缝合层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性研究

通过缝合的方法改善织物增强复合材料层合板的层间断裂韧性.采用双悬臂梁(DCB)试验测试和研究了缝合层合板的层间断裂韧性与断裂行为.为了评价缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)对层间断裂韧性的影响,用改进的插入型夹具在实测不同缝合工艺层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性值(G_IC)的基础上,分析和阐明了缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)与G_IC间的关系;以提高层合板的平均层间断裂韧性值为目标,以拉伸和弯曲强度为约束条件优化了缝合工艺;采用摄影显微镜对分层断裂面进行了观察,分析和考察了缝合对其它性能的影响.结果表明:改进的插入型夹具可方便地完成缝合层合板的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性测试;缝合后裂纹不连续扩展,缝合密度对裂纹扩展行为有较大影响;随着缝合密度的增大,层间断裂韧性值增大,但拉伸和弯曲强度降低,缝合密度存在最佳值.     

缝合层合板的I型层间断裂韧性研究

通过缝合的方法改善织物增强复合材料层合板的层间断裂韧性.采用双悬臂梁(DCB)试验测试和研究了缝合层合板的层间断裂韧性与断裂行为.为了评价缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)对层间断裂韧性的影响, 用改进的插入型夹具在实测不同缝合工艺层合板的I型层间断裂韧性值(GIC)的基础上, 分析和阐明了缝合工艺参数(缝合密度)与GIC间的关系; 以提高层合板的平均层间断裂韧性值为目标, 以拉伸和弯曲强度为约束条件优化了缝合工艺; 采用摄影显微镜对分层断裂面进行了观察, 分析和考察了缝合对其它性能的影响.结果表明 改进的插入型夹具可方便地完成缝合层合板的I型层间断裂韧性测试; 缝合后裂纹不连续扩展, 缝合密度对裂纹扩展行为有较大影响; 随着缝合密度的增大, 层间断裂韧性值增大, 但拉伸和弯曲强度降低, 缝合密度存在最佳值.     

碳纳米管加入方式对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层间性能的影响

针对碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料,对比了直接在树脂中加入碳纳米管(CNTs)后制备预浸料以及将CNTs喷涂在预浸料表面2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板I型与II型层间断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的影响。通过对树脂黏度、固化反应以及玻璃化转变温度的考察,分析了CNTs含量对树脂性能的影响,考察了添加方法对CNTs长度与形态的影响。分析了2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的改善效果与作用规律。结果表明:CNTs的加入使树脂的黏度提高,固化反应程度下降;2种分散方法对CNTs的长度与形态无明显影响;直接在树脂中加入CNTs对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料I型与II型层间断裂韧性的提高效果低于在碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料表面喷涂CNTs的方式,后者的CNTs利用率较高;由于CNTs团聚及对树脂固化反应的影响,CNTs含量过高会使得其对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板的增韧效果下降。     

平纹织物结构对织物增强复合材料层间断裂韧性影响的研究

本文采用粘贴片式双悬臂梁(DCB)试件和端部切口弯曲(ENF)试件研究了平纹织物的经纬纱密度对玻璃平纹织物/环氧树脂复合材料的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型层间断裂韧性的影响。实验结果表明织物的密度对层间断裂韧性有显著的影响。提出了在织物增强复合材料层合板中,基体在织物孔洞中形成层间铆接,并且就其与层间G_IC和G_IC的关系进行了研究。      

纤维桥联效应下复合材料层合板的屈曲及分层扩展模拟

纤维增强复合材料层合板由于层间力学性能弱,容易出现分层损伤。分层的扩展往往伴随着纤维桥联效应,纤维桥联能显著增大层合板尤其是多向层合板分层扩展的阻力。考虑纤维桥联效应的三线性内聚力模型能表征分层扩展实验中断裂韧性的“R曲线”特征,比传统的双线性模型能更为准确地描述复合材料的分层扩展行为。本论文基于三线性内聚力模型,对含圆形分层复合材料层合板的轴向压缩进行数值模拟,探讨纤维桥联效应对分层扩展及后屈曲行为的影响规律。研究结果发现,纤维桥联对层合板的屈曲载荷影响较小;混合屈曲模式下,三线性模型预测的上下子板相对法向位移明显低于双线性模型;相同分层深度下,三线性模型预测的层合板后屈曲更早转变为整体屈曲模式。随着分层深度的增加,层合板的屈曲模式由局部屈曲逐步过渡为混合屈曲和整体屈曲;当分层深度较浅时,Ⅰ型分层扩展占主导;随着分层深度的增加,Ⅰ型分层逐渐减弱,而Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型分层扩展则显著增强;当分层接近板中面时,Ⅰ型分层停止扩展,以Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型分层为主。     

碳纤维增强树脂复合材料-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能

通过双悬臂梁试验(DCB)研究了金属表面处理和界面插层协同作用对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,采用金属表面处理与界面插层协同增韧方案,可以极大地提升层合板的I型层间断裂韧性。其中,喷砂/界面胶膜插层试件(GB36#/AF)的I型层间断裂韧性相比于脱脂试件提高了343%;喷砂/界面纯树脂插层试件(GB36#/EP)相比于脱脂试件,其Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性提高了129%。并基于内聚区模型对CFRP-热成型钢超混杂层合板分层失效进行了有限元模拟。最后借助激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSM)、接触角测量仪(CAG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对热成型钢表面形貌和试件的断裂面进行了表征并揭示了层间增韧的机制。      

缝合/RTM复合材料层合板的力学性能研究

分别采用高强玻璃纱、Kevlar-29纤维和T300 3K纤维为缝合线对玻璃纤维方格布进行缝合,研究了缝合/RTM复合材料层合板的面内拉伸性能和层间剪切性能.研究结果表明,与未缝合复合材料层合板相比,缝合复合材料层合板面内拉伸性能有所降低(碳纤维缝合复合材料除外),在给定缝合密度下最大降幅为14%;缝合复合材料层合板的层间剪切性能较未缝合层合板都有不同程度的提高,在给定缝合密度下最大达到了40%,缝合可显著提高复合材料层合板的层间性能.     

织物增强复合材料层合板I型层间断裂特性

采用双悬臂梁(DCB)试验测试和研究了织物增强复合材料层合板的层间断裂韧性与断裂行为。为了评价测试温度和试样几何尺寸的变化对层间断裂韧性的影响,分别在室温(RT)和液氮温度(77K)条件下对不同尺寸的试样进行了双悬臂梁试验。采用扫描电镜对分层断裂面进行了观察,分析和验证了层间断裂特性。      

织物增强复合材料层合板Ⅰ型层间断裂特性

采用双悬臂梁(DCB)试验测试和研究了织物增强复合材料层合板的层间断裂韧性与断裂行为。为了评价测试温度和试样几何尺寸的变化对层间断裂韧性的影响，分别在室温(RT)和液氮温度(77K)条件下对不同尺寸的试样进行了双悬臂梁试验。采用扫描电镜对分层断裂面进行了观察，分析和验证了层间断裂特性。     

短纤维层间增韧的三维有限元分析

层间短纤维强韧化是复合材料层合板层间增韧的有效途径之一。采用三维非线性有限元方法分析了层间短纤维强韧化复合材料层合板的分层扩展问题,探讨其影响因素。以混合模式下通用裂纹扩展的能量准则作为分层扩展判据,通过虚拟裂纹闭合技术计算分层尖端能量释放率。用节点双编号和单元生死技术模拟分层扩展。采用弹簧单元模拟层间短纤维作用,通过改变弹簧刚度修正短纤维桥联力。采用GAP元处理分层区的接触非线性问题。分析了分层区桥联力对层间应力场、位移场以及分层扩展的影响。研究结果表明,层间短纤维有效延缓了分层扩展,增韧效果明显。     

Experimental investigation on test methods for mode II interlaminar fracture testing of carbon fiber reinforced composites

In this paper, experimental investigation on the test methods for mode II interlaminar fracture testing of carbon fiber reinforced composites are carried out. Mode II interlaminar fracture testing of unidirectional composite of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (T800/#3631) are conducted using four kinds of test methods, namely end notched flexure (ENF) test, end loaded split (ELS) test, four-point bend end notched flexure (4ENF) test, and over notched flexure (ONF) test. An analytical model based on a point-friction assumption and classical beam theory is proposed to evaluate the effect of friction between crack faces on the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness in the 4ENF and ONF tests. The analytical model is validated by the comparison of analytical results with previous ones obtained from finite element analysis. Experimental results show that the ENF test gives reliable initiation value of fracture toughness with a small scatter and that the average value of fracture toughness obtained from 4ENF test is about 2% higher than that obtained from the ENF test. The effect of friction in the 4ENF test is much lower than that in the ONF test in which the effect of friction increases with the crack growing. It is concluded that the 4ENF test method is an effective test method for the experimental evaluation of mode II propagation interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced composites.     

Monitoring of delamination onset and growth during Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture tests using guided waves

A delamination monitoring method was proposed to characterize Mode I and Mode II delamination onset in carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composite laminates through interrogation of guided waves activated and captured using piezoelectric actuators and sensors in a pitch–catch configuration. Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture tests were conducted using double cantilever beam (DCB) and end notch flexure (ENF) specimens to evaluate the proposed method. The changes in wave propagation velocity and wave magnitude (or attenuation), and the degree of waveform similarity between excitation and response signals, were calculated as delamination-sensitive wave parameters and plotted versus displacement recorded using a materials testing system. The kink points determined from wave parameter–displacement curves agreed well with the deviation from linearity (NL), visual observation (VIS) and maximum load (Max) points, which are often used in conventional methods for determining interlaminar fracture toughness. The propagation characteristics of the A₀ wave mode in a low frequency range were demonstrated to have high sensitivity to Mode I and in particular Mode II delamination onset in CF/EP composite laminates. It was concluded that the guided waves propagating in the DCB and ENF specimens were capable of determining Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, complementing current practices based on visual inspection or trivial interrogation using load–displacement curve alone.     

分层界面角度对CFRP层板Ⅱ型分层的影响

Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度是复合材料结构损伤容限设计的关键力学参数。针对5种具有不同预置分层界面的国产T300复合材料端部缺口弯曲(ENF)实验件,开展Ⅱ型分层测试,获得预嵌薄膜末端开裂的Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度 G Ⅱc,NPC 和预开裂裂纹处扩展的Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度 G Ⅱc,PC 。结果表明:5种分层界面下 G Ⅱc,NPC 均比 G Ⅱc,PC 高,并且对于 G Ⅱc,NPC 值,0°/0°分层界面的最高,0°/90°分层界面的最低;而对于 G Ⅱc,PC 值,0°/45°分层界面的最高,0°/90°分层界面的最低。同时,采用虚拟裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)模拟不同分层界面处的Ⅱ型分层扩展,获得了分层扩展过程中分层前缘应变能释放率分布,结合实验结果分析了分层界面角度对Ⅱ型断裂韧度测量值的影响。     

Analysis of stitched laminated ENF specimens for interlaminar mode II fracture toughness

Two simple micromechanics based models are proposed to predict the effect of through-thickness reinforcement (stitching) on the improvement of delamination crack growth resistance in end-notched flexure (ENF) specimens. In the first model, it is assumed that stitches stretch elastically and then rupture when the load carried approaches the failure load. In the second model, it is assumed that stitches are discontinuous and that the stitch thread-matrix interface is completely frictional. Approximate closed form solutions for energy release rates are obtained, and the effects of stitch density, matrix-stitch thread interfacial shear stress, stitch thread diameter, volume fraction of stitches, critical energy release rate and Young's modulus are then examined. A simple design study for sizing the ENF specimen to minimise geometric nonlinear response is presented. The influences of interlaminar shear deformation and friction between the crack surfaces on the strain energy release rate are examined.     

Mode II interlaminar fracture properties of Moso bamboo

Bamboo is a kind of biological composites reinforced by unidirectional long fiber. Once there exists crack, the propagation of delamination is controlled by the interlaminar fracture toughness instead of by strength. In this paper, the end notched flexure (ENF) beam specimen was used to test the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness G_IIC along grain of Moso bamboo internode and the fracture surface was analyzed. The results were obtained that the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness G_IIC calculated by the experiment parameter substitution method was more accurate and the value was 1303.18 J/m² (coefficient of variation = 8.96%) which was about three times higher than the value of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness; the crack propagation of Mode II interlaminar fracture was mainly self-similar cracking, but the fracture surface was rougher. Ground tissue in the zone of Mode II crack propagation was characterized by hackle shearing deformation. The SEM photos showed that ground tissue separated from fiber along middle lamella under shear stress and as the increasing of the dislocation of upper and lower layer, the thin-walled ground tissue would fracture transversely by tension, while to thick-walled fiber cell, only middle lamella and primary wall were torn then debonded, fragments remained.     

Effect of mendable polymer stitch density on the toughening and healing of delamination cracks in carbon–epoxy laminates

This paper presents an investigation into the effect of stitch density on the delamination toughening and self-healing properties of carbon–epoxy laminates. The stitches provide the laminate with the synergistic combination of high mode I interlaminar fracture toughness to resist delamination cracking and healing properties to repair delamination damage. The results show that the fracture toughness of the laminate increased with stitch density, due to higher traction (crack closure) loads exerted by the stitches bridging the delamination. During the healing process these bridging stitches first melt and then flow into the delamination, leading to self-healing with full restoration of the mode I fracture toughness. Furthermore, the stitches were capable of repairing delamination cracks many times larger than the original size of the stitches. The effect of stitch density on the healing process of delamination cracks and restoration of fracture toughness was found to remain approximately the same under multiple repair operations.     

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness in unidirectional polymeric composites

A modified end-notched flexure (ENF) specimen was used to determine Mode-II-dominated dynamic delamination fracture toughness of fiber composites at high crack propagation speeds. A strip of FM-73 adhesive film was placed at the tip of the interlaminar crack created during laminate lay-up. This adhesive film with its greater toughness delayed the onset of crack extension and produced crack propagation at high speeds. Dynamic delamination experiments were performed on these ENF specimens made of unidirectional S2/8553 glass/epoxy and AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy composites. Crack speed was measured by means of conductive aluminum lines created by the vapor deposition technique. A finite-element numerical simulation based on the measured crack speed history was performed and the dynamic energy release rate calculated. The results showed that the dynamic fracture toughness is basically equal to the static fracture toughness and is not significantly affected by crack speeds up to 1100 m/s.     

Bending effect of through-thickness reinforcement rods on mode II delamination toughness of ENF specimen: Elastic and rigid–perfectly plastic analyses

In this paper, a new simple metallic z-rod model is proposed to study the bending effect of the metallic z-rods on mode II delamination toughness of laminated composites. A new transverse shear force–deformation relationship for a metallic z-rod is obtained by using the classical beam theory and modeling its surrounding matrix as linearly elastic, rigid–perfectly plastic or linearly elastic–perfectly plastic springs. The bridging traction provided by a metallic z-rod to the mode II delamination toughness is assumed to be only the shear force carried by a z-rod created by the relative slippage between two substrate beams in an end-notched flexure (ENF) specimen, whereas the longitudinal sliding friction is assumed to make negligible contribution to the bridging traction. Mode II strain energy release rate (SERR) is employed to evaluate the influence of the metallic z-rods on the interlaminar fracture toughness of end-notched flexure (ENF) specimens. A parametric study of ENF specimens reinforced with the z-rods is conducted to demonstrate the effect of the new bridging mechanism by the metallic z-rods on the mode II delamination toughness.