用Arrhenius方程和Yada模型构建了42CrMo钢的高温本构模型和动态再结晶动力学模型，并基于动态材料模型应用不同变形条件下的峰值应力构建了其热加工图。结果表明，在大部分变形条件下，高温流变应力曲线呈典型动态再结晶特征，由于动态再结晶的作用，流变应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低而减小。基于峰值应力构建的42CrMo钢高温本构模型和动态再结晶模型可以用于预测不同变形条件下的流变应力和微观组织演变。此外，根据42CrMo钢的热加工图，最佳热加工工艺参数范围为1100～1230℃、0.01～1 s^-1。     

Hot Deformation Behavior of an Ultra-High-Strength Fe–Ni–Co-Based Maraging Steel

Hot processing behavior of an ultra-high-strength Fe–Ni–Co-based maraging steel was studied in temperature range of 900–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s~(-1). Deformation processing parameters and optimum hot working window were characterized via flow stress analysis, constitutive equation construction, hot processing map calculation and microstructure evolution, respectively. Critical strain value for dynamic recrystallization was determined through theoretical mathematical differential method: the inflection point of θ–σ and -αθ/ασ-σ curves. It was found that the flow stress increased with the decrease in deformation temperature and increase in the strain rate. The power dissipation maps in the strain range of 0.1–0.6 were entirely similar with the tendency of contour lines which implied that strain had no strong effect on the dissipation maps. Nevertheless, the instability maps showed obvious strain sensitivity with increasing strain, which was ascribed to the flow localization and instability. The optimized hot processing window of the experimental steel was obtained as 1100–1200 °C/0.001–1 s~(-1) and 1000–1100 °C/0.001–0.1 s~(-1), with the efficiency range of 20–40%. Owing to high Mo content in the experimental steel, high dynamic activation energy, Q = 439.311 kJ mol~(-1), was achieved, indicating that dynamic recrystallization was difficult to occur in the hot deformation process, which was proved via microstructure analysis under different hot deformation conditions.     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of a High Al-low Si Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steel: Microstructural Evolution and Flow Stress Behavior

Hot deformation behavior of a high Al-low Si transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel was studied by an MMS-300 thermo-simulation machine at the temperature range of 1050–1200℃ and strain rate range of 0.01–10s~(-1). The constitutive equations of the TRIP steel were established at high temperature by fitting the strain factor with a sixth-order polynomial. The instability during hot rolling was discussed using processing maps. The results reveal that two types of flow stress curves(dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery) were observed during the hot compression of the high Al-low Si TRIP steel. Flow stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The predicted flow stress of experimental TRIP steel is in agreement with the experimental values with an average absolute relative error of 4.49% and a coefficient of determination of 0.9952. According to the obtained processing maps, the TRIP steel exhibits a better workability at strain rate of 0.1s~(-1) and deformation temperature of 1200℃ as compared to other deformation conditions.     

35CrMoV钢高温塑性变形行为及其本构方程建立

为了研究35CrMoV钢的高温变形行为,借助Gleelble 3800型热模拟试验机,在应变速率为0.01~10 s^-1、变形温度为950~1150℃的条件下进行轴向单道次高温压缩试验,并根据试验结果绘制35CrMoV钢的流动应力-应变曲线。分析研究了变形温度、应变速率对流动应力的影响,计算了变形激活能Q及参数n、A、α的取值。试验结果表明:35CrMoV钢在950~1150℃进行压缩试验时,存在动态再结晶和动态回复两种流动应力-应变关系,当应变速率为0.01和0.1 s^-1时,其流动应力-应变曲线主要表现为动态再结晶型;当应变速率为1和10 s^-1时,其流动应力-应变曲线主要表现为动态回复型。在试验条件下获得35CrMoV钢的平均变形激活能Q为310.433 kJ·mol^-1,建立了用于描述35CrMoV钢流动应力、应变速率和变形温度三者之间关系的本构方程。     

新型Al-Mg-Si-RE合金的热变形行为

设计制备了4种不同Mg/Si比并添加稀土元素Ce、Er、Zr和B的新型Al-Mg-Si合金,并研究了其显微组织与导电率及抗拉强度。然后以一种优化成分的Al-Mg-Si-RE合金为研究对象,通过 Gleeble-3500热模拟机进行热压缩试验,研究了变形温度为300~450 ℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s^-1时该新型合金的热变形行为。通过试验数据构建该合金的本构方程和热加工图,通过光学显微镜研究显微组织的演变。结果表明,当Mg/Si比为1.4时,该合金具有优异的性能,该合金流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。计算得到该合金的热变形激活能为176.188 kJ/mol,所得本构方程对该合金的流变行为具有指导作用。由热加工图可知,该合金适宜在变形温度为300~320 ℃,应变速率为0.001~0.015 s^-1或变形温度为430~450 ℃,应变速率为0.001 s^-1或1 s^-1附近的条件下进行热加工。     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of a Medium Manganese TRIP Steel

The hot deformation behavior of a medium-Mn steel was studied in terms of hot compression flow curves in the temperature range of 850–1050 ℃ and strain rates of 0.05–10 s~(-1).The thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out and suggested that the microstructure during deformation was completely austenite which had high tendency for dynamic recrystallization(DRX).The flow behavior was characterized by significant flow softening at deformation temperatures of 950–1050 ℃ and lower strain rates of 0.05–5 s~(-1), which was attributed to heating during deformation, DRX and flow instability.A step-by-step calculating procedure for constitutive equations is proposed.The verification of the modified equations indicated that the developed constitutive models could accurately describe the flow softening behavior of studied steel.Additionally, according to the processing maps and microstructure analysis, it suggested that hot working of medium Mn steel should be carried out at 1050 ℃, and the strain rate of 0.05–10 s~(-1) resulted in significantly recrystallized microstructures in the in steel.The flow localization is mainly flow instability mechanism for experimental steel.     

挤压态HAl61-4-3-1合金高温本构模型构建及其加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机在变形温度为600~800℃和应变速率为0.01~10 s^-1时对HAl61-4-3-1铝黄铜合金进行等温热压缩实验,对实验所获得真实应力-应变曲线进行摩擦修正,并以修正后的应力应变数据构建了考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型。其次,根据修正的应力应变数据构建了应变为0.3、0.6和0.9时HAl61-4-3-1合金的热加工图,并结合变形后微观组织确定了合金的失稳区和安全加工区域。结果表明:该合金在实验范围内的最佳工艺参数为:600~800℃&0.01~0.1 s^-1,660~740℃&0.1~10 s^-1和740~800℃&0.1~4 s^-1,其变形机制主要为动态再结晶和动态回复。     

Deformation behavior of TiNiFe alloy in isothermal compression

The hot deformation behavior of TiNiFe shape memory alloy was studied by isothermal compression tests.It was performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation machine at deformation temperature of 750 to 1 050 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01 to 10.00 s 1 with maximum strain of 0.8.Deformation mechamism was investigated by the aid of true stress-true strain curves,kinetic analysis and processing map.The constitutive relationship was established in the form of Arrhenius-type hyperbolic-sine equation,and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be approximately 200 kJ·mol-1.The processing maps of TiNiFe alloy were appreciably influenced by true strain.