热作模具钢热疲劳行为的研究现状

热作模具工作过程中在承受上、下限温度循环的同时受到循环的机械应力,致使模具表层金属产生塑性变形,进而导致热裂纹萌生、扩展,形成热疲劳,热疲劳失效作为热作模具最主要的失效形式之一受到广泛关注。为此,本文叙述了热作模具钢热疲劳裂纹的测试方法、研究进展、失效机理及其评定标准,总结了热作模具钢热疲劳寿命的预测模型,展望了热作模具钢热疲劳行为的研究方向,预期对准确预测热作模具钢热疲劳寿命起推动作用。     

H13热作模具钢热-机械疲劳损伤和寿命的预测

采用MTS热-机械疲劳试验机测定了H13热作模具钢在200～600℃、机械应变为0. 7%和0. 9%的同相和反相热-机械疲劳寿命,并基于循环损伤理论采用Ostergren寿命预测模型预测了H13钢的疲劳损伤和疲劳寿命。结果表明:无论是同相还是反相热-机械疲劳,其应力-应变响应曲线均明显不对称;高温半周的应力-应变响应曲线出现明显的应力松弛,且其塑性应变高于低温半周;随着循环周次的增加,H13钢的滞回能逐渐增大,机械应变增加,损伤加剧;与反相热-机械疲劳相比,H13钢的同相热-机械疲劳寿命更高。采用Ostergren寿命预测模型获得的机械应变为0. 7%和0. 9%的H13钢同相和反相热-机械疲劳寿命分别为323和313周次及198和194周次,均与实测值较为吻合。     

脉冲电流对热作模具钢热疲劳性能的影响

对热作模具钢进行了脉冲电流处理,研究了脉冲电流处理阶段、脉冲电流持续时间和脉冲电流密度对热作模具钢热疲劳裂纹形貌和裂纹扩展速率的影响,并分析了热疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的规律,探讨了其作用机理。结果表明,对热作模具钢进行脉冲电流处理可以提高模具钢的抗热疲劳性能,且在热疲劳循环过程中而不是在初始回火态下进行脉冲电流处理可以获得最佳的抗热疲劳性能;脉冲电流持续时间的延长可以有效缩短热疲劳过程中的最大裂纹长度和减少次生裂纹数量,表面龟裂现象有所减缓,还可以降低模具钢试样的热疲劳裂纹扩展速率;脉冲电流密度的增加不仅可以延长疲劳裂纹萌生的时间,还可以降低模具钢试样的热疲劳裂纹扩展速率,从而提高模具钢热疲劳循环服役寿命;经过脉冲电流处理后的模具钢在细晶强化、位错强化和弥散强化的共同作用下,热疲劳性能得到提升。     

IN718镍基高温合金的热机械疲劳性能

对IN718镍基高温合金进行温度循环为350～650℃及不同应变幅条件下的同相(IP)和反相(OP)热机械疲劳试验;比较同相和反相的热机械疲劳循环应力响应行为、滞后回线以及疲劳寿命;运用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对材料的微观结构以及断口特征进行分析。结果表明:IN718合金的热机械疲劳应力-应变滞后回线最大拉应力与压应力不对称,表明合金在350～650℃范围内高温时抵抗变形阻力较小;合金的循环应力响应行为在低应变幅的同相热机械疲劳的高温半周呈现循环硬化现象,其余情况均为循环软化现象;合金的同相热机械疲劳寿命明显低于反相热机械疲劳寿命,合金热机械疲劳寿命在应变幅超过0.6%的条件下符合Coffin-Manson方程,在应变幅0.4%的情况下实际疲劳寿命值偏高;IN718合金的同相热机械疲劳的疲劳源处断口为沿晶断裂,反相热机械疲劳的为穿晶断裂,裂纹扩展区和瞬断区均为韧窝断裂。     

一种高性能的新型热作模具钢

在锻造过程中锻模承受高的机械应力和热应力。模具寿命随着诸如钢种、钢的质量、热处理工艺规程,表面处理、模具尺寸、设计、硬度、当然还有生产条件等一些因素而变化的,除热磨损,塑性变形和热疲劳外,严重的开胆在很多锻造生产中的一个主要问题。模具钢必须拥有很高而且各向同性的延异性和韧性,以抵抗在锻造过程中由高机械应力和热应力导致的热疲劳开裂以及不稳定纹的扩展。本篇文章中将介绍一种新的热作具钢。并且与现有的锻模     

V/C对铸造热作模具钢热疲劳性能的影响

采用自约束热疲劳试验方法,研究了不同V/C对铸造热作模具钢热疲劳性能的影响,并对比研究了铸造热作模具钢和H13钢的热疲劳性能。结果表明,铸造热作模具钢的热疲劳属高周热疲劳,其热疲劳性能取决于钢的热强性和热稳定性。随着V/C增加,热疲劳抗力先增后减,当V/C比为3.0时,组织中析出了细小弥散的VC,改善了钢的热强性和热稳定性,热疲劳抗力最高。铸造热作模具钢的热疲劳性能明显高于H13钢。     

热处理对Ti-22Al-27Nb合金热疲劳断裂行为的影响

研究了粉末烧结Ti—22Al—27Nb合金(原子分数，％)在不同热处理工艺条件下的热疲劳行为。结果表明，热处理状态下合金的热疲劳寿命得到了明显的提高。与烧结态相比，烧结后经1100℃固溶和810℃时效处理后，合金中沿晶分布O相组织较为细小，热疲劳断裂抗力较高，可以使试样的热疲劳寿命提高近3倍。     

热作模具钢热疲劳机理及性能改善的研究现状

热作模具钢的热疲劳性能是影响模具使用寿命的主要因素。对热作模具钢热疲劳性能的研究现状和评定方法进行了阐述,分析了组织演变、裂纹萌生和扩展对热疲劳性能的影响。同时对影响热疲劳性能的因素和改善热疲劳性能的方法进行了探讨和总结,并针对热作模具钢热疲劳研究的趋势进行了展望。     

Ti-62222合金的热机械疲劳行为

研究了Ti-62222合金在200-400℃内不同机械应变幅的热机械疲劳(TMF)行为和等温疲劳(IF)行为.结果表明,200℃的IF寿命高于400℃的IF寿命,同相位的TMF寿命高于反相位的TMF寿命.IF寿命与TMF寿命对比,同相位的TMF寿命高于200℃的IF寿命,反相位的TMF寿命高于400℃的IF寿命.在不同应变幅下,TMF应力响应曲线和IF应力响应曲线不同.SEM断口和纵向剖面金相观察表明,穿晶断裂是主要破坏方式.     

新型热作模具钢的热疲劳性能

研究新型热作模具钢分别在1050、1080和1100 ℃奥氏体化后淬火,580 ℃二次回火后的热疲劳性能.结果表明:本试验条件下的新型热作模具钢在1080 ℃奥氏体化后淬火,再经过580 ℃二次回火具有较高的热疲劳性能.     

应变幅和相角度对热障涂层材料系统热机械疲劳性能的影响

热障涂层作为燃气轮机高温部件的关键材料,其服役过程中的脱落与失效机理一直是研究的热点问题。本文主要研究了应变幅和相角度对含热障涂层的镍基高温合金热机械疲劳性能的影响。研究结果表明,在相同相角度下,热机械疲劳寿命随应变幅的增大而降低。固定应变幅,同相位下样品的热机械疲劳寿命要高于反相位样品。所有样品中,裂纹萌生于热生长氧化物层,在粘结层与陶瓷层界面扩展形成分层裂纹,分层裂纹与陶瓷层内贯穿裂纹连接起来导致大面积的陶瓷层剥落,从而导致TBC层失效。另外,本文分析了热障涂层中的应力分布,初步建立了含热障涂层的镍基高温合金热机械疲劳寿命模型,发现含热障涂层的镍基高温合金热机械疲劳寿命与涂层中的最大应力呈指数关系。     

EXPERIENCE WITH THERMOMECHANICAL FATIGUE UNDER SERVICE-TYPE LOADING

The thermomechanical fatigue behaviour of different high temperature alloys has been investigated and is under investigation respectively. The creep-fatigue behaviour of heat resistant steels was investigated by long-term service-type strain cycling tests simulating thermomechanical fatigue (TMF-) loading conditions at the heated surface of e.g. turbine rotors. Single-stage as well as three-stage cycles leads to similar results at the application of the damage accumulation rule. Life prediction which simulates typical combinations of cold starts, warm starts and hot starts has been established successfully for isothermal service-type loading and will be exceeded for thermomechanical loading. Long-term thermomechanical fatigue testing of Thermal Barrier Coating systems show typical delamination damage. An advanced TMF cruciform testing system enables complex multiaxial loading.     

Thermomechanical fatigue behaviours of a third generation γ-TiAl based alloy

In order to clarify the behaviours of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of a third generation γ-TiAl based alloy, the influence of related microstructural instability during TMF process on stress–strain response, fatigue life and fracture way under in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) loading mode was investigated. Cyclic softening at high temperature (>700 °C) arises from the dissolution of α₂ lamellae and recrystallization of γ phase. Cyclic hardening at low temperature (<550 °C) is caused by strong interaction between dislocations. As temperature increases, the mean stress and remained plastic strain range increase, leading to severe TMF damage. Owing to the formation of superfine γ grains in IP condition, a superimposed effect of creep and fatigue damage contributes to the TMF failure. OP loading mode brings about the coarsening of primary equiaxed γ grains. Fatigue damage displays the intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage fracture ways of coarse γ grains.     

Role of grain orientation in the failure of Sn-based solder joints under thermomechanical fatigue

A small Pb-free solder joint exhibits an extremely strong anisotropy due to the bodycentered tetragonal (BCT) lattice structure of β-Sn. Grain orientations can significantly influence the failure mode of Pb-free solder joints under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) due to the coeffcient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of β-Sn grains. The research work in this paper focused on the microstructure and damage evolution of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu BGA packages as well as individual Sn3.5Ag solder joints without constraints introduced by the package structure under TMF tests. The microstructure and damage evolution in cross-sections of solder joints under thermomechanical shock tests were characterized using optical microscopy with cross-polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and orientations of Sn grains were determined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). During TMF, obvious recrystallization regions were observed with different thermomechanical responses depending on Sn grain orientations. It indicates that substantial stresses can build up at grain boundaries, leading to significant grain boundary sliding. The results show that recrystallized grains prefer to nucleate along pre-existing high-angle grain boundaries and fatigue cracks tend to propagate intergranularly in recrystallized regions, leading to an accelerated damage after recrystallization.     

添加Ce对5CrNiMo钢强度和韧性的影响及低周疲劳寿命的估算

在5CrNiMo热作模具钢中分别添加4种不同含量Ce后,对其强度、韧性和弹性模量的变化及其低周疲劳寿命进行了测试和估算.结果表明,在适当的范围内添加Ce可显著提高强度和韧性,当Ce添加量为0.20%(质量分数)时,5CrNiMo钢的强度、韧性最好,比不添加Ce的钢在相同断裂循环数N'f=100时,总应变范围△εT提高61.2%.     

Thermomechanical and isothermal fatigue behaviour of type 316 stainless steel base metal,weld metal,and joint

Abstract

In phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) in the temperature range 573–973 K (300–700°C) and isothermal fatigue behaviour at 973 K in air were studied for type 316 stainless steel using smooth cylindrical specimens machined from base metal, weld metal, and the weld joint (cross-weld). In all joint specimens, fatigue failure occurred in the weld metal region. The lifetimes of weld metal and joint specimens were almost equal and were always inferior to those of base metal specimens. In the base metal, the effect of strain rate on the isothermal fatigue life was not very significant. Although TMF lifetimes were always a little shorter than the isothermal fatigue lifetimes in base metal, the difference was small for the same mechanical strain range and similar strain rate. This may be because the fracture mode for both types of loading was of a similar mixed type. Conversely, a dramatic reduction in lifetime was observed in weld metal and joint specimens under TMF in comparison with isothermal fatigue. This was attributed to the additional damage caused by many independent subsurface cracks at σ phase boundaries and linkage of these cracks with the surface crack, leading to rapid crack propagation. The δ ferrite in the weld metal completely transformed to σ phase in both the isothermal fatigue and TMF tests.     

Thermomechanical fatigue behaviour of a third generation γ-TiAl intermetallic alloy

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests with loading conditions involving a combined thermal and mechanical strain cycle were carried out on a third generation γ-TiAl alloy with fine duplex microstructure. The experiments were conducted at a total strain amplitude of 0.6% in out-of-phase (OP) and in-phase (IP) modes. The temperature range was kept constant at 250 °C and the maximum temperatures applied were 700, 750 and 800 °C. The TMF results revealed that thermomechanical loading conditions must be considered as very crucial for the design of components made of γ-TiAl alloys. In particular, out-of-phase loading conditions reduce fatigue life tremendously as compared to the corresponding isothermal conditions. The very short out-of-phase loading life can be attributed to an accelerated oxidation-induced crack initiation during tension in the low-temperature part of the TMF cycle and is a consequence of the formation of an embrittled zone at the surface during the high-temperature part of the loading cycle.     

延长辊锻热成形模寿命的综合技术措施

辊锻模具在工作时不仅受到高的弯曲及挤压应力的作用，而且还受到重复剧烈的急热急冷的作用，往往呈现有机械疲劳断裂和脆性断裂、磨损、塌陷等多种失效形式。因工作条件的不同，辊锻模寿命相差也极为悬殊。本文介绍了提高辊锻热成形模寿命的综合技术措施。     

铸造热锻模具钢的研究与应用

与锻造模具钢相比，铸造模具钢虽然韧性低，但强度高，红硬性好，具有较低的缺口敏感性和较高的抗热疲劳性，国内外都对铸造热锻模具钢进行了大量的研究。新型铸造热锻模具钢（CHD钢）由于具有较高的强韧性和高温稳定性，使用寿命高于锻造模具，具有广阔应用前景。