去除管道3PE防腐层的轴向扇形喷嘴数值模拟

目的 优化设计一种轴向扇形喷嘴,通过产生扇形磨料水射流去除管道3PE防腐层,以期提高去除管道3PE防腐层的效率和安全性.方法 建立轴向扇形喷嘴物理模型及扇形磨料水射流流场的计算模型.基于FLUENT软件,采用颗粒轨道模型、Realizable k-ε湍流模型对轴向扇形喷嘴内外磨料水射流流场特性进行数值模拟研究.结果 沿着射流流动方向,扇形喷嘴收缩段(邻近圆柱段区域)磨料颗粒速度增加明显,圆柱段磨料颗粒速度增加不明显.由于喷嘴流通面积减小或V型槽致使流道形状改变,进入扇形喷嘴椭圆段后直至喷嘴出口处,磨料颗粒速度总体增加,但其速度分布呈现复杂规律,在射流的两侧边缘存在高速区.在扇形喷嘴外流场中,磨料颗粒速度呈减小趋势,同时,磨料颗粒速度云图在X轴某一位置出现了分叉现象,速度云图在分叉点之后的区域出现空白,即从分叉点之后,外流场的某些区域没有磨料颗粒的存在.为了充分发挥磨料颗粒对3PE防腐层较好的冲蚀效果,扇形磨料水射流去除3PE防腐层时,应将靶距控制在分叉点位置之前.不同结构参数轴向扇形喷嘴产生的扇形磨料水射流,其磨料颗粒速度云图分叉点位置不同.结论 综合考虑磨料颗粒速度大小、作用范围、分叉位置等因素的影响,优选出拟用于产生扇形磨料水射流去除3PE防腐层的轴向扇形喷嘴结构参数:α2/r=1、α=15°、b=0.6 mm、d=2.13 mm.最佳靶距在17.37～37.37 mm.     

磨料喷嘴内磨料颗粒加速机理分析

以液固两相流理论为基础,对磨料颗粒在磨料喷嘴中的加速机理与运动规律进行理论分析.理论研究表明,磨料颗粒的主要加速过程是在喷嘴收缩段和圆柱段内.利用标准κ-ε两方程湍流模型对前混合磨料喷嘴内流场进行数值模拟.仿真结果表明:颗粒与水在整个喷嘴中一直都在加速,在收缩段内液相加速度大于颗粒相加速度,但圆柱段内颗粒相加速度大于液相加速度.     

磨料水射流喷嘴收缩段锥角对磨料粒子混合程度的影响

介绍了磨料水射流的起源、用途、特点及抛光原理,针对混合腔内磨料粒子与高压水束混合不均匀而影响抛光表面质量及磨料砂管使用寿命的缺陷,通过对磨料水射流切割喷嘴结构的研究,建立了对称双管供料喷嘴几何模型,并运用CFD软件对喷嘴内部流场进行仿真研究,分析了喷嘴收缩段锥角对磨料粒子和高压水束混合均匀程度的影响。研究结果表明:选择30°和45°的收缩段锥角有利于延长砂管使用寿命及提高磨料粒子与水射流的均匀混合,从而在抛光加工中提高工件表面质量。     

水射流切割喷嘴结构参数数值模拟优化

应用FLUENT模拟软件对影响喷嘴射流切割特性的喷嘴圆锥段收缩角、圆柱段出口直径及长径比进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：出口直径为2 mm、长径比为2、收缩角为10°的喷嘴轴向速度和射流冲击能量最大,切割能力最好;射流轴向速度在喷嘴圆锥收缩段急剧增加,在圆柱段先增加后减小;射流冲击切割能量的最大值不是分布在冲击面上喷嘴对应的轴心处,而是在其半径方向的某一圆周上。     

前混合磨料水射流切割系统压力损失分析与实验研究

从理论上分析前混合磨料水射流切割系统压力损失产生的原因,并对不同条件下切割深度的变化规律进行了实验研究.结果显示,在前混合磨料水射流形成过程中,压力损失主要是由于磨料液由管道进入喷嘴发生断面收缩时造成的;随着水射流压力的增大,切割深度增加,压力损失增大,但增大的程度会越来越小;功率一定的情况下,随着喷嘴直径的增大,切割深度变小,压力损失减小,整个系统的能量利用率却增高.     

基于响应面方法圆柱形喷嘴结构优化研究

喷嘴是高压水射流的核心工作部件,其几何结构特征直接影响射流质量及工作效率。利用CFD方法对当前广泛应用的圆柱形喷嘴内流场进行研究,以最大出口速度作为目标变量,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构。研究结果表明:圆柱形喷嘴轴心速度与压力呈现近似对偶特性。喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口圆柱段长度及喷嘴收缩角对喷嘴出口速度有显著影响,喷嘴入口圆柱段长度及入口直径对出口速度影响较小。其中,喷嘴出口圆柱段长度与出口速度近似呈线性关系,而出口直径及喷嘴收缩角与出口速度呈抛物线关系。影响喷嘴压降的因素为喷嘴入口及出口直径,而其他因素如喷嘴出口圆柱段长度、入口圆柱段长度及收缩角对压降的影响则可以忽略。     

基于响应面方法圆柱形喷嘴结构优化研究

喷嘴是高压水射流的核心工作部件,其几何结构特征直接影响射流质量及工作效率。利用CFD方法对当前广泛应用的圆柱形喷嘴内流场进行研究,以最大出口速度作为目标变量,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构。研究结果表明：圆柱形喷嘴轴心速度与压力呈现近似对偶特性。喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口圆柱段长度及喷嘴收缩角对喷嘴出口速度有显著影响,喷嘴入口圆柱段长度及入口直径对出口速度影响较小。其中,喷嘴出口圆柱段长度与出口速度近似呈线性关系,而出口直径及喷嘴收缩角与出口速度呈抛物线关系。影响喷嘴压降的因素为喷嘴入口及出口直径,而其他因素如喷嘴出口圆柱段长度、入口圆柱段长度及收缩角对压降的影响则可以忽略。     

在役油罐内壁除锈喷嘴外流场数值模拟

针对在役单层油罐改造成双层罐的除锈问题,选用磨料水射流喷嘴为研究对象,使用计算流体力学方法,进行了混合磨料水射流对油罐内壁除锈效果的数值模拟。以射流打击靶面的最大剪切力和冲蚀磨损率作为评价指标,研究结果表明:前混合磨料水射流达到相同的除锈效果相较于后混合磨料水射流所需的射流压力更低,射流入射压力为20 MPa时,除锈效果较理想且具有较好的经济性;剪切力在靶面上存在一个核心作用区,最大剪切力位置不在靶面中心处;冲蚀磨损率随磨料的体积浓度、磨料粒径、磨料密度的增大而增大,而最大壁面剪切力不随其增大而变化。     

在役油罐内壁除锈喷嘴外流场数值模拟（英文）

针对在役单层油罐改造成双层罐的除锈问题,选用磨料水射流喷嘴为研究对象,使用计算流体力学方法,进行了混合磨料水射流对油罐内壁除锈效果的数值模拟。以射流打击靶面的最大剪切力和冲蚀磨损率作为评价指标,研究结果表明:前混合磨料水射流达到相同的除锈效果相较于后混合磨料水射流所需的射流压力更低,射流入射压力为20 MPa时,除锈效果较理想且具有较好的经济性;剪切力在靶面上存在一个核心作用区,最大剪切力位置不在靶面中心处;冲蚀磨损率随磨料的体积浓度、磨料粒径、磨料密度的增大而增大,而最大壁面剪切力不随其增大而变化。     

高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损特性分析

目的 探究高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场冲蚀磨损产生的原因及主要影响因素。方法 基于固液两相流基本理论和冲蚀模型,考虑颗粒保护效应及磨蚀效应,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法模拟单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损行为,探究矿粉颗粒体积分数、颗粒粒径、单向阀半锥角、胶垫突出高度等参数对单向阀冲蚀磨损特性的影响。结果 矿粉颗粒紧贴阀芯壁面的剪切运动是造成阀芯发生冲蚀磨损失效的主要原因。当矿粉的体积分数由0.1增大到0.5时,由冲蚀造成的最大冲蚀磨损速率随之减小,由磨蚀造成的平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径为0.025~0.048 mm时,随着矿粉粒径的增大,平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径超过0.048 mm时,平均冲蚀磨损速率逐渐减小。当单向阀半锥角由30°增大到45°时,阀隙流场的最大流速由12.23 m/s减小至9.19 m/s,矿粉颗粒对阀芯壁面的最大冲蚀磨损速率减小了41.16%。阀隙流场的最大流速和冲蚀磨损速率随着胶垫突出高度h的增大而增大,同时位置也发生了相应变化。结论 矿粉颗粒体积分数的增加会加重粒子对阀芯壁面的损伤程度,随着粒径的增加,泵阀的最大冲蚀磨损速率先增大后减小,增大半锥角可以缓解颗粒对壁面的冲蚀磨损,增大胶垫突出高度会导致冲蚀磨损区域逐渐向胶垫突出位置集中。     

The effects of system and geometric parameters on abrasive water jet nozzle wear

Nozzle wear dependence on abrasive water jet system parameters and nozzle geometry is experimentally investigated. Experimental procedures for evaluating long term and accelerated nozzle wear are discussed. Accelerated wear tests are conducted to study the effects of nozzle length, inlet angle, diameter, orifice diameter, abrasive flow rate, and water pressure on wear. An empirical model for nozzle weight loss rate is developed and is shown to correlate well with experimental measurements.     

Analysis and modelling of particle velocities in micro-abrasive air jet

Abrasive jet micromachining (AJM) is a non-traditional technology that can effectively remove hard and brittle materials at high cut quality. A key requisite in modelling the AJM process is to determine the velocities of abrasive particles. In this paper, a theoretical analysis for particle velocities within a micro-abrasive air jet is presented and the associated particle velocity models are developed. The particle velocities at the nozzle exit are determined based on the nozzle length, particle mean diameter, particle density, air density and air flow velocity. The distribution of particle velocities along the jet centerline downstream from the nozzle and the particle velocity profile at a jet cross-section are also modelled considering surrounding air entrainment and air-particle interaction. A numerical solution to the models is developed to determine the particle velocities by dividing the nozzle and the jet flow in air into small segments along the jet axial direction. The developed models are finally verified by comparing the calculated particle velocities with those from a particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement of the velocity distribution in micro-abrasive air jets. It is shown that the model calculations and the corresponding experimental results are in good agreement with less than 4% average errors.     

面向大平面光学玻璃的射流抛光喷嘴设计

射流抛光是应用于先进光学制造业的一种新的加工方法,喷嘴是射流抛光设备的重要元件。传统的针形喷嘴加工效率较低,不能满足大平面光学玻璃的加工需求。为此,设计了新型喷嘴以提高射流抛光效率,对不同结构参数的喷嘴进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:新型喷嘴可满足大平面光学玻璃的加工需求;选择较小的喷嘴出口宽度、较大的喷嘴收缩角度和收缩段长度可有效地提高射流抛光的加工效率。     

磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻的仿真研究

为了提高磨料水射流的材料去除率,采用ABAQUS软件建立磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻18CrNiMo7-6靶材的仿真模型,观察分析磨粒侵彻过程中靶材表面凹坑的变化情况;同时探究磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度以及入射角度对凹坑形状及尺寸的影响规律,并根据材料去除体积优化磨料水射流工艺参数。结果表明：凹坑深度、材料去除体积随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度、入射角度的增加而增大,凹坑宽度随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒密度的增加先增大而后保持在最大宽度,随着磨粒直径的增加而增大,随着入射角度的增加而减小。以最大材料去除体积为目标,此仿真方案中最优参数为：磨粒初始速度为400 m/s,磨粒密度为12 000 kg/m3,入射角度90°,磨粒直径为1 mm。     

Effects of operating conditions on droplet deposition onto surface of atomization impinging spray

A comprehensive model based on the Navier-Stokes equation and particle tracking method is used to study the effervescent atomization impinging spray, and another model is used to establish the relationship between the droplet velocity near the plate and the different operating conditions. The models and numerical code are validated by comparing the numerical results with the published experimental results. The effects of air-to-liquid ratio, nozzle diameter, liquid mass flow rate, and the position of impinging plate on the Weber number and K number as well as the droplet deposition onto the plate are discussed. The results show that the droplet velocity near the plate increases with increasing air-to-liquid ratio and liquid mass flow rate, and with decreasing nozzle diameter and axial distance from the nozzle exit to the plate. The droplet diameter near the plate increases with increasing axial distance from the nozzle exit to the plate, and with decreasing air-to-liquid ratio. As a function of the nozzle diameter and liquid mass flow rate, the variation of droplet diameter is not monotonous and the effect of liquid mass flow rate on the droplet diameter is insignificant. In the studied operating conditions, it is difficult for the droplet to rebound off the plate when impinging on the plate but it is easier for the droplet to splash. In order to create a condition which can benefit the droplet deposition when impinging on the plate, the suggested ways are to reduce the air-to-liquid ratio and liquid mass flow rate, increase the nozzle diameter, and select a suitable range of axial distance from the nozzle exit to the plate.     

气-固两相流雾化喷嘴的磨损分析

目的为了解决雾化法磁性磨料制备过程中,雾化喷嘴容易发生冲蚀磨损而无法形成有效流场的问题,分析雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损机理,为雾化喷嘴的设计提供理论依据。方法选用Al2O3硬质磨料颗粒、Si C材料的喷嘴,运用理论分析与计算机模拟(CFD)相结合的方法,探究雾化喷涂冲蚀磨损的机理,并研究雾化压力与最大冲蚀磨损率的关系。结果运用理论分析,得出了雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损形式为脆性断裂与微切削两种。运用CFD计算机模拟分析,得出了雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损分布图,其冲蚀磨损率随着雾化压力的增加而增加。当雾化压力为3 MPa时,雾化喷嘴的最大冲蚀磨损率达到了5.3×10-7 kg/(m2·s);当雾化压力为5 MPa时,雾化喷嘴的最大冲蚀磨损率达到了1.3×10-6 kg/(m2·s),较3 MPa时增加了59%。结论可以采取将硬质磨料注入与雾化工序分离的方法来改进雾化喷嘴的结构,从而减少在制备磁性磨料过程中硬质磨料颗粒对雾化喷嘴内壁的冲蚀磨损。     

Computer simulation of developing abrasive jet machined profiles including particle interference

A novel and generally applicable computer simulation was developed to predict the time evolution of the eroded profiles of air abrasive jet machined surfaces, as a function of process parameters such as: abrasive nozzle size, inclination and distance to target surface, abrasive jet particle velocity, size and flux distribution. The effect of collisions between incoming and rebounding particles was included by the tracking of individual particles, performing inter-particle and particle to surface collision detection, and implementing collision kinematics. The target surface advancement was determined by representing the surface by a grid of cubic cells, each of which was assigned a damage parameter based on the number of particles impacting it. The predictions of eroded profiles of the simulation were tested against those that are experimentally measured for a typical microabrasive blasting setup, with good agreement at low particle flux, and reasonable agreement at high particle flux.     

高压低耗散新型喷嘴的设计及数值仿真研究

针对热镀锌车间内吹环喷嘴吹扫钢管内部多余锌粒时耗气量大、出口速度低、冲击力小等问题,设计一款高压低耗散的新型喷嘴,喷嘴内轮廓线采用四次B样条曲线,出口采用椭圆形设计。基于流体力学的基本方程和S-A湍流模型,建立了吹扫射流的数学模型。分析不同入口压力条件下,入射角为30°、45°、60°、90°时,射流对管壁的打击力,并研究喷嘴出口与管口距离的变化对打击力的影响。结果表明:B样条喷嘴冲击到壁面的压力、喷嘴速度和气帘宽度均大于传统的锥直形喷嘴,吹扫效果明显提高。     

Performance and wear characteristics of ceramic, cemented carbide, and metal nozzles used in coal–water–slurry boilers

Ceramics, cemented carbides, and metals were prepared to be used as nozzles in CWS boilers. CWS burning tests in a boiler with these nozzles were carried out. The erosion wear resistance of these nozzles was compared by determining their erosion rates and hole diameter variation. Results showed that the life of the ceramic nozzles is about 30 times high than that of the metal nozzles. The wear types at the nozzle wall surface differed in various positions. The nozzle center wall section suffers form abrasive impact under low impact angles, and the damage at the center wall mainly occurs by plowing and plastic deformation for metals, and by polishing action for carbides and ceramics. The primary wear mechanisms at the exit of ceramic nozzle exhibited thermal shock damage with chipping owing to the greater thermal stresses.