奥氏体系合金激光焊接凝固裂纹敏感性研究

基于舍弗勒相图系统研究了奥氏体系合金激光焊接凝固裂纹敏感性。利用激光热丝焊工艺制备了含不同化学成分镍基焊丝的焊接接头,借助横向可调拘束实验和温度测量获得了脆性温度区间(BTR),对凝固裂纹敏感性进行定量评估。结果表明,当铬镍当量之比(Cr_(eq)/Ni_(eq))从0.1增加到1.2时,脆性温度区间呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,说明凝固裂纹敏感性随着Cr_(eq)/Ni_(eq)值的增加先升高再降低。在舍弗勒相图单相奥氏体区域内,中间区域敏感性相对较高,周边区域敏感性相对较低。这是因为焊缝中P+S、Nb和Si等合金元素含量增加,可促使在晶界和亚晶界形成低熔点共晶化合物-偏析液膜,导致凝固裂纹敏感性升高。另外,在一定条件下,Nb对凝固裂纹敏感性的影响要远大于P+S等的影响。     

硅对SAl5356铝合金焊丝显微组织和性能的影响

研究了硅对SAl5356焊丝及其焊接的5083铝合金焊缝显微组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,Si元素含量在0~0.12%时,随着Si元素含量的增加,SAl5356焊丝及其焊接接头强度稍有升高,塑性稍有下降;当Si元素含量高于0.12%时,随着Si元素含量的增加,SAl5356焊丝及其焊缝组织中含硅粗大相增多,焊丝拉伸性能下降,硬度不均匀性加剧,焊接接头强度及弯曲性能变差. 特别是当Si元素含量超过0.2%后,合金中含硅粗大相在晶界处富集,与α(Al)基体构成鱼骨状共晶组织,焊丝及其焊接接头力学性能下降更加明显,铝线材的强度比峰值下降了约12%,断后伸长率下降了约45%. 因此从提高SAl5356焊丝及其焊缝性能角度考虑,Si元素含量不宜超过0.2%,以控制在0.12%以内最佳.     

Si元素含量对5A06/2219异种铝合金焊接裂纹的影响

采用具有不同Si含量的1070,4043和4047三种焊丝对5A06/2219铝合金进行了焊接,对比了不同焊丝条件下的裂纹倾向性。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能谱分析(EDS)对不同Si含量的异种铝合金焊接接头的显微组织及裂纹断口进行了观察,并对异种铝合金焊接裂纹萌生机理进行了讨论。结果表明,当采用Si含量较高的4047焊丝进行焊接时,5A06/2219异种铝合金焊接接头无明显焊接裂纹;当采用1070进行焊接时,焊接裂纹出现在近2219侧的焊缝;当采用4047进行焊接时,焊接裂纹出现在近焊缝中心位置。通过对裂纹断口进行观察可知,焊接裂纹均属于典型的结晶裂纹,晶界析出的低熔点共晶Al_2Cu是产生结晶裂纹的主要原因。     

Al对药芯焊丝CO_2气体保护焊焊缝质量的影响

通过改变药芯焊丝中Al元素含量,获得了一系列CO_2气体保护焊焊缝。基于对焊缝中气孔和夹杂的分析以及力学性能测试,分析了铝对药芯焊丝CO_2气体保护焊焊缝质量的影响。试验结果表明,当焊丝中Al元素含量增加时,焊缝气孔敏感性降低;夹杂数量减少但夹杂体积增大;焊缝强度随Al含量提高先减小后增大,而韧性先增大后减小;当焊丝中Al元素含量为0.48%(质量分数)时,焊缝气孔较少且夹杂较少,焊缝力学性能良好。     

254SMO/Q235B异种钢焊接接头显微组织的研究

在膨胀节生产过程中,发现管道的部分焊道出现了裂纹,为找出裂纹产生的原因,分别选用ERNiCrMo-3,ERNiCrMo-10及ERNiCrMo-14镍基合金焊丝,采用手工TIG焊对254SMO/Q235B异种钢进行焊接.焊后利用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对焊接接头的显微组织进行了分析研究.发现采用ERNiCrMo-10焊丝进行焊接时,焊缝成形良好,未出现焊接裂纹;选用ERNiCrMo-3和ERNiCrMo- 14焊丝时,焊缝均有不同数量的微裂纹出现.研究结果表明,焊接裂纹为凝固裂纹,焊丝成分是造成焊接裂纹的主要原因之一,焊缝凝固模式为全奥氏体模式,有明显的凝固亚晶界(SSGB)、凝固晶界(SGB)和迁移晶界(MGB).     

厚钢板的对接埋弧焊

厚钢板焊接时，往往会出现热裂纹(主要是凝固裂纹)、冷裂纹(包括延迟裂纹)。随着厚度的增加，裂纹趋向也增加。但只要调整焊接热输入，改变焊缝的形状系数，就可获得没有裂纹的焊缝。     

2090Ce铝锂合金的焊缝热裂纹敏感性及接头力学性能

采用焊缝合金化手段，通过设计新型焊丝向焊缝中添加Ｌｉ、Ｚｒ和Ｃｅ等合金化元素，研究了２０９０Ｃｅ稀土铝锂合金焊缝金属的热裂纹敏感性；探讨了合金元素对接头力学性能的影响及作用规律；进而研究了适用于焊接２０９０Ｃｅ合金的焊丝合金成分。试验结果表明，向焊缝金属中添加适量的合金元素Ｌｉ、Ｚｒ和Ｃｅ，能够细化晶粒；增加焊缝中的共晶数量并改善其分布形态，从而有助于降低焊缝金属的热裂纹敏感性。另外，适量的Ｌｉ、Ｚｒ和Ｃｅ等合金元素还能够在不降低接头塑性的同时，明显改善接头的强度；但Ｌｉ和Ｃｅ含量过多则会对接头性能，特别是塑性造成损害。所设计的焊丝材料能够适用于焊接２０９０Ｃｅ稀土铝锂合金。     

基于焊缝熔深优化的7075铝合金等离子-MIG复合焊接热裂纹敏感性EI北大核心CSCD

通过一次回归正交实验,建立了7075铝合金等离子-MIG复合焊接参数与焊缝熔深之间的定量关系;利用Gleeble^(-1)500热模拟试验机对7075铝合金进行热塑性实验,确定了合金的脆性温度区间;采用鱼骨法对7075铝合金进行焊接热裂纹敏感性实验,并用SEM、EDS等手段分析了热裂纹的类型及产生原因。结果表明,7075铝合金脆性温度区间为470~620℃;当焊接热输入分别为2.52、2.95和3.42 k J/cm时,随着热输入的增加,焊接热裂纹敏感性呈先降低后升高的变化规律,裂纹类型由母材部分熔化区的液化裂纹转变为焊缝金属区的结晶裂纹,其中当热输入量为2.95 k J/cm时,焊接接头不仅获得最佳的焊缝熔深,而且其热裂纹敏感性最小,焊接热裂纹呈结晶裂纹方式。     

基于焊缝熔深优化的7075铝合金等离子-MIG复合焊接热裂纹敏感性

通过一次回归正交实验,建立了7075铝合金等离子-MIG复合焊接参数与焊缝熔深之间的定量关系;利用Gleeble~(-1)500热模拟试验机对7075铝合金进行热塑性实验,确定了合金的脆性温度区间;采用鱼骨法对7075铝合金进行焊接热裂纹敏感性实验,并用SEM、EDS等手段分析了热裂纹的类型及产生原因。结果表明,7075铝合金脆性温度区间为470~620℃;当焊接热输入分别为2.52、2.95和3.42 k J/cm时,随着热输入的增加,焊接热裂纹敏感性呈先降低后升高的变化规律,裂纹类型由母材部分熔化区的液化裂纹转变为焊缝金属区的结晶裂纹,其中当热输入量为2.95 k J/cm时,焊接接头不仅获得最佳的焊缝熔深,而且其热裂纹敏感性最小,焊接热裂纹呈结晶裂纹方式。     

焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的影响

运用自主研发的爬壁机器人研究焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding，GMAW)驼峰焊缝的影响. 结果表明，焊接速度或焊接电流超过某一临界值时，竖向高速GMAW会形成驼峰焊缝，且熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生的动量很大的后向液体流是竖向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因. 同时，焊接速度和焊接电流显著影响驼峰焊缝形貌. 当焊接电流不变时，随焊接速度提高，驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距和驼峰高度先稳定减小，后缓慢减小，而焊缝宽度则稳定减小；当焊接速度不变时，随焊接电流增加，驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距先增加后减小，驼峰高度则是先增加后不变，而焊缝宽度则稳定增加. 此外，焊接速度过小或焊接电流过大均会造成金属液下淌.     

薄板2524铝合金激光填丝焊接工艺及组织性能

2524铝合金是具有优异损伤容限的新型航空高强Al-Cu-Mg合金.采用高功率光纤激光器焊接1.6 mm厚2524铝合金,研究了填充5087焊丝情况下,激光功率、焊接速度和填丝速度对焊缝成形、热裂纹倾向和焊缝显微组织的影响,优化焊接工艺参数,考察接头静态拉伸性能.结果表明,采用填充材料后,焊缝柱状枝晶生长方向性明显减小、晶粒细化、晶界共晶增多、热裂纹倾向降低.当激光功率为2.5 kW,焊接速度为2 m/min,填丝速度为2 m/min时,可获得成形良好、无缺陷的焊缝,接头抗拉强度达到313~324 MPa,拉伸断裂于接头熔合线附近,断口处有大量韧窝,呈韧性断裂特征.     

254SMO/Q235B异种钢焊接接头显微组织

分别选用ERNiCrMo-2,ERNiCrMo-3,ERNiCrMo-10,ERNiCrMo-12,ERNiCrMo-13及ERNiCrMo-14 6种镍基合金焊丝,采用手工TIG焊对254SMO/Q235B异种钢板进行焊接试验解决254SMO波纹管与Q235B钢管焊接时出现的裂纹问题,.焊后利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对焊接接头进行了分析研究.发现采用ERNiCrMo-2,ERNiCrMo-3和ERNiCrMo-14焊丝时,焊缝中有较多的微裂纹出现;选用另外3种焊丝进行焊接时,焊缝成形良好,未出现焊接裂纹.结果表明,该焊接裂纹为热裂纹,异种钢物理性能的差异及焊缝中杂质元素的偏析是造成焊接裂纹的关键因素.     

高速列车6005A铝合金型材焊接热裂纹分析

利用热塑性试验研究了6005A铝合金的热裂纹敏感性,分析了激光-MIG复合热源焊接6005A铝合金型材的焊接热裂纹问题．热塑性试验结果表明,6005A铝合金的脆性温度区间为550～640℃,具有较高的热裂纹敏感性．利用激光-MIG复合焊,采用I形坡L1,可以在4．5m／min的焊接速度下实现6005A铝合金型材的高速焊接．获得的复合焊缝背面局部区域出现垂直于焊缝的热裂纹．热裂纹产生的原因是由更改坡口后致使焊缝金属中母材的稀释率增大引起的,采用适当角度的V形坡口可以消除激光-MIG复合焊中的热裂纹．     

湿度对铝合金接头裂纹敏感性的影响规律及机理

采用能谱、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等测试方法,研究了湿度对铝合金接头裂纹敏感性的影响规律及机理. 结果表明,在40% ~ 80%相对湿度的条件下,改良的铝合金鱼骨试件接头表面可见结晶裂纹和液化裂纹;随着湿度的增大,接头裂纹敏感性逐渐提高,其中结晶裂纹的敏感性逐渐降低,液化裂纹的敏感性逐渐提高;湿度增大,铝合金焊缝晶粒逐渐细化,裂纹扩展阻力升高,焊缝组织细化导致结晶裂纹敏感性降低;同时提高湿度,电弧温度降低,焊接热输入量减少,液态金属越发不易在晶界处形成连续的网状薄膜结构,也导致结晶裂纹敏感性降低.     

Metallurgical modeling of microcrack repairment during welding nonferrous materials: non-equilibrium solidification behavior of weld pool (I)

Metallurgical modeling of synergistic microcrack self-repairmen during welding single crystal and polycrystalline superalloys of high-temperature aerospace materials has been properly established.The idea of improvement of nickel-based superalloys weldability through non-equilibrium solidification behavior of backfill to self-repair arterial crack network is usefully proposed.Crystallographic control strategy of crack self-repairmen of fusion zone interdendritic solidification cracking and heat-affected zone (HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking is technically achievable,indicating that optimal niobium alloying beneficially refines weld microstructure,stabilizes the primary solidification path,increases the solidification temperature and concomitantly decreases the weld pool geometry.High-carbon grain boundary is more thermal stable and less contributes to incipient intergranular liquid film than that of low-carbon grain boundary.The theoretical predictions of cracking susceptibility are indirectly verified in a rather satisfactory manner.Additionally,the metallurgical modeling enhances predicative capabilities and thereby is readily applicable for other alloy systems.     

Metallurgical modeling of microcrack repairment during welding nonferrous materials: non-equilibrium solidification behavior of weld pool (Ⅰ)

Metallurgical modeling of synergistic microcrack self-repairmen during welding single crystal and polycrystalline superalloys of high-temperature aerospace materials has been properly established. The idea of improvement of nickel-based superalloys weldability through non-equilibrium solidification behavior of backfill to self-repair arterial crack network is usefully proposed. Crystallographic control strategy of crack self-repairmen of fusion zone interdendritic solidification cracking and heat-affected zone( HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking is technically achievable,indicating that optimal niobium alloying beneficially refines weld microstructure,stabilizes the primary solidification path,increases the solidification temperature and concomitantly decreases the weld pool geometry. High-carbon grain boundary is more thermal stable and less contributes to incipient intergranular liquid film than that of low-carbon grain boundary. The theoretical predictions of cracking susceptibility are indirectly verified in a rather satisfactory manner. Additionally, the metallurgical modeling enhances predicative capabilities and thereby is readily applicable for other alloy systems.     

Prediction of solidification cracking in laser welds of type 310 stainless steels

The occurrence of solidification cracks in laser welds of type 310 stainless steels was predicted by numerical analyses of the solidification brittle range (ductility curve for cracking) and thermal strain in the weld metal. The solidification brittle range in laser welding was estimated from that in arc welding based on the numerical analyses of supercooling (for calculating dendrite tip temperature) and segregation (for calculating completely solidified temperature) during rapid solidification. The calculated solidification brittle range was reduced with an increase in the welding speed because of the enhanced supercooling and the inhibited solidification segregation. The thermal strain analysis by FEM suggested that solidification cracks would occur in SUS310S welds at laser travelling velocity of 60 mm/s applying the initial strain of 1.5%, while no solidification cracks in SUS310EHP welds at any laser travelling velocities applying the higher initial strain of 2.2%. The cantilever type cracking test in laser welding revealed that the predicted results of occurrence of solidification cracks were consistent with experimental ones.     

2A12T4铝合金焊接时拘束条件对热裂纹的影响

采用一种简便有效的热裂纹试验方法,在普通刚性焊接夹具上研究了拘束力和拘束距离对2A12T4铝合金焊接热裂倾向的影响.结果表明,保持拘束距离不变,随着拘束力的增加,焊接热裂纹率逐渐减小,当拘束力到达一定值后,热裂纹率趋于稳定;保持拘束力不变,随着拘束距离增加,焊接热裂纹率呈增加趋势.夹具对工件的拘束条件主要是通过影响焊件的回转变形程度和焊缝区金属的冷却收缩速度来影响焊接热裂倾向.

Abstract：

A simple and effective experimental method was adopted to investigate the effects of restraint force and restraint distance on hot cracking tendency during welding of 2A12T4 aluminum alloy on the common rigid welding fixture. Experimental results show that, under the condition of keeping restraint distance unchanged, the rate of hot cracks decreases gradually with increase of restraint force and finally well reaches a stable value when the reatraint force is great enough. Keeping the restraint force unchanged, the rate of hot cracks increases with increase of restraint distance. The influence of restraint condition on tendency of hot cracking through effecting the extent of externally-expanded deformation of weldtnent and the cooling speed of metals in and around the weld.     

TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢激光焊接头裂纹分析及防止措施

采用激光焊对TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢异种材料进行焊接,用扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了TiNi合金/不锈钢接头裂纹及断口特征,分析了焊缝裂纹的形成机理,并提出了防止裂纹的措施.结果表明,裂纹多以微裂纹的形式出现于焊缝中心和TiNi合金侧熔合区.焊缝中存在大量的脆性化合物是产生裂纹的内在原因,接头受到拉伸应力是产生裂纹的必要条件,焊缝裂纹是二者共同作用的结果.通过焊接区加镍和钴中间层材料、改变激光光斑位置、焊接区施加轴向力及优化激光焊接参数的方法均能在一定程度上改善焊缝金属的裂纹敏感性,其中加金属中间层效果更为明显,加镍和钴中间层后,接头抗拉强度分别达到372和347 MPa,比未加中间层的接头的抗拉强度分别提高98.9%和85.6%.