镁合金真空电子束深熔焊接及焊缝成形数值模拟

对10mmAZ61镁合金板材进行了真空电子束深熔焊接数值模拟研究.考虑到焊接过程中高温金属蒸气等离子体的热效应及真空电子束焊接"匙孔"深熔热效应特征,建立了高斯面热源与双椭球体热源复合的移动热源模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究了镁合金真空电子束焊接温度循环特征及不同焊接工艺对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,建立的复合热源模型能够获得电子束深熔焊接的效果,并可模拟不同焊接工艺下的温度场分布与电子束热源作用下的焊缝成形,这也证明了该模型在AZ61镁合金电子束平板焊接的热效应模拟中有较好的适用性.     

真空电子束焊接热源建模及功率密度分析

分析了真空电子束深熔焊接的热源作用形成钉状焊缝的特征,建立了峰值功率递增型旋转高斯体热源,即热源作用半径在深度方向呈高斯规律递减,热源功率密度在深度方向呈指数函数规律递增.利用该热源模型计算了聚焦状态和散焦状态下,真空电子束焊接特殊热效应的功率密度分布.结果表明,热源数学模型得到的功率密度分布规律符合理想状态下的电子束热源作用特征,可用于不同聚焦状态下的真空电子束焊接的热效应数值模拟研究.     

高温合金电子束焊接温度场数值模拟

根据熔池边界准则应用有限元方法对高温合金电子束焊接温度场进行了数值模拟.通过线性插值、等效代换等方式估计材料高温参数,模拟材料状态变化.针对电子束焊接特有的钉头状焊缝及其穿透深度大的特点,采用高斯面热源与柱体热源组成的组合热源模型,对焊接温度场进行分析,模拟结果与实际焊缝取得了良好的一致.获得了一定工艺条件下高温合金电子束焊接温度场的分布特征及焊接过程热循环曲线,为优化电子束焊接工艺和电子束焊接残余应力研究提供了参考.     

基于ANSYS的钛合金真空电子束焊数值模拟研究

利用ANSYS有限元软件对尺寸60 mm×100 mm×6 mm的TC4钛合金板进行真空电子束焊接的数值模拟仿真研究。建立高斯面热源和椭球体热源组成的组合移动热源模型作为仿真的热源模型,研究TC4钛合金在真空电子束下的焊缝成形过程、焊缝附近的应变变化情况及焊接过程中热源温度场的变化。     

厚件电子束动态焦点焊接数值模拟

焊深波动是影响厚件电子束动态焦点焊(也称电子束变焦焊)质量的一个重要因素。根据电子束动态焦点焊热源特点,建立了由圆锥体热源和峰值功率递增式旋转高斯曲面体热源组成的复合热源模型,并通过ANSYS软件自带的APDL语言编程实现了束流焦点在纵向上周期性下移的热源加载。进行了变焦频率为52 Hz的50 mm厚合金钢板电子束动态焦点焊数值模拟和试验。结果表明:厚件电子束焊接中焊深存在波动,动态焦点焊接模拟的焊缝形貌、焊深波动与变焦焊试验结果相吻合。     

基于有限元的镁合金弧焊过程分析

根据TIG焊接和激光．TIG复合热源焊接的物理特征．建立了基于TIG焊接过程的高斯面热源模型和基于激光-TIG复合热源焊接的新型双热源模型,分析了两种焊接方法对应的热源模型的特点。在此基础上．针对镁合金AZ31B,进行了单独TIG焊接和复合热源焊接温度场数值模拟及焊缝区微观组织分析,提出了其热源模型建立过程中的参数修改建议。通过与实测结果比较,表明以上建立的两种热源模型能准确地模拟镁合金AZ31B的单独TIG焊过程和复合焊接过程。     

真空电子束深熔焊接匙孔前沿蒸发传热分析模型

根据真空电子束焊接过程匙孔深熔效应的特点,建立简化的圆柱形匙孔物理模型.考虑到匙孔前沿的强烈蒸发现象,提出一种基于传热学理论的匙孔前沿气固界面传热分析模型.通过模型分析了AZ系列镁合金材料的主要金属元素Mg,Al,Zn和Mn在匙孔前沿的蒸发效应,以及匙孔半径变化对匙孔前沿气固界面处4种金属元素温度变化的影响.结果表明,...     

AZ61镁合金真空电子束焊接温度场数值模拟

对板厚10 mm AZ61镁合金板材进行了真空电子束焊接数值模拟研究.利用有限元模型以及三维移动双椭球热源模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究了电子束流与焊接过程温度场及焊缝熔深之间的关系.结果表明,建立的模型能够获得电子束深熔型焊接的效果,模拟焊缝成形及焊缝区、热影响区温度场分布与试验焊缝成形及实际电子束焊接特点较为一致,这也证明了该模型在AZ61镁合金电子束平板对焊有限元模拟中有较好的适用性.     

镁合金电子束焊接温度场与流场的数值模拟

根据电子束深熔焊成形特点,采用高斯面热源与峰值热流递增的旋转体热源组成的组合热源模型对6.4mm厚AZ31镁合金电子束焊接熔池传热与流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,焊缝呈典型的“钉子形”,深宽比较大.在熔池上表面,熔池边缘及热源中心附近的流速最小,最大流速位于热源前方某区域.通过对比模拟与实际熔池形状,验证了计算结果的合理性.     

其它焊接方法

20092154基于视觉传感的激光-MIG复合焊熔透闭环控制/双元卿…//清华大学学报:自然科学版.-2008,48(11):1891~1894在对接焊中,坡口间隙的波动会导致焊接熔透状态的变化,为保证稳定的熔透,需要对焊接熔透状态进行实时检测和控制。针对CO2激光-MIG复合对接焊,建立了基于视觉传感和DSP的熔透状态实时检测与控制系统,获取了清晰的熔池背面图像,经过适当的处理得到了熔池背面熔宽的信息,并通过调节焊接速度或控制电弧电流,对熔透状态进行了控制。结果表明:即使在间隙明显波动的情况下也获得了熔透可靠、背面熔宽均匀的焊缝,从而实现了复合对接焊熔透状态的闭环控制。图12参620092155基于有限元的镁合金弧焊过程分析/齐铁力…//热加工工艺.-2008,37(13):82~84根据TIG焊接和激光-TIG复合热源焊接的物理特征,建立了基于TIG焊接过程的高斯面热源模型和基于激光-TIG复合热源焊接的新型双热源模型,分析了两种焊接方法对应的热源模型的特点。在此基础上,针对AZ31B镁合金,进行了单独TIG焊接和复合热源焊接温度场数值模拟及焊缝区微观组织分析,提出了其热源模型建立过程中的参数修改建议。通...     

Numerical analysis of thermal fluid transport behavior during electron beam welding of 2219 aluminum alloy plate

A two-dimensional mathematical model based on volume-of-fluid method is proposed to investigate the heat transfer, fluid flow and keyhole dynamics during electron beam welding (EBW) on 20 mm-thick 2219 aluminum alloy plate. In the model, an adaptive heat source model tracking keyhole depth is employed to simulate the heating process of electron beam. Heat and mass transport of different vortexes induced by surface tension, thermo-capillary force, recoil pressure, hydrostatic pressure and thermal buoyancy is coupled with keyhole evolution. A series of physical phenomena involving keyhole drilling, collapse, reopening, quasi-stability, backfilling and the coupled thermal field are analyzed systematically. The results indicate that the decreased heat flux of beam in depth can decelerate the keyholing velocity of recoil pressure and promote the quasi-steady state. Before and close to this state, the keyhole collapses and complicates the fluid transport of vortexes. Finally, all simulation results are validated against experiments.     

2219铝合金电子束堆焊凝固缺陷的模拟预测

铝合金电子束堆焊焊缝根部缩孔是一种特种焊接缺陷,它会导致应力集中诱发裂纹产生,显著降低焊件承载能力,必须给予足够重视.文中主要借助于ANSYS有限元软件的APDL二次开发编程语言,将匙孔模式焊接热源模型与枝晶间渗流理论和Niyama判据相结合,提出了一套基于温度场的凝固收缩判据程序,并应用它成功模拟预测了非熔透2219铝合金电子束堆焊件的根部缩孔缺陷.结果表明,通过模拟手段得到的缩孔缺陷沿焊缝熔深方向误差为8.76%,沿焊缝熔宽方向误差为13.28%,与试验对比件基本吻合,验证了缺陷判据程序的正确性和实用性.     

Numerical analysis of thermal fluid transportation during electron beam welding of 2219 aluminum alloy plate and experimental validation

A three-dimensional mathematical model using volume-of-fluid method is developed to investigate the heat transfer,fluid flow and keyhole dynamics during electron beam welding of 2219 aluminum alloy plate.In the model,an adaptive heat source is employed to simulate the heating process of electron beam.Fluid flow is mainly driven by surface tension,thermo-capillary force,recoil pressure,hydrostatic pressure and thermal buoyancy.The thermal-fluid transport behaviors of welding pool during the drilling and backfilling stages of keyhole and the formation reason of the nail-shaped weld with an arc crater are systematically analyzed.Finally,all calculation results are validated by experiments and show good agreements.     

Weldability of 1.6 mm thick aluminium alloy 5182 sheet by single and dual beam Nd: YAG laser welding

Abstract

The weldability of 1.6 mm thick 5182 Al–Mg alloy sheet by the single- and dual-beam Nd:YAG laser welding processes has been examined. Bead-on-plate welds were made using total laser powers from 2.5 to 6 kW, dual-beam lead/lag laser beam power ratios ranging from 3:2 to 2:3 and travel speeds from 4 to 15 m min^-1. The effects of focal position and shielding gas conditions on weld quality were also investigated. Whereas full penetration laser welds could be made using the 3 kW single-beam laser welder at speeds up to 15 m min^-1, the underbead surface was always very rough with undercutting and numerous projections or spikes of solidified ejected metal. This 'spikey' underbead surface geometry was attributed to the effects of the high vapour pressure Mg in the alloy on the keyhole dynamics. The undesirable 'spikey' underbead geometry was unaffected by changes in focal position, shielding gas parameters or other single-beam welding process parameters. Most full penetration dual-beam laser welds exhibited either blow-through porosity at low welding speeds (4–6 m min^-1) or unacceptable 'spikey' underbead surface quality at increased welding speeds up to 13.5 m min^-1. Radiography revealed significant occluded porosity within borderline or partial penetration welds. This was thought to be caused by significant keyhole instability that exists under these welding conditions. A limited range of dual-beam laser process conditions was found that produced sound, pore-free laser welds with good top and underbead surface quality. Acceptable welds were produced at welding speeds of 6 to 7.5 m min^-1 using total laser powers of 4.5–5 kW, but only when the lead laser beam power was greater than or equal to the lagging beam power. The improved underbead quality was attributed to the effect of the second lagging laser beam on keyhole stability, venting of the high vapour pressure Mg from the keyhole and solidification of the underbead weld metal during full penetration dual-beam laser welding.     

Joining of dissimilar AZ31B magnesium alloy and SS400 mild steel by hybrid gas tungsten arc friction stir welding

The joining of dissimilar materials, magnesium alloy (AZ31B) and mild steel (SS400), was performed using a hybrid gas tungsten arc-friction stir welding (HGTAFSW) method that applied a preceding gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) preheating heat source to a mild steel plate surface during friction stir welding (FSW). The mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the HGTAFS welds were evaluated and compared to those of FS welds to confirm the effect of the additional GTAW preheating heat source. The tensile strength of the HGTAFS welds was approximately 91% of that of the magnesium alloy base metal but higher than that of the FS welds. This was attributed to the enhanced material plastic flow and partial annealing effect in the magnesium alloy and mild steel materials by GTAW reheating of the mild steel side, which induced a significant increase in the elongation of the welds. The concentration profiles indicated that no intermetallic FeAl and FeAl₃ compounds had formed according to the phase diagram, which led to a decrease in joint strength. Overall, the use of HGTAFSW by applying a GTAW preheating heat source to a mild steelplate surface resulted in a mechanically sounder and metallurgically defect-free welds compared to FSW.     

CuZnSnSi合金钎料相变过程的热分析动力学

CuZnSnSi合金钎料在钎焊钢工件中具有良好的综合性能.为进一步探究其合金性能,借助差示扫描分析(DSC)和热重分析(TG)技术,分别采用微分非等温法和积分非等温法分析了CuZnSnSi合金钎料相变过程的热分析动力学.结果表明,CuZnSnSi合金的相变温度范围为1150.5~1221.5 K,吸热峰温度为1174.46 K,在相变过程中没有化学反应,但出现升温段的吸热峰温度滞后于降温段的放热峰,说明了合金钎料在结晶过程需要一定的过冷度;非等温分析法计算得到合金钎料相变表观活化能为615.72 kJ/mol;由Arrhenius公式得出合金钎料相变速率常数k的变化规律为1.71×1027exp(-6.16×10⁵/RT).     

12 mm厚钛合金平板电子束焊接的数值模拟

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立12 mm厚TC4钛合金平板电子束焊接温度场和应力场的三维有限元数值计算模型。模型采用圆锥体热源考虑电子束焊接时的小孔效应;材料的热学、力学性能参数随温度变化;相变和熔池内液体的对流散热通过比热和热导率的变化实现。计算结果表明：钛合金电子束焊接时,熔池呈典型的卵形分布。高值纵向残余拉应力集中分布在焊缝中心线两侧距焊缝中心线4 mm的区域内,平板内部出现接近材料屈服极限的局部三维残余拉应力状态。实验得到的焊缝宏观形貌和小孔释放法检测到的焊接残余应力对计算结果进行验证,实验结果和计算结果吻合较好,证明了有限元模型的正确性。