轧制方向对ZIRLO合金织构及变形机制的影响

以核用Zr-Sn-Nb系ZIRLO合金为研究对象,对其沿板的长度和宽度方向轧制后的组织及织构演变进行研究,并采用电子背散射衍射和晶内取向差转轴方法,对轧制过程中开启的滑移系进行了分析并统计了不同变形量下各滑移系的占比情况。结果表明:沿不同方向轧制并未改变织构类型,但织构特征存在一定的差异。沿长度方向轧制形成近似椭圆状的双峰织构,而沿宽度方向轧制最终形成更加集中且对称的双峰织构。变形量不同,主导的变形模式不同。小变形量时柱面滑移主导变形,随着变形量的增大,基面和锥面滑移的活性增强。沿板宽方向轧制时产生更多的■孪晶协调变形且大变形量下基面和锥面滑移的数量多于长度方向。     

AZ31镁合金板材多道次轧制压下量对变形能力的影响

采用不同压下量对具有基面织构的AZ31镁合金板材进行了多道次冷轧实验。并结合各个变形系Schmid因子的计算,分析了变形机制对冷轧变形能力的影响。结果表明:AZ31镁合金板材道次压下量(即咬入角)越小,无裂纹时极限变形量越大,其中每道次压下量为2.22%,极限变形量可达到26.67%(无裂纹);对基面织构取向晶粒,拉伸孪生{1012}和压缩孪生{1011}以及锥面c+a滑移的Schmid因子绝对值均随着咬入角的增大而减小,柱面滑移(0110)[2110]与(1100)[1120]两个滑移系Schmid因子值也随咬入角的增大而减小,在摩擦条件下,基面滑移的Schmid因子不为零;变形能力提高的原因主要在于低压下量有利于多变形系开动。     

锆合金热变形过程中的织构演变研究

本文选取了一种热轧退火态的锆合金板材沿着其板材法向(0°样品)及横向(90°样品)在700 ℃温度下以1/s应变速率进行压缩试验。利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对变形后样品的微观组织及织构进行表征,并利用粘塑性自洽模型(VPSC)确定了在低应变条件下的各滑移系及孪晶的相对开启量。微观组织揭示了在两种样品中均有动态再结晶的发生。再结晶晶粒的织构变化与变形晶粒的织构变化相似,表明了再结晶过程中的优先形核及长大过程不会影响织构的形成及变化。在0°样品中,基面滑移、柱面滑移和锥面滑移在变形初期阶段同时开启,但是在90°样品中,只有少量的锥面滑移在变形初期阶段开启。在90°样品中存在的高强度的<10-10>//RD 织构组分是由大量开启的柱面滑移造成的。此外,700 ℃温度下大量基面滑移的开启对织构形成起重要作用。     

织构对Zr-4合金低周寿命的影响

采用XRD测定了Zr-4合金板材的织构，用拉扭试验机分别测试了Zr-4合金板材在室温时轧向（R试样，拉伸轴平行于轧向）和横向（T试样，拉伸轴平行于横向）的低周疲劳性能，用TEM研究了Zr-4合金的疲劳亚结构。结果表明：Zr-4合金板材存在明显的织构：轧向的低周疲劳性能高于横向；在循环变形过程中，只有部分晶粒发生了塑性变形，发生塑性变形的晶粒内存在着许多位错和滑移线，T试样中的位错和滑移线比R试样更稠密。板材织构造成了R试样和T试样的低周疲劳寿命。     

不同终轧压下量下AZ31镁合金板材的微观组织与力学性能研究

研究了高温轧制、不同压下量(10%～20%)下AZ31镁合金板材的微观组织、织构、力学性能与室温成形性能演变。结果表明,对于轧制态板材而言,不同压下量的板材中孪生仍然是主要变形模式,这主要是由终轧道次压下量相对较小,不足以引起动态再结晶但足以引起孪生导致。与终轧压下量10%的板材相比,20%的轧制板材表现出较大的晶粒尺寸和较弱的基面织构强度。退火后,板材表现出基轴向RD方向偏转±9.6°～±12°的双峰织构特征。与轧制态相比,退火态的基面织构显著弱化,这主要是由于板材在退火过程中的静态再结晶作用。随着终轧压下量由10%增加至20%,退火板材的基面织构显著减弱,使其r值降低、n值增大,从而引起板材室温杯突值由4.3 mm提高为6.3 mm。     

控制初始织构提高AZ31镁合金板材冷轧单道次变形量（英文）

利用多道次降温热轧工艺得到的AZ31镁合金板材用于后续的一道次冷轧实验,单道次冷轧极限提高到41%。在多道次降温热轧工艺中,采用大的道次变形量进行轧制得到的终轧板材的织构强度较弱,得到的织构强度仅为一般AZ31轧制板材的1/3~1/2。研究表明,即使得到的板材的晶粒尺寸较为粗大,但是弱的织构仍有利于冷轧成形性的提高。对AZ31镁合金板材织构形成的变形机理进行了详细分析。     

镁合金冷轧板材织构不均匀性分析

用X射线衍射法测量了MB3镁合金冷轧板的表面和心部织构,分析了织构不均匀性产生的原因.结果表明:镁合金薄板冷轧时基面滑移起主要变形作用,而板材表面的剪切应力及可逆轧制方式造成表面织构的"双峰"现象.镁合金板材的织构不均匀性,有利于镁板的进一步冷轧.     

冷轧对CT20钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

选取通过轧制工艺制备的四种不同厚度的CT20钛合金板材，采用多种技术对其微观组织进行表征，测试板材的硬度以及沿轧件的轧制方向(RD)和横向方向(TD)拉伸的力学性能，分析微观组织与力学性能之间的内在联系。结果表明：在冷轧过程中，高密度的位错触发了合金的非晶化转变，变形量的增大使α相沿RD伸长，β相和β_t组织破碎。位错和亚结构数量的提高不仅使合金硬度上升，而且使RD和TD的拉伸强度增大，伸长率下降。RD的断裂类型属于韧性断裂，TD的断裂类型属于韧脆混合型断裂。在冷轧过程中，基面滑移和柱面滑移共同参与织构的演变，由此形成的织构取向对板材RD和TD两方向的滑移行为和力学性能产生了重要影响；同时，由于位错在RD和TD两方向上的滑移距离不同导致不同的加工硬化阶段。     

大应变热轧过程中AZ31镁合金显微组织及织构的演变(英文)

在823 K下对工业用AZ31镁合金板材进行约70%压下量的单道次轧制实验。结果表明,细小的再结晶晶粒不仅分布在轧制板材的剪切带中,同时还存在于板材的表面。剪切带中再结晶晶粒尺寸在0.4~1μm之间。晶粒的显著细化主要来源于流变应力集中过程中所产生的动态再结晶。板材中部的织构为基面织构,织构强度在轧制变形前后未发生明显改变;然而,经过轧制后板材表面织构转变成双峰织构,基面沿板材横向发生倾转。双峰织构的相对强度为26.6,明显高于板材中部织构强度。变形应变的分配差异是板材内部不均匀再结晶及织构差异的主要原因。     

不同冷轧路径下ZX21镁合金板材织构及力学性能调控机理

研究轧制路径对ZX21镁合金板材织构分布和屈服各向异性的影响。结果表明:单向轧制板材形变织构为双峰基面织构,退火后呈现出垂直于冷轧方向分布的非基面双峰的织构特征。再结晶织构的分布与晶粒的定向形核和选择性长大有关,多向轧制可弱化晶粒取向分布的方向性,其晶粒尺寸相比单向轧制有所减小,退火后形成均匀分布的圈状织构,大幅降低沿轧面各个方向拉伸时基面滑移的施密特因子差异,改善板面内的力学性能各向异性,提高板材的成型性。     

变形参数对AZ31镁合金板材织构的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)方法测量了不同轧制状态,即不同变形温度和变形量条件下AZ31镁合金板材织构的变化特征。结果表明,经过轧制之后的AZ31镁合金板材形成强烈的基面织构;在250℃~400℃范围内,变形温度的升高、变形量的增大都会促进镁合金板材棱柱面、锥面等非基面滑移系的启动,从而影响各织构组分的锋锐程度和板材各向异性的强弱。随着变形温度的升高,镁合金板材的各向异性减弱;变形量的增大,镁合金板材的各向异性增强。     

Improving single pass reduction during cold rolling by controlling initial texture of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet

The AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets obtained by multi-pass hot rolling were applied to cold rolling and the maximum single pass cold rolling reduction prior to failure of AZ31 magnesium alloy was enhanced to 41%. Larger single pass rolling reduction led to weaker texture during the multi-pass hot rolling procedure. The sheet obtained showed weak basal texture, while the value was only 1/3–1/2 that of general as-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheets. It was beneficial for the enhancement of further cold rolling formability despite of the coarser grain size. The deformation mechanism for the formation of texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was also analyzed in detail.     

基于VPSC仿真的ZK60镁合金拉伸变形行为

通过实验和粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,研究了在室温下挤压态ZK60镁合金沿不同方向拉伸时的变形机制开动情况,及其与流动曲线、织构演变和显微组织的对应关系。通过调节VPSC模型的参数,建立了滑移和孪生耦合的晶体塑性力学模型。比较了不同方向拉伸过程中织构演变的差异,分析了变形机制对屈服不对称性的影响。实验和模拟结果表明：当沿垂直于挤压方向（PED）拉伸时,由于｛102｝孪晶开动,大部分晶粒发生大角度旋转（约90°）。柱面<a>滑移是导致ZK60合金沿不同方向拉伸时出现明显屈服不对称的主要变形机理。当ZK60合金沿挤压方向（ED）拉伸时,由于晶粒的择优取向分布,｛101｝孪晶难以开动,导致ZK60挤压态镁合金拉伸屈服强度较高。ZK60镁合金沿着与ED成45°的方向拉伸时,屈服应力高于沿PED拉伸,但随着拉应力逐渐增大,由于沿PED拉伸时柱面<a>滑移逐渐开动,沿PED应变后期的应力曲线逐渐高于沿与ED成45°方向应变的应力曲线。     

Simulation of deformation twins and deformation texture in an AZ31 Mg alloy under uniaxial compression

To investigate deformation twins and the evolution of deformation texture during plastic deformation, uniaxial compression tests on a hot-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy were carried out at 200 °C. Cylindrical specimens were then compressed in both the rolling and the normal directions. The findings revealed that texture evolution, work hardening and macroscopic anisotropy are strongly dependent on the loading direction. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis was used to examine the orientation of parent grains and twin bands in the AZ31 Mg alloy under uniaxial compression. A viscoplastic self-consistent model (VPSC) was theoretically employed to calculate the relative activities of slip and twin systems in polycrystalline hexagonal aggregates under uniaxial compression. Each deformed grain exhibited an independent number and type of twin variants under uniaxial compression. Neutron diffraction was used to measure the macroscopic texture of the AZ31 Mg alloy. The VPSC model was used to simulate texture evolution, work hardening and macroscopic anisotropy during the uniaxial compression. A modified predominant twin reorientation (PTR) scheme was suggested to explain the gradual increase in twin volume in deformed grains.     

Simulation of strain-softening behaviors in an AZ31 Mg alloy showing distinct twin-induced reorientation before a peak stress

To investigate strain-softening behavior during plastic deformation of an AZ31 Mg alloy, cylindrical specimens were compressed in a rolling direction at 300 °C. Experimental evidence revealed that an inhomogeneous microstructure evolved due to the softening behavior associated with deformation at elevated temperatures. The large grains that reoriented as a result of deformation twinning were free of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Fine grains nucleated at grain boundaries of grains were deformed by a slip-dominated mechanism, which accommodated the external strain. A visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystal model was used to simulate softening of the flow stress curve and texture evolution during uniaxial compression. A softening scheme was implemented in the polycrystal model to predict the softening phenomenon and texture evolution after the peak stress. The original VPSC model was modified to simulate texture evolution in an AZ31 Mg alloy that exhibited twin-dominated deformation before the peak stress.     

Analysis of deformation textures of asymmetrically rolled aluminum sheets

Asymmetric rolling, in which the circumferential velocities of working rolls are different, imposes shear deformation and in turn shear deformation textures to sheets through the thickness. A component of ND//〈111〉 in the shear deformation textures can improve the plastic strain ratios of aluminum sheets. In order to understand the evolution of ND//〈111〉, the strain histories and distributions in the sheets and the texture evolution during the asymmetric rolling have been measured and calculated. The shear deformation texture can vary with the ratio of shear to normal strain increments. As the ratio increases from zero to infinity, the texture moves from the plane strain compression texture (β fiber) to the ideal shear deformation texture consisting of {001}〈110〉, {111}〈110〉, and {111}〈112〉. The ratio increases with rolling reduction per pass in asymmetric rolling. However, it is practically difficult to develop a rolling reduction per pass high enough to obtain the ideal shear deformation texture. Imposing the positive and negative shear deformations on the sheet by reversal of the shearing direction can give rise to the ideal shear deformation texture.     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-0.36Be-0.46Co alloy fabricated by heating-cooling combined mold horizontal continuous casting during cold rolling

Cu-0.36wt.%Be-0.46wt.%Co alloy plate with 300 mm in width and 10 mm in thickness prepared by heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) horizontal continuous casting was cold rolled. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the alloy as well as its deformation mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the as-cast alloy plate had columnar grains along the length direction, good surface quality and elongation of 35%, which was directly large-reduction cold rolled without surface treatment, and the accumulative cold rolling reduction reached 98%. When the reduction was small (20%), numerous dislocations and dislocation cells formed, and the deformation mechanism was dislocation slip. When the reduction was 40%, deformation twins appeared, and interactions between twins and dislocation cells induced strip-like dislocation cells. When the reduction exceeded 60%, shear bands formed and apparent crystal rotation in the micro-region happened. Further increasing the reduction, the amount of the shear bands rose and they interacted with each other, which refined the grains apparently. The tensile strength and hardness increased from 353 MPa and HV 119 of the as-cast alloy to 625 MPa and HV 208 with 95% reduction, respectively, and the elongation reduced from 35% to 7.6%. A process of HCCM horizontal continuous casting-cold rolling can work as a novel compact method to fabricate Cu-Be alloy sheet.     

Effect of plane strain on microstructures and texture, through the reduction ratio of AZ31 Mg alloy

Structural evolution of warm-rolled AZ31 alloy sheets was investigated with respect to various reduction ratios. In order to examine the effect of rolling pass on deformation of the sheet, one-pass rolling was applied to the AZ31 alloys for various 6/1/2011reduction ratios. When the applied reduction ratio was ∼85% of the initial thickness, significant grain refinement and texture development were achieved with dynamic recrystallization. Moreover, with the increase of the rolling reduction ratio from 30% to 85%, the warm rolled sheets exhibit plane strain mode displaying uniform 〈0 0 0 1〉//ND basal textures throughout the whole sheet thickness. The two-dimensional finite element method simulation showed that the current lubrication rolling results in a uniform plane strain deformation through the whole warm rolled sheet.