难熔高熵合金的强韧化途径与调控机理

在众多高熵合金中,由5种或5种以上的难熔金属元素,按照等原子比或者近等原子比混合形成的难熔高熵合金,凭借稳定的相结构和优异的高温性能,在高温材料领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文从难熔高熵合金的研究现状出发,综述典型难熔高熵合金的微观组织和相组成、室温和高温力学性能、强韧化机理与力学性能调控,并对未来难熔高熵合金的研究开发进行展望。首先,将难熔高熵合金按照组成相进行分类,分析了难熔高熵合金的微观组织和相组成,然后总结了难熔高熵合金的室温和高温力学性能与强韧化机理,并讨论了3种不同的强韧化方案,即化学成分调控、工艺调控和相结构调控。最后对未来难熔高熵合金的发展进行了展望,并对其未来重点研究方向提出了如下建议：借助计算机等技术,模拟与计算材料的性能与形成相,构建难熔高熵合金的研究平台与数据库;借助组合实验方法,加快筛选新的难熔高熵合金;掌握自上而下和自下而上的实验方法,探究性能优异的新型难熔高熵合金体系。     

抗辐照材料研究进展

用于核反应堆的新候选材料研发是一项重要任务。由于反应堆环境恶劣,堆芯材料在高温下应具有良好的综合性能,如良好的强度、延展性、耐腐蚀性能和耐辐照性能等。此外,还应考虑低中子吸收横截面和中子活化。典型的空间核反应堆核心材料的选择主要由工作温度决定。随着反应堆设计工作温度的升高,一般以316不锈钢、镍基高温合金、氧化物分散强化（ODS）钢、铌合金、难熔金属和SiC陶瓷的顺序来选择设计堆芯材料。此外,高熵合金已经引起核领域的广泛关注。本文综述了以上不同材料体系在辐照过程中的力学性能演变,为进一步提升抗辐照性能提供研究指导。     

难熔金属高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金以全新的设计理念及优异的性能引起广泛关注。难熔高熵合金（RHEAs）作为高熵合金的一类，主要由BCC晶体结构构成，具有高强高硬的特点，同时具有抗高温软化能力。本文针对难熔高熵合金制备方法、相结构、组织形貌、力学性能、应用领域等方面进行阐述，并对难熔高熵合金的发展方向进行了展望。     

高熵合金的发展及工业应用展望

高熵合金是近十几年来出现的一类新型金属材料,通常由5种或5种以上的元素以等原子比或近等原子比构成,形成以固溶体相为主的组织结构。高熵合金概念的提出,突破了传统合金的设计理念,极大拓展了合金设计的空间。由于具有大晶格畸变、高混合熵、原子缓慢扩散和"鸡尾酒"效应等多重效应,高熵合金显示出高强度、高韧性、高硬度、异常优异的低温韧性、优异的耐腐蚀和抗辐照等独特性能。通过对高熵合金目前研究现状的系统总结,探讨了高熵合金作为一种新型结构材料在核能和石油工业等多个领域极端服役条件下的应用前景,着重分析了高熵合金在钻杆接头耐磨带、抗腐蚀套管和高性能隔水管等油气开发关键构件应用的可行性。     

高熵合金涂层的研究进展

高熵合金涂层由于具有优于块体高熵合金和传统金属涂层的综合性能,在航空航天、核反应堆等极端服役环境下表现出了巨大的应用潜力。涂层低维形态产生的尺寸效应与高熵合金独特的多主元特征效应相耦合,使高熵合金涂层具有成分均匀、组织致密、结构稳定、性能优异等特点。概述了近年来高熵合金涂层的主要制备技术,简述了不同制备方法的原理、优势及工艺参数对涂层组织性能的影响。探讨了高熵合金中主要组元元素的作用、相结构的调控准则、多相转变行为等微观组织结构的特征与影响机制。论述了高熵合金涂层的服役性能特点,包括力学性能、抗氧化、耐腐蚀、抗辐照及耐磨损性能,并分析了成分/工艺-组织-性能的关联及相关作用机理。最后,总结了目前研究工作中存在的关键科学难题与挑战,对高熵合金涂层的研究方向与应用前景进行了展望。     

难熔金属在反应堆中的应用

一、反应堆对结构材料性能的要求反应堆用的结构材料包括:堆芯结构材料、燃料元件包壳材料、反应堆容器以及热交换器材料等。随着反应堆的发展、堆的运行温度大幅度提高、燃耗进一步加深,材料的强度和抗腐蚀、耐辐照性能显得重要起来。因此,原先用的铝、镁及其合金就不能使用了,像不锈钢、镍基合金及难熔金属等强度高、抗腐蚀和耐辐照性能好的材料,尽管其中子俘获截面较大,但得到了应用。1、热堆对结构材料的要求:(1)良好的核性能,热中子吸收截面小,吸收中子后的感生放射性弱—没有 r 放     

FCC结构高熵合金的析出强化研究进展

高熵合金是近年来涌现出的一种新型合金,突破了以一种或者两种元素为主、少量添加元素为辅的传统合金设计理念。作为高熵合金体系一个重要分支—FCC结构的高熵合金,具有高损伤容限、良好的抗辐照能力、高耐磨、耐腐蚀性能等一系列优异的性能,可以作为理想的工程结构材料。然而,FCC结构高熵合金强度-塑性不匹配严重制约了其工程应用。研究表明,析出强化可以有效提高FCC结构高熵合金的强度,产生优异的强度-塑性匹配性能,各国学者相继开发出大量的高性能析出强化高熵合金体系。本文主要介绍了FCC结构高熵合金的析出强化研究,包括非共格析出相和共格析出相,着重介绍了研究现状以及强韧化的影响机制,并对未来高熵合金析出强化研究进行了展望。     

高熵合金中的局域化学有序

高熵合金以其多主组元、高构型熵的设计理念以及优异的性能(例如高强高韧、耐高温和耐辐照等)具有广阔的应用前景,成为近十多年来合金领域内的热点高性能结构材料。从首次发现至今,大多数研究基于经典的理想固溶体假设,然而最新的实验与计算结果显示高熵合金具有局域化学有序,并且会对力学性能产生一定的影响,相关研究在领域内引起了广泛的关注,成为新的研究热点。本文主要综述了高熵合金中局域化学有序的理论描述、实验表征及其对力学性能的影响,并简单展望了在原子尺度上数值化表征并调控局域化学有序,从而实现高熵合金性能优化的可能性和潜在优势。     

高熵合金涂层研究进展

金属材料的失效往往是从材料表面开始,强化材料表面品质会延长金属构件的使用寿命,提高使用效率。高熵合金由于其具有优异的耐腐蚀性、耐磨性、抗高温氧化性等特点受到广泛关注。高熵合金性能的多样性使其可以作为金属表面涂层材料。基于现有研究,综合分析高熵合金涂层对金属材料表面性能的影响,总结了高熵合金作为涂层时的性能特点及高熵合金涂层的制备方法,并提出了该领域技术面临的问题及发展趋势。     

高熵合金薄膜研究现状与展望

高熵合金是一种由五种或者五种以上的元素以(近)等原子比组成的新型多主元合金材料,拥有众多优异的力学、物理和电学方面的性能,引起了科技工作者的极大关注.高熵合金薄膜是一种低维度形态(微米级)的高熵合金材料,不仅展现出与块体高熵合金相似的优异性能,而且在某些性能(如硬度)上甚至优于块体高熵合金,在诸多领域里展现出良好的应用前景.从高熵合金的设计理念出发,简述了高熵合金薄膜材料的发展历程和主要分类,介绍了近年来高熵合金薄膜的主要制备方法,并论述了这些方法的原理及其优缺点.阐述了高熵合金薄膜材料具有简单晶体结构的原因以及影响晶体结构的主要因素.重点描述了高熵合金薄膜的力学性能、摩擦磨损性能、耐高温和抗氧化性能以及耐腐蚀性能的特点及研究进展,总结了高熵合金薄膜拥有众多优异性能的原因和影响因素.表明了高熵合金薄膜材料在耐热、耐磨、耐蚀等涂层领域的潜在应用,并对未来高熵合金薄膜在计算模拟、相形成规律等方面以及在特殊条件下使用的薄膜材料的研发方面进行了展望.     

Development and Property Tuning of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys: A Review

In the past decade, multi-principal element high-entropy alloys (referred to as high-entropy alloys, HEAs) are an emerging alloy material, which has been developed rapidly and has become a research hotspot in the field of metal materials. It breaks the alloy design concept of one or two principal elements in traditional alloys. It is composed of five or more principal elements, and the atomic percentage (at.%) of each element is greater than 5% but not more than 35%. The high-entropy effect caused by the increase of alloy principal elements makes the crystals easy form body-centered cubic or face-centered cubic structures, and may be accompanied by intergranular compounds and nanocrystals, to achieve solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and dispersion strengthening. The optimized design of alloy composition can make HEAs exhibit much better than traditional alloys such as high-strength steel, stainless steel, copper-nickel alloy, and nickel-based superalloy in terms of high strength, high hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. At present, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) containing high-melting refractory metal elements have excellent room temperature and high-temperature properties, and their potential high-temperature application value has attracted widespread attention in the high-temperature field. This article reviews the research status and preparation methods of RHEAs and analyzes the microstructure in each system and then summarizes the various properties of RHEAs, including high strength, wear resistance, high-temperature oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., and the common property tuning methods of RHEAs are explained, and the existing main strengthening and toughening mechanisms of RHEAs are revealed. This knowledge will help the on-demand design of RHEAs, which is a crucial trend in future development. Finally, the development and application prospects of RHEAs are prospected to guide future research.     

A review of refractory high-entropy alloys

This work reviews recent progress in the alloy design, microstructure, and mechanical properties of refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs). What's more, the underlying strengthening mechanisms and deformation behavior are discussed. Composed mainly of near-equimolar refractory elements, RHEAs have superior mechanical properties, especially at high temperatures. However, many of them have limited room-temperature ductility. Much work has been done to solve this trade-off, and some of the RHEAs have the potential to be used for high-temperature applications in the future. In addition to their mechanical properties, RHEAs have other attractive properties, such as biocompatibility and wear resistance, which are discussed. Finally, current problems and future suggestions for RHEAs are discussed.     

Effect of Constituent Elements on the Corrosion Resistance of Single-Phase CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys in NaCl SolutionEI北大核心CSCD

High entropy alloys (HEAs) origin from a new alloy design concept with multi-principal elements, which have attracted significant interests in the past decade. The high configurational entropy in HEAs results in simple solid solutions with fcc and bcc structures. Especially, the single solid solution CoCrFeNi alloy exhibits excellent properties in many aspects, such as mechanical properties, thermal stability, radiation resistance and corrosion resistance. The excellent corrosion resistance of CoCrFeNi alloy is ascribed to the single-phase structure and uniform element distribution coupled with much higher Cr content than stainless steel. The single-phase structure and uniform element distribution can prevent the occurrence of localized corrosion, and higher Cr content can protect the alloy surface better with the form of oxidation film. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of CoCrFeNi-based HEAs, such as CoCrFeNiAlx, CoCrFeNiCux, CoCrFeNiTix, have also been extensively investigated. In most CoCrFeNi-based HEAs, the elements of Co, Cr, Fe and Ni are with equal-atomic ratio. However, the equal-atomic ratio is not necessary to obtain satisfactory properties and to ensure the single fcc structure in Co-Cr-Fe-Ni system. Accordingly, it is essential to further consider the effect of alloying elements on the corrosion resistance in Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEA. In this work, the effect of Co, Fe and Ni elements on the corrosion resistance of single fcc Co-Cr-Fe-Ni system with concentrated constitution but different atomic ratios in 3.5% NaCl solution are investigated by using LSCM and EIS. The potentiodynamic polarization results indicate that the increase of Fe and the decrease of Ni will decrease the passivation current density of the alloys when the Co and Cr contents are equal. With the increase of Co and the decrease of Ni, the alloys show smaller passivation current density and better corrosion resistance when the Fe and Cr contents are equal. With the decrease of Co and the increase of Fe and Ni, the alloys show higher corrosion potential and smaller corrosion tendency when the Cr content is constant. These results will be helpful for the design of corrosion resistant HEAs in NaCl aqueous solution.     

On the Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties of an Ion-Irradiated TiZrNbHfTa Refractory High Entropy Alloy

JOM - Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are potential candidate materials for use in next-generation nuclear reactors due to their excellent mechanical performance at high temperatures. Here,...     

轻质高熵合金的研究进展与展望

高熵合金是一种具有优异物理化学性能的新型合金,其中含有轻质元素的轻质高熵合金具有较高的比强度和比硬度及耐蚀性能等突出特点,其潜在的工程应用价值引起了人们的关注。因此,本文详细阐述了轻质高熵合金的研究现状,归纳了轻质高熵合金的组元设计规则与方法,分析了轻质高熵合金的微观相结构,总结了高熵合金的各种性能,探讨了轻质高熵合金目前存在的问题,并提出了轻质高熵合金的发展趋势。     

Relation Between Strength and Hardness of High-Entropy Alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are composed of multiple principal elements and exhibit not only remarkable mechanical properties,but also promising potentials for developing numerous new compositions.To fully realize such potentials,high-throughput preparation and characterization technologies are especially useful;thereby,the fast evaluations of mechanical properties will be urgently required.Revealing the relation between strength and hardness is of significance for quickly predicting the strength of materials through simple hardness testing.However,up to now the strength-hardness relation for HEAs is still a puzzle.In this work,the relations between tensile or compressive strength and Vickers hardness of vari-ous HEAs with hundreds of compositions at room temperature are investigated,and finally,the solution for estimating the strengths of HEAs from their hardness values is achieved.Data for hundreds of different HEAs were extracted from stud-ies reported in the period from 2010 to 2020.The results suggested that the well-known three-time relation (i.e.,hardness equals to three times the magnitude of strength) works for nearly all HEAs,except for a few brittle HEAs which show quite high hardness but low strength due to early fracture.However,for HEAs with different phase structures,different strengths should be applied in using the 3-time relation,i.e.,yield strength for low ductility body-centered cubic (BCC) HEAs and ultimate strength for highly plastic and work-hardenable face-centered cubic (FCC) HEAs.As for dual-phase or multi-phase HEAs,similar 3-time relations can be also found.The present approach sheds light on the mechanisms of hardness and also provides useful guidelines for quick estimation of strength from hardness for various HEAs.     

Synthesis,properties and XPS analysis of Cu-,Ni-,Ti-based metallic glasses

Metallic glasses（MG）represent an interesting group of materials as they possess outstanding physical,chemical and mechanical properties compared to their crystalline counterparts.This paper reviews the synergistic influence of Ni and Nb elements on thermal stability of supercooled liquid and corrosion resistance of as-cast Cu-Zr（Hf）-Ti-Ni-Nb bulk metallic glasses（BMGs）.Additionally,in-situ second phase reinforced Cu-based BMG composites with high corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties are investigated.On the other hand,this paper reports the development of ultra-high corrosion resistant Ni-based metallic glasses at high temperatures for their potential applications.Corrosion resistance and XPS analysis of the Nifree Ti-based BMG are also introduced.     

Application Prospects and Microstructural Features in Laser-Induced Rapidly Solidified High-Entropy Alloys

Recently, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted much interest in the materials community, as they offer massive opportunities to observe new phenomena, explore new structure, and develop new materials. Particularly, it is attractive to prepare high-performance HEA coatings by laser-induced rapid solidification, which can be formed on the surface of components and parts in a variety of sizes and shapes with a lower cost in comparison with those bulk material fabrication methods. From the technical point of view, laser-induced rapid solidification could hamper the compositional segregation, improve the solubility in solid-solution phases, and lead to the strengthening effect by the grain refinement. This article reviews the recent work on the typical microstructural features and the mechanical and chemical properties in laser-induced rapidly solidified HEAs, and these data are compared with conventional Co- and Ni-based alloy coatings. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and development in HEAs, from considerations of their characteristic properties.     

增材制造高熵合金复合材料综述（英文）

高熵合金复合材料是一种由高熵合金基体和第二相(如碳化物、硼化物、氮化物)组成的新型金属基复合材料。近年来，高熵合金复合材料的优异性能吸引了大量研究者的关注。然而，在传统铸造高熵合金复合材料中会发生严重的成分偏析，这极大制约了高熵合金复合材料的发展。目前，新兴的3D打印技术可以解决这一问题并制备出复杂形状的零件，因此，得到了研究者的关注并有大量相关文献报导。本文总结了截止目前3D打印高熵合金复合材料的研究进展。首先，对高熵合金及其复合材料做了介绍，并总结了目前高熵合金复合材料粉末的制备方法(气雾化法和机械合金化法)。其次，介绍了几种常用于成形高熵合金复合材料的3D打印方法(粉末床熔化法和直接金属沉积技术)，并对其相应的微观结构进行了分析。然后，对比了3D打印高熵合金复合材料、3D打印高熵合金及其铸件的力学性能，并对其硬度抗磨损、腐蚀和氧化性能进行了探讨。最后，对3D打印高熵合金复合材料的发展前景进行了展望。