钛/钢爆炸复合板界面连接机理与力学行为（英文）

表征了钛/钢爆炸焊接复合板的界面组织和剪切性能,研究了爆炸复合过程的界面结合机理。结果表明,在金属板之间形成了波状界面组织,剧烈塑性变形造成钢基体发生明显的塑性流动,并在界面形成连续的漩涡特征。TEM和XRD检测证实界面存在纳米尺度的过渡层,并包含有固溶体组织和少量金属间化合物。波状界面组织改善了复合板沿爆炸方向的界面剪切强度,剪切断口显示漩涡组织发生韧性断裂特征。     

TA1/Q235R爆炸焊接复合板界面组织及力学性能

通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱扫描仪（EDS）等分析方法，结合力学性能试验，研究了TA1/Q235R爆炸焊接复合板的界面组织与力学性能。结果表明：TA1/Q235R在爆炸焊接后形成了规律的波状结合界面以及不均匀的漩涡状组织。漩涡组织主要由TiFe、TiFe2等脆性金属间化合物组成，漩涡组织中裂纹、夹杂物、脆性金属间化合物等缺陷导致界面的破坏易沿波形轨迹发生；钛/钢界面拉伸剪切强度达194 MPa，复合板的最大抗拉强度为440 MPa；拉剪断口表现为以脆性断口为主的混合断裂特征，断口特征表明漩涡组织中金属熔化层对钢侧的结合强度高于钛侧。板材拉伸断口为韧性断口。     

退火温度对1060Al/TA2/CCSB爆炸复合板结合界面 微观组织与力学性能的影响

研究了1060Al/TA2/CCSB爆炸复合板结合界面在不同退火温度下的显微组织、力学性能。结果表明,复合板在其界面处呈现连续均匀分布的波状结合,界面处存在漩涡、熔化块、表面微裂纹和绝热剪切带等缺陷。对复合板进行拉脱测试和剪切测试,拉脱断裂发生在1060Al/TA2界面,1060Al/TA2界面的剪切强度低于TA2/CCSB界面。复合板波状界面的存在,阻碍了拉伸过程中的颈缩过程,使复合板塑性提高。随着退火温度升高到400℃,结合界面发生回复,消除了加工硬化效应,使得界面硬度降低;ASB消失并转变为等轴α晶粒,缺陷减少;界面处的熔化块发生溶解,使复合板结合界面组织结构更加均匀,获得良好的综合性能。     

爆炸焊接银/不锈钢复合板性能研究

采用爆炸焊接法制备了银/不锈钢复合板,并对其进行了不同温度的热处理。研究了复合板的界面组织和元素分布,对复合板的显微硬度、剪切强度和弯曲性能进行了检测。结果表明,银/不锈钢复合板结合界面的形貌呈形变-正弦波的结合状态。以爆轰波传播方向为参考,银侧的波纹漩涡为前旋,不锈钢侧的波纹漩涡为后旋。银和不锈钢结合良好,界面处未发生元素扩散。银/不锈钢复合板的平均剪切强度在170 MPa以上,弯曲性能合格。温度在450℃以下的热处理不会明显改变银/钢复合板的力学性能。     

铜/不锈钢爆炸焊界面组织及性能

采用通过经验公式估算的焊接工艺参数制备了T2紫铜/06Cr19Ni10不锈钢爆炸焊复合板。通过金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱扫描仪等分析方法并结合力学性能试验,研究了爆炸焊复合板的界面组织与性能。研究发现紫铜与不锈钢爆炸焊后形成了规律的波状界面,界面主要为固相结合,波峰与波谷区域分别嵌入了不连续的漩涡状铸态组织,该组织主要由ε-Cu,γ-Fe及不锈钢微粒组成;爆炸焊后,界面附近不锈钢组织中形成了绝热剪切带,奥氏体不锈钢发生了马氏体转变。紫铜组织中能够观察到退火和再结晶现象;界面的结合强度达280.3 MPa,且界面附近组织的显微硬度明显得到了提高;复合板的最大抗拉强度为561 MPa,界面结合区断口观察到混合断裂特征,而漩涡状铸态组织的存在未对拉伸断裂失效产生明显的影响。     

R60702/TA2爆炸焊接复合板微观组织及力学性能研究

通过爆炸焊接的方法实现了R60702板与TA2板的结合。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计对热处理前后锆-钛结合界面的微观组织、元素扩散、显微硬度进行了分析;并研究了热处理前后复合板的力学性能和断口形貌。结果表明：爆炸焊接后,锆-钛结合界面呈波状,界面附近产生塑性变形和轻微的元素扩散,随着塑性变形的减弱界面两侧显微硬度也逐渐减小。热处理后,界面元素扩散明显,组织发生再结晶,显微硬度、抗拉强度、剪切强度较热处理前降低,而复合板的塑韧性得到提高。热处理后的复合板弯曲性能良好。     

温轧路径对钛/钢爆炸复合板抗剪切强度的影响

对爆炸复合的钛/钢复合板进行了一道次60%的温轧,研究了一道次温轧钛/钢爆炸复合板的近界面微观组织及剪切强度。结果显示,一道次温轧工艺可以引起钛层和钢层近界面组织的显著剪切变形。由于剪切变形,钛层形成了RD分散织构。钢层含有高组份的旋转立方织构及低组份的γ纤维织构。对比常规多道次轧制方法,由于剪切变形可细化界面化合物,使得一道次温轧钛/钢复合板抗剪切强度得到提升。     

爆炸复合TA2/316L板的组织和性能研究

评估了爆炸复合TA2/316L板的连接能力,采用SEM、EDS、XRD等试验方法研究了复合板结合区附近的显微组织结构和成分,并对复合板进行了拉剪实验.结果表明,结合区形貌呈波状,结合界面附近形成细晶区;结合区存在不连续的熔合层,该层含有大量金属基体小碎块和合金化后生成的金属间化合物,并产生了裂纹、气孔,且波状结合界面不同位置组织成分分布不均匀等焊接缺陷;两基板之间发生了元素扩散;拉剪实验各项性能满足复合材料使用要求,拉伸后波状界面发生了分离.     

爆炸-轧制TA1/Q345R复合板的组织与性能

采用爆炸-轧制法制备了TA1/Q345R复合板,并通过拉剪试验对其结合性能进行了测试。借助光学显微镜观察了结合界面附近的显微组织,并利用扫描电镜(配X射线能谱仪)分析了拉剪试样钢侧的断口形貌。结果表明,与爆炸复合板相比,爆炸-轧制复合板的界面结合强度大幅降低,主要原因是结合界面形成了大量脆性中间相,为复合板的断裂失效提供了裂纹源。爆炸-轧制复合板结合界面为平直型界面,界面附近钢侧的微观组织特征有轻微的带状组织、铁素体粗晶区以及多种脆性中间相。剪切应力作用下,爆炸-轧制复合板主要沿轧制形成的原始表面分离,同时含有解理断裂和硬脆相破碎等特征。     

基于试验和数值模拟的TC1/1060/6061爆炸焊接复合板界面分析

将薄层钛合金板与铝合金板结合可以得到具有优异性能的钛/铝复合板,具有广阔的应用前景.采用爆炸焊接技术成功制备了TC1/1060/6061复合板,对2个界面的界面形貌和元素进行测试,分析夹层存在的优势;同时建立与试验条件一致的有限元模型,对界面状态和焊接过程进行分析,最后对复合板进行拉伸试验和剪切试验,验证界面结合质量.结果表明,TC1/1060界面为直线型形貌,1060/6061界面为波状形貌,且每个波形都伴随着涡流区,TC1/1060界面处的元素扩散范围为4.38μm,且没有检测到钛/铝金属间化合物的产生.数值模拟再现爆炸焊接过程中射流的形成,界面温度沿着界面形貌分布,界面压力在碰撞点处达到最大,且呈现出椭圆形分布,复合板具有较高的抗拉强度和剪切强度,满足结构使用需求.     

爆炸焊接TA1/Al复合管的界面及性能研究

采用爆炸焊接工艺对TA1管材及Al管进行了爆炸复合。利用SEM、XRD对复合管结合区形貌及相组成进行了研究;测试了复合管的结合强度及过渡区的显微硬度,并进行了轴向压缩、径向压扁试验。结果表明:直线状及波状界面同时存在于过渡区;过渡区域出现了明显的元素扩散现象;界面结合强度不低于纯铝剪切强度;轴向压缩、径向压扁后的复合管试样均未出现分层,说明TA1/Al复合管坯界面结合性能优异,可以承受大的塑性变形。     

Bonding Interface and Bending Deformation of Al/316LSS Clad Metal Prepared by Explosive Welding

The morphology, elemental distribution, and phase analysis of the bonding interface were investigated by means of SEM, EDS, and XRD to evaluate the interface bonding properties of Al/316LSS clad metal prepared by explosive welding method. Furthermore, the micro-hardness and bending properties were also investigated. The results indicated that the linear and wavy bonding interfaces coexisted and intermetallic phases were present in the local interfacial zone. Moreover, the micro-hardness value at the bonding interface with intermetallic phases was higher than that at the interface without any intermetallic phases. In addition, bulk metal compounds could easily lead to the generation of micro-cracks during the bending forming process.     

NEW ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY OF EXPLOSIVE WELDING

There are four new achievements of this work on the theory and technology of explosive welding.(1) It has been found and defined three kinds of bonding interfaces: big wavy, small wavy and micro wavy, and the micro wavy interface is the best. In a cladding plate, it is for the first time to find that the form of interface presents regular distribution.(2) Although the interface has the features of melt, diffusion and pressure welding in the mean time, the seam and "hole" brought by the melt weaken the bonding strength of interface greatly, and the effect of melt on interface must be eliminated in explosive welding, so explosive welding is not a melt weld. The diffusion welding is a kind of form of pressure welding, and the diffusion is not the reason of the bonding of interface but the result of interface high pressure. So the diffusion welding cannot also explain the bonding mechanism of it. The experiment and theory make clear that explosive welding is a special pressure one.(3) To get good interface     

基于自约束结构炸药的T2/Q345爆炸焊接及数值模拟

为提高炸药能量利用效率、降低能量耗散,利用自约束结构炸药进行爆炸焊接研究.以T2铜和Q345钢分别作为复层与基层,自约束结构炸药作为焊接炸药,借助ANSYS/AUTODYN软件模拟爆炸焊接过程,并进行T2/Q345爆炸焊接试验,对复合板试件进行拉剪性能检测和微观形貌观察分析其焊接质量.结果表明,T2/Q345爆炸焊接的碰撞速度距起爆端100 mm后均大于临界碰撞速度345 m/s,距起爆端150 mm处碰撞速度达到最大值567 m/s.T2/Q345复合板起爆端呈直线结合,并随着传爆距离增加变为波形结合.T2/Q345复合板远离起爆端的平均剪切强度为237.0 MPa,断裂位置位于铜一侧.试件被拉剪破坏后的铜层出现加工硬化现象,远离结合界面的显微硬度和塑性变形程度呈增强趋势.自约束结构炸药可降低自身爆炸产物飞散,使炸药能量更多地转化为复层动能,提高能量利用率.     

Behavior and mechanism of the bonding interface of 0Cr18Ni9/16MnR by explosive welding

In order to investigate the bonding behavior and mechanism of the interface prepared by explosive welding,the bonding interfaces of OCr18Ni9/16MnR were observed and analyzed by means of optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).It is found that the welding interfaces are wavy due to the wavy explosive loading.There are three kinds of bonding interfaces i.e.big wave,small wave and micro wave.There are a few seam defects and all elements contents are less than both of the base and flyer plate in the transition zone of big wavy interface.Moreover,some"holes"result in the lowest bonding strength of big wavy interface nearby the interface in the base plate.All elements contents of the small wavy interface are between two metals,and there are few seam and hole defects,so it is the higher for the bonding strength of small wavy interface.There is no transition zone and defects in the micro wavy interface,so the interface is the best.To gain the high quality small and micro wavy bonding interface the explosive charge should be controlled.     

采用自约束结构炸药的铜/钢爆炸焊接

为了提高爆炸能量的利用率,减少焊接药量,提出采用自约束结构炸药进行爆炸焊接。采用T2铜板和Q345钢板分别作为复板和基板,通过理论计算得到T2/Q345爆炸焊接窗口。采用双层蜂窝结构炸药作为自约束结构焊接炸药,对T2铜与Q345钢的爆炸焊接进行了试验研究。通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,研究了T2/Q345复合板的结合性能。结果表明：与爆速为2505和3512 m·s^-1的单层炸药相比,T2/Q345复合板爆炸焊接采用的双层蜂窝结构炸药量分别减少了54.4%和31.4%;随着传播距离的增加,复合板的结合界面由直线结合向波状结合转变。复合板的抗拉剪切强度为237.0 MPa,满足T2/Q345复合板的结合强度要求。爆炸产生的硬化发生在结合界面附近,采用双层蜂窝结构炸药爆炸焊接得到的T2/Q345复合板具有良好的结合性能。     

Experiment and interface of Ti/Q235B cladding plate by double vertical explosive welding*

The processing area is reduced by double vertical explosive welding and rolling.Those micro defects are avoided such as"fusion"and"jet pile"in the bonding zone of large Ti plate of explosive welding.So the quality and welding ratio of interface are improved.To solve the technical problem of narrow weldability window of Ti,a minimum critical detonation velocity explosive was invented to enlarge the window after double vertical explosive welding experiment and optimization.A comprehensive protective structure made up of rigid protective plates and flexible protective walls was designed to restrict the movement of cladding plates in double vertical explosive welding effectively and protect the cladding plates from damage.The interface microstructure showed that the bonding interfaces were periodically micro and small wavy and there are no micro defects such as melt metal and swirl.     

钛/铝/钛三层板的一次爆炸复合制备及界面结合性能评价

为评价一次爆炸复合工艺制备的钛/铝/钛三层复合板的界面结合性能,利用SEM、EDS对钛/铝/钛复合板的双层界面组织形貌以及界面元素分布进行了表征;对钛/铝/钛三层复合板进行了拉伸实验和弯曲变形实验。研究结果表明：复合板界面主要由波状界面和平直状界面构成;铝元素与钛元素在界面上发生了互扩散;拉伸和弯曲变形结果表明,一次爆炸复合工艺制备的钛/铝/钛三层复合板具有较大的抗拉强度和优良的界面结合性能,可以承受后续较大的二次塑性变形。     

爆炸焊接304/Q245复合钢界面结构及剪切行为各向异性研究

以304不锈钢 /Q245普碳钢焊接界面为研究对象,本文系统地探讨了界面结构不均匀性及其对服役行为的影响。研究过程中首先观察横截面、纵剖面结构的不均匀性,并基于非平衡运动方程,解释界面结构产生不均匀性的机理。进一步,针对界面波的方向特性,测试其剪切行为随定位角变化特征。最后利用SEM观察剪切断口形貌,认识界面结构对其断裂模式影响。研究表明,爆炸焊接装药爆轰压力脉动是导致界面结构不均匀性的根本原因,而界面波延展方向决定了断裂失效模式和损伤裂纹扩展行为;此外,本文获得了界面最优剪切强度承载方向,可指导爆炸复合材料应用于工程实践。     

Effect of Initial Hardness on Interfacial Features in Underwater Explosive Welding of Tool Steel SKS3

This paper aims at investigating effects of initial hardness on interfacial features for identical compositional materials under identical welding conditions. Two underwater explosive welding experiments on tool steel SKS3 with copper foil were carried out: one as-received and the other heat-treated. The welding process was simulated using the commercially available software package LS-DYNA. Numerical simulation gave deformation of the flyer/base plate and pressure distribution during the welding process. Microstructure and hardness at interface of the welded metals were evaluated. The results indicate that decreasing impact energy is accompanied by a shift from wavy to linear interface. Moreover, a comparison of the two experiments allows the conclusion that high initial hardness results in a decrease of wavelength and amplitude under identical welding conditions. Hardness profiles of as-received tool steel-copper welding reveal the hardening effect of impact in the vicinity of the interface. However, of interest is that a decrease in hardness was seen in the case of heat-treated martensitic tool steel with copper, fundamentally differing from previous explosive welding research; phase transition is proposed to discuss the relation between the effects of impact and heat, and those of work hardening and softening.