转向架用S355J2W钢MAG焊接接头残余应力研究

利用X射线衍射法和超声临界折射纵波法测量和分析S355J2W钢MAG焊接接头的起弧区、中心区和收弧区残余应力。结果表明:超声波法和X射线衍射法均可用于S355J2W钢MAG焊接接头的残余应力测量,在焊缝和热影响区,超声波法的应力测量值比X射线法的大30~40 MPa。各测试区残余应力分布趋势相近,在焊缝及近缝热影响区为数值较大的残余拉应力,远离焊缝中心的母材为压应力。中心区的残余应力峰值大于起弧区和收弧区。     

船用中厚板EH36多层多道焊接的残余应力研究

为探索EH36焊接区域的应力场分布机理,基于热弹塑性理论和热-结构耦合方法,考虑焊接温度场对残余应力场的影响,对船用高强度钢EH36多道焊进行了数值计算和试验验证。结果表明:焊接冷却时,焊缝区域受到拉伸应力而产生纵向最大拉应力为364 MPa,并很快过渡到压应力;焊缝两端承受的横向最大压应力为320 MPa,中间拉应力变化幅值少于20 MPa;通过X射线衍射测量焊件表面残余应力,测量结果与模拟结果吻合,说明上述分析方法对于EH36焊接工艺设计优化具有较好的指导作用。     

中厚板2219铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊焊接残余应力及微观组织演变

为了研究双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊缝内部焊接残余应力的大小及分布情况，本研究采用短波X射线衍射进行焊接件内部残余应力的无损检测分析；采用光学显微分析、显微硬度和电子背散射衍射（Electron Back-scattering Patterns,EBSD）对焊缝的前进侧和后退侧的母材、热影响区、热机械影响区和焊核区的组织结构演变进行了分析。金相观察结果显示双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的接头组织在厚度方向上近似于对称分布，呈“腰鼓形”，焊核区与热机影响区的界面为近似双曲线，前进侧热机影响区的分界线更明显。EBSD扫描结果显示热影响区、热机械影响区均存在较强的形变组织；焊核区在剪切变形和焊接循环热的双重影响下发生了动态再结晶，主要为弱取向组织，小角度晶界含量较大。短波X射线衍射结果表明，双轴肩FSW焊接板内部板厚中心层，纵向方向残余应力均大于横向方向；沿着焊缝，拉应力较大区间位于距焊缝起始端150～250 mm的范围内，最大拉应力为244 MPa。     

2219铝合金TIG焊接头残余应力分布

利用钨极氩弧焊获得了2219铝合金焊接接头,分析了接头力学性能和微观组织。采用X射线衍射法对2219铝合金TIG焊接头进行表面残余应力测试,获得了焊接接头表面残余应力分布,并对2219铝合金焊接接头表面残余应力分布的规律进行了分析。结果表明,该工艺条件下接头力学性能稳定。接头纵截面上存在横向应力及纵向应力稳定区,最大横向拉应力和压应力分别为55 MPa和114 MPa,分别位于焊缝中部和起弧点;最大纵向拉应力为165 MPa,位于焊缝中部热影响区。接头横截面上,仅在焊缝及靠近焊缝区域存在纵向拉应力,远离焊缝的区域处于压应力状态。     

激光冲击强化对异型材焊接接头性能的影响

为了研究激光冲击强化对异型材焊接接头性能的影响,对5 mm厚40Cr钢与45钢焊接接头进行激光冲击处理,分析了冲击后凹坑形貌以及冲击前后焊接接头残余应力、显微硬度的变化情况。结果表明,焊接接头不同区域产生不同程度的压塑性变形;焊缝区和热影响区的残余拉应力变为压应力,且在焊缝中心处有最大平均残余压应力396 MPa;冲击后焊接接头的显微硬度也得到一定程度的提高。激光冲击强化有效地提高了异型材焊接接头的性能。     

预热温度对微弧等离子弧单道焊残余应力和性能的影响

文中通过数值模拟建立了微弧等离子弧焊的模型,研究了不同预热温度对微弧等离子弧单道焊残余应力的影响规律,通过X射线残余应力仪测量了焊后件的残余应力,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,等离子弧堆焊过程中的预热提高了热输入,使焊接熔池变深,热影响区变宽;焊后最大残余应力发生在热影响区内,最大残余应力在y方向上,最大值为1 022 MPa,且为拉应力。随着预热温度的提高,最大残余应力逐步下降,最大残余应力区域逐步向外扩展,趋势与热影响区的一致。最大显微硬度值在热影响区,随着预热温度的提高,硬度逐步在提高。热影响区内产生的马氏体组织是硬度提高的根本原因。     

激光冲击对45钢-40Cr钢焊接接头组织与性能的影响

为探讨激光冲击处理对45钢-40Cr钢焊接接头组织性能的影响,对激光冲击前后接头各区域的显微组织、残余应力与显微硬度进行了测试。结果表明:焊接接头经激光冲击后,焊缝区原有的马氏体组织在冲击波的作用下分解为细小的马氏体组织;冲击区域内焊缝区、热影响区以及母材区的残余拉应力都变为压应力,并且焊缝中心处有最大平均残余压应力-395 MPa;激光冲击使接头各区域的硬度值有不同程度的提高,热影响区附近提高了约60 HV0.3,焊缝中心提高了约40 HV0.3,且其硬度影响层深度都约为0.5 mm。     

套管结构异种金属多层多道焊接数值模拟

采用SYSWELD焊接专用模拟软件模拟分析套管结构异种金属多层多道焊接温度场和应力场,并采用金相截面和X射线衍射应力测试校核模型。结果表明,采用校核后的热源模型模拟的焊接温度场推断形成的焊缝截面与实际一致,焊缝根部节点温度随时间变化曲线存在14个温度起伏,每个起伏有2个温度峰值;采用X射线衍射实测残余应力与模拟结果基本吻合,不同焊接位置的轴向残余应力分布规律相同,焊接位置为0°和90°时轴向残余应力较大,最大残余应力数值接近300 MPa;不同焊接位置环向残余应力数值大小分布相同,距离首道焊缝根部15 mm处的最大环向残余压应力接近300 MPa;最大Von Mises应力出现在低合金钢热影响区,90°焊接位置最大Von Mises应力值为377 MPa。     

焊后热处理对TA2钛板氩弧焊接头显微组织和性能的影响

采用氩弧焊焊接TA2钛板，然后对焊态和焊后热处理后的组织与力学性能进行对比分析。结果表明，TA2钛板氩弧焊接头的焊缝宽度约为6 mm,热影响区宽度约为4 mm;焊缝组织主要由β等轴晶+内部针状α马氏体+少量α′马氏体构成，热影响区组织主要由α板条晶粒构成；焊缝硬度最高为195 HV0.5左右，电阻率比母材高且残余应力最大，横向和纵向残余应力分别达到500 MPa和225 MPa;经550℃焊后热处理后，焊缝晶粒尺寸与焊态基本一致，热影响区晶粒显著变小，焊接接头硬度显著增加，电阻率和残余应力都有所降低；经600℃焊后热处理后，焊接接头晶粒尺寸、显微硬度、电阻率与焊态基本一致，残余应力显著减小；经650℃焊后热处理后，焊接接头晶粒尺寸显著长大，显微硬度和电阻率降低，残余应力显著减小。     

2A12铝合金焊接接头超声冲击强化机理分析

使用ZJ-Ⅱ型超声波冲击设备对2A12铝合金焊接接头进行了超声冲击处理。用金相显微镜观察分析了超声冲击强化处理前后焊缝断面的显微组织,用显微硬度计测试了焊缝断面的显微硬度,用X射线应力仪测定了残余应力沿焊接接头表面横向的分布.通过以上分析,研究了铝合金焊接接头超声冲击强化的微观机理。结果表明,超声冲击处理可以在焊缝表面形成300μm左右的塑性变形层,焊缝中气孔、缩松等缺陷明显减少,焊接接头表面和断面显微硬度明显提高。消除了焊接接头表面残余拉应力,形成了残余压应力。     

Microstructure,hardness and residual stress distribution in maraging steel gas tungsten arc weldments

Abstract

The distribution of residual stresses due to welding has been studied in maraging steel welds. Gas tungsten arc welding process was used and the effect of filler metal composition on the nature of residual stress distribution has been investigated using X-ray diffraction technique with Cr K_α radiation. Three types of filler materials were used, they include: maraging filler, austenitic stainless steel and medium alloy medium carbon steel filler metal. In the case of maraging steel weld, medium alloy medium carbon filler, the residual stress at the centre of the weld zone was more compressive while, less compressive stresses have been identified in the heat affected zone of the parent metal adjacent to the weld metal. But, in the case of austenitic stainless steel filler the residual stresses at the centre of the weld and heat affected zone were tensile. Post-weld aging treatment reduced the magnitude of stresses. The observed residual stress distribution across the weldments has been correlated with microstructure and hardness distribution across the weld.     

2195-F态铝锂合金TIG焊和FSW焊后残余应力分析

采用盲孔法和压痕法,分别对2195-F态铝锂合金手工TIG焊和FSW焊后残余应力进行测量. 结果表明,盲孔法的测量值普遍高于压痕法. 两种焊接方法,近焊缝区的纵向应力均高于横向应力;横向应力整体表现为压应力或小于50 MPa的拉应力;纵向应力在热影响区附近表现为大于焊缝的拉应力. 焊缝区附近,手工TIG焊纵向残余应力大于FSW,且纵向残余应力表现为较大的拉应力,最大值接近于接头的屈服强度;焊缝区外,手工TIG焊和FSW残余应力值相差不大,其横向残余应力基本表现为很小的拉应力或者压应力.     

基于弹性模量变化的7A52铝合金VPPA-MIG复合焊接残余应力测试

采用虚拟仪器和NI数据采集卡搭建了一种以小孔法为核心的残余应力测试系统,分析了7A52铝合金VPPA-MIG复合焊后残余应力的分布情况. 为降低弹性模量误差对最终测量结果的影响,通过实测复合焊接接头不同区域的弹性模量,拟合弹性模量随测量点位置变化的曲线来修正弹性模量误差. 针对10 mm厚7A52铝合金板材,完成了VPPA-MIG复合焊接残余应力测试试验. 结果表明,焊缝两侧各区域上的残余应力分布基本关于焊缝对称,熔合区出现最大拉应力,最大横向残余应力σ_y与纵向残余应力σ_x分别为118和223 MPa. 从熔合区至热影响区,残余应力均为拉应力,逐渐减小且高于焊缝中心的残余应力. 与单MIG焊相比,复合焊的最大横向残余应力与纵向残余应力大于MIG焊,但高应力区比MIG焊窄.     

Distribution Features of the Residual Stress For T-Joints by Laser Welding

The residual stress of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel by YAG laser welding was measured by the method of hole-drilling,and the effects of heat treatment and hardness distribution of weld joints on the distribution of residual stress for T-joints were analyzed.The results showed that the maximum of longitudinal residual tensile stress for T-joints was about 140MPa.The maximum of residual stress was not more than 40MPa after heat treatment,the peak of residual stress reduced obviously.The gradient of residual stress distribution was also reduced significantly.Strain hardening phenomenon occurred for T-joints,and the hardness of weld and heat affected zone was both higher than the hardness of base metal,the peak of hardness occurred in the fusion line.The effect of strain hardening phenomenon of weld and heat affected zone on the residual stress distribution of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel was obvious,which made longitudinal residual tensile stress become higher.     

激光-氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金残余应力分析

采用冲击压痕法,对激光-氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金AZ31B焊缝的残余应力进行了测量,分别测量了300mm长镁合金的焊接接头沿焊缝方向和垂直焊缝方向上的残余应力.在此基础上运用有限元分析软件建立了相应的残余应力场,补充和完善了实际测量的数据.在焊缝中间区域得到垂直于焊缝方向上的最大残余应力在200～300MPa之间;在距焊接接头的中5～10 mm处得到最大压应力值,一般小于100MPa.通过对实际测量和模拟数据的综合分析,基本掌握了激光-氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金残余应力的分布规律和特征.     

Assessment of residual stress of welded structural steel plates with or without post weld rolling using the contour method and neutron diffraction

The post-welding rolling technique was used to modify the welding residual stress profile of butt joints of S355 structural steel. Two different residual stress measurement techniques were used: contour method and neutron diffraction. A good agreement between the results of both measurement techniques was found, illustrating the capability of the contour method to provide data otherwise available only using costly neutron and synchrotron radiation. The effect of post-weld roller tensioning on residual stress consisted in a substantial change in residual stress profile, with the large tensile stresses along the weld seam becoming compressive     

Measurement of residual stresses in dissimilar friction stir-welded aluminium and copper plates using the contour method

The longitudinal residual stresses in the friction stir-welded plates of 5A06 aluminium and pure copper were determined using the contour method. The results revealed the presence of high tensile and compressive residual stresses on the aluminium and copper sides, respectively. The residual stresses were detected on the weld zone as well as the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the aluminium plate. In contrast, the compressive residual stresses in the copper plate had a much narrower width along the weld line. Peak tensile stresses up to 240?MPa were found in the TMAZ of the aluminium plate.     

Study on residual stress in socket weld by numerical simulation and experiment

In this paper, welding residual stress in socket weld of 304L stainless steel pipe was investigated using numerical simulation and validated by X-ray stress measurement. From the simulation results, the maximum tensile residual stresses were located at weld root and weld toe on both sides of the weld along pipe, which led to the fatigue failure. Pre-bevelling and low transformation temperature (LTT) dressing could decrease tensile residual stress both in hoop and axial direction at weld root and weld toe. After LTT dressing, compressive residual stress was generated throughout weld toe. Compressive stress can delay fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, pre-bevelling and LTT dressing can improve the fatigue life of socket weld.     

不同工艺下超强钢点焊残余应力的试验分析

为了分析在不同工艺下电阻点焊对超强钢焊接构件内部残余应力的影响,文中试验选用B1500HS快冷淬火后的超高强钢薄板,通过德国NIMAK点焊机器人进行电阻点焊,制备焊接构件,并通过X射线衍射法测量点焊构件焊核区、热影响区、母材区表面处的残余应力,分别从电极直径、焊接电流、锻压力方面考察不同工艺对超强钢点焊构件残余应力的影响. 结果表明,残余应力以焊核为中心基本呈对称分布,从焊核到母材,数值先增大后减小,在热影响区处达到最大值且为拉应力,远离焊核区降低为压应力,且拉应力最大值明显高于压应力最大值;残余应力随电极直径增大而增大;残余应力随着电流增大其最大值先增大后减小;锻压力可以降低残余应力峰值.     

热沉影响钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的试验分析

采用切条应力释放法测量了钛合金TC4薄板常规钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)和动态控制低应力无变形GTAW对接试件中的纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布。测量结果表明,钛合金常规GTAW缝中残余拉应力峰值小于其母材屈服强度,焊缝附近存在残余压缩塑性应变;动态控制低应力无变形GTAW焊技术中热沉的冷却作用使得热源与热沉之间的高温金属承受强烈的拉伸作用,产生拉伸塑性变形,部分抵消了焊接过程中已产生的缩短的塑性变形,使得试件中纵向残余塑性应变减小,焊接残余拉应力峰值降低,残余压应力水平降低。切条应力释放法是一种简便有效的薄板焊后残余应力测量方法,能够满足工程应用的精度要求。