超声对含油浮渣脱水性能的影响

扬子石化炼油厂目前年产含油浮渣15000吨左右,由于含水率过大导致处置困难,利用价值不高。采用超声波辐照法对含油浮渣进行预处理,沉降一段时间后可降低其含水量,从而减少浮渣体积,达到简量化的目标。实验结果给出了达到最佳脱水效果时各影响因素如超声频率、声强、作用时间、沉降时间及沉降温度等的最适宜值。与原有采用添加絮凝剂过滤工艺相比较,具有一定的优越性：即在达到相同效果下,无需使用絮凝剂,从而降低含油浮渣的脱水成本;同时,在同样的沉降条件下,超声作用后的浮渣含水率更低。     

驻波场原油破乳及盐衡算方法

原油在加工前要进行脱水脱盐处理。声波破乳是十分有效的强化原油脱水脱盐方法。利用声波的破乳机理．在驻波场中考察了声波声强和辐照时间等对鲁宁管输原油破乳的影响,并得到较好的试验条件为：原油预热温度约80℃,搅拌强度400r·min^-1,搅拌时间15min,破乳剂NS-2003用量20μg·g^-1,注水量5％,声波辐照时原油温度80℃。辐照声强0．38W·cm^2,辐照时间约5min,沉降温度75℃,沉降时间90min;在此实验条件下原油的脱后含水率0．37％．盐含量3．85mg·L^-1;脱水率92．696,脱盐率87．9％。原油盐衡算发现,原油注水量偏少时,脱后原油中盐含量偏高的原因是原油与水不能充分接触,盐不能充分地被洗脱。     

SAGD超稠油采出液脱水实验研究

针对辽河油田曙一区杜84块SAGD超稠油,合成、筛选出适合其脱水的耐高温型破乳剂,该破乳剂在高温、高压条件下与超稠油采出液作用后可使净化油含水≤5%。并且通过实验摸索出适合SAGD超稠油脱水的温度、压力、破乳剂加入量等脱水工艺参数。目前破乳剂已成功应用于SAGD超稠油脱水实验站,在脱水温度高于155℃、脱水压力高于水的饱和蒸汽压0.1Mpa～0.2Mpa、破乳剂加入量高于300mg/L、热化学沉降时间高于1h的工艺条件下,净化油含水低于4%。     

原油低温破乳技术在油田开发中的应用研究

本文在综述原油脱水意义及各种脱水方法的基础上，介绍了化学破乳脱水技术的优越性，重点针对胜利油田开发中后期面临的采出液含水率上升、采出液乳化严尾、乳化稳定性增强等实际生产问题，以及新的节能降耗形势需求带来温度降低后采出液破乳难度增加的技术难题，开展了低温破乳技术研究，认为低温破乳剂是今后的一种发展趋势，具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

运用纳米技术制备新型原油破乳剂

用原位法在聚醚破乳剂TAl031体系中制备了含有纳米氧化物的复合型原油破乳剂.结果显示,含有纳米氧化物的复合破乳剂的破乳性能得到了大幅度提高,乳状液破乳脱水时间可以加快30min左右,脱水率也可以提高20%～30%.结果表明,将纳米技术运用于原油破乳剂的制备中是可行的.     

膜分离技术在原油破乳和含油污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了一种破乳功能膜用于原油破乳脱水和含油污水处理的系统。该系统采用全物理方法，能安装在生产线上，对原油直接脱水分离，将高含水原油变为低含水原油，或使原油含水率达到成品油集输的标准，脱出的污水水质达到油田回注标准。该系统在原油凝固点以上５～１０℃就可运行，在满负荷运行条件下压降＜０．１ＭＰａ，具有较好的分离效果，节省能源，较大幅度降低生产成本     

不合格品乳化炸药破乳剂及破乳条件的选择

利用Op 10、Tween 80、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、Span 20和石油醚对乳化炸药进行破乳,并且利用电导率及硝酸铵(AN)的析出率来表示破乳剂破乳效果的好坏。通过分析这些破乳剂破乳后的现象及测定电导率和AN的析出率,发现Op 10、Tween 80与石油醚的破乳效果较好,而且破乳条件比较好把握。该研究为今后工业处理废乳化炸药提供了参考。     

超声波强化庞庄煤制浆的试验研究

使用自制的新型萘油添加剂对庞庄煤制浆,考察了超声作用前后煤浆中煤粉粒度分布与添加剂在煤粒表面吸附能力的变化及其对水煤浆性能的影响。煤浆经超声作用后,浆体中细级煤粒的含量与煤粒对萘油添加剂的平衡吸附量都增加,煤浆稳定性显著提高。在超声发射强度为60W/cm2,频率为20kHz,萘油添加剂加入量为1%的条件下,超声辐照时间小于3min时煤浆粘度降低,辐照时间超过3min,煤浆粘度反而升高。当添加剂加入量为2%时,浆体粘度在试验超声作用时间内一直降低。     

科学控制，降低破乳剂的日耗量

随着油田不断开采,原油含水率逐渐上升,形成油包水型乳状液,其粘度增加,这不仅增加了原油的流动阻力,使井口和计量站回压上升,影响产量,而且使原油脱水沉降处理变得困难。自2007年起,作业区实施端点加SH-3破乳剂的措施,目前在二区共有端点加药点2处,不仅破乳降粘,降低流动阻力,对集输有利,而且保证了常温输送的正常进行,效果较好。但在加药运行中,破乳剂用量在原油生产、集输过程中起着举足轻重的作用,若破乳剂加药量过大,造成不必要的浪费,若加药量过少,防蜡降粘效果差,特别是冬季集油线压力高,浪费破乳剂。因此,我们必须合理的控制破乳剂的使用量,降低破乳剂的日耗量。     

掺加页岩与粉煤灰对污泥脱水性能的影响

改善污泥的脱水性能有利于污泥的处置与利用,以污泥建材资源化为目标,实验研究了在污泥沉降浓缩阶段加入页岩和粉煤灰后对沉降污泥脱水性能的影响。结果显示单掺页岩或粉煤灰后污泥的脱水性能得到显著改善;污泥比阻从处理前的1013数量级降至1011数量级;污泥脱水后的含水率降低,有利于后续的处理和利用;污泥脱水后的体积有一定程度增大,但这种体积增大在污泥的建材资源化利用方面是可接受的。混掺页岩和粉煤灰后对污泥脱水性能的改善效果优于单掺,页岩与粉煤灰掺量均为5%时,污泥的脱水性能得到最佳改善,且脱水污泥体积无明显增加。     

超声波应用于稠油降黏的实验研究

稠油在我国已探明的储量中占比50%以上,而它的高密度、高黏度等特征使得其开采和运输的难度极大,因此,稠油降黏意义重大。超声波技术在稠油降黏的应用中已取得了一定的成效,但尚未得到现场大规模应用。为探究超声波在稠油降黏过程中的作用规律,基于室内实验设计了包括超声波发生器、流变仪、电子天平、恒温水浴等仪器组成的超声稠油降黏评价测试平台。在测试平台上,观测了超声波发生器的电功率、超声作用时间以及油样初始黏度对稠油降黏效果的影响。结果表明,只有在一定的条件下,超声波技术在稠油降黏中的应用才能取得较好的效果,说明了超声波技术对于稠油降黏以及油井的增产增注具有适用性。目前看来,超声波降黏技术在油田现场实际井中的应用及其降黏机理还需进一步深入的研究。     

超声清洗法回收冷轧厂磁过滤物中的纳米铁粉

研究一种冷轧厂磁过滤物中纳米铁粉的回收方法,采用超声清洗法除去铁粉表面的油污,得到纯净的纳米铁粉,通过试验研究超声频率、功率密度、清洗温度对除油效果的影响,采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对铁粉产品进行表征。结果表明,相对于机械搅拌清洗,采用超声清洗含油铁粉,可提高清洗液的除油能力;超声频率为40 kHz,功率密度为0.44 W/cm2,清洗温度为40℃时,用清洗液清洗4次,每次清洗时间为20 min,用去离子水漂洗至澄清,真空干燥5 h,所得纳米铁粉中铁元素的质量分数为95.75%。     

Superabsorbent dewatering of refractory gold concentrate slurries

In this paper, superabsorbent polymer (SAB) dewatering behaviour of selected mineral pulps comprising low-grade, refractory gold flotation concentrate, bio-oxidation product and cyanide leach residue was investigated as an alternative to conventional, gravity thickening. The shear rheology of the resulting sediments was also investigated for pulp handleability. All slurries displayed better SAB-mediated dewatering performance, in terms of reduced processing time, volume minimization and greater water recovery for recycle, in comparison with gravity thickening. Specifically, SAB absorbed >94 wt.% water from the dilute slurries within 30 min of contact time. 45–76 wt.% more water was recovered after 60 min at high supernatant clarity using the SAB dewatering approach compared with gravity settling. The observed non-Newtonian, shear thinning rheological behaviour of SAB-dewatered consolidated slurries, reflecting low to moderate yield stresses in the range 1–40 Pa and shear thinning viscosities (<10 mPa⋅s), indicate their “handleability” in hydro-transport. The cost effectiveness of the SAB dewatering process engendered by its significantly greater water recovery and SAB polymer recovery, regeneration and multiple reuse capacity.     

废铬液循环清洁生产工艺及其成革理化性能研究

采用废铬液循环清洁生产工艺,对奶牛皮进行了加工,并分析了废铬液循环10次与常规工艺相比所产生的经济效益及成品革的性能变化。实验结果表明,采用废铬液循环清洁工艺,废铬液循环10次,可以节约38.8%的硫化钠,26.04%的石灰,8.08%的铬粉和72.9%的水;会导致成革最大伸长率、抗张强度、撕裂强度、崩裂强度小幅下降,柔软度、透气性、透水汽性、六价铬含量小幅提升,但均高于鞋面用皮革标准。     

Evaporation and Settling Behavior of Metalworking Fluid Aerosols

Environmental and industrial hygiene issues have been receiving ever increasing attention. One important issue is metalworking fluid (MWF) mist formation since it can have a negative effect on workplace air quality. A model is presented to characterize the evaporation and settling behavior of a diluted water-soluble MWF mist under ambient conditions. The model is based on the Langmuir-Knudsen law and Stoke' law. The Langmuir-Knudsen law is employed to describe the evaporation process of each MWF droplet and allows for nonequilibrium effects associated with small droplet size. Stoke' law is applied to characterize the droplet settling mechanism at small Reynolds numbers. Experiments are performed to validate the model. Experiments show that the evaporation rate decreases to zero as the water in a droplet completely evaporates to produce a small nonvolatile oil drop. It is found that the evaporation and settling of a collection of MWF droplets can be predicted by the proposed model.     

微流控芯片微沟道的超声压印制作

作为一种新型聚合物微结构成形方法,超声波压印具有成形速度快和基片整体变形小的特点,但是微结构在较大面积成形时存在均匀性较差的问题．本文面向微流控芯片中微沟道的超声波压印成形,通过设计正交实验和有限元仿真研究的方法,分析了超声压印工艺参数对微流控芯片成形质量和均匀性的影响原因及规律．结果表明,可以通过优化超声波压印压力、振幅和超声波作用时间提高压印均匀性．其中超声波压印压力对成形精度和均匀性的影响最大．采用优化后的工艺参数进行实验,在48mm×32mm面积的PMMA微流控芯片基片上成形了微沟道,微沟道的复制精度优于95．6％．片上3点的均匀性为98．0％．     

Analysis of the abstraction of water from freshly mixed jointing mortars in masonry construction

Sharp front theory is used to derive an equation describing the time taken for a wet mortar joint to be dewatered by an absorbent substrate. The equation shows that the time taken to dewater a mortar joint is directly proportional to its thickness and inversely proportional to the transfer sorptivity, itself a function of the sorptivity of the substrate and the desorptivity of the wet mix. Experimental data are presented which validate this equation and the results show that the time to dewater a mortar depends on both the hydraulicity and the initial water content of the mix. For the practically important case of jointing mortars applied in 10 mm layers to a typical facing brick we show that dewatering times range from 20 s to 1 min for Portland cement and NHL 2 mortars, respectively, and that 40–60% of the original mix water is lost in the process.     

基于再生基础油的CF-4 10W/30柴油机油的研制

废机油在预处理后,采用分子蒸馏设备对其进行了蒸馏分离,得到的轻组分再进行加氢精制,生成再生润滑油。元素分析显示精制前后硫含量下降约66.3%。以再生润滑油与68#机械油调和成再生基础油,作为柴油机油的基础油。实验结果表明,再生基础油的抗磨性较好,这与再生基础油中残存的少量抗磨剂有关。再生基础油的抗氧化安定性不佳,是由于精制过程中脱除了油品中的抗氧化成分—含硫多环化合物,可通过添加苯三唑衍生物T551等金属减活型抗氧剂来改善。再生基础油的起泡性较大,需加大抗泡剂用量。研制的CF-4 10W/30柴油机油,其抗磨性、倾点等优于参比油,其它性能相当,完全可以作为商用柴油机油使用。     

Ultrasonic recovery of copper and iron through the simultaneous utilization of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) spent acid etching solution and PCB waste sludge

A method was developed to recover the copper and iron from Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) manufacturing generated spent acid etching solution and waste sludge with ultrasonic energy at laboratory scale. It demonstrated that copper-containing PCB spent etching solution could be utilized as a leaching solution to leach copper from copper contained PCB waste sludge. It also indicated that lime could be used as an alkaline precipitating agent in this method to precipitate iron from the mixture of acidic PCB spent etching solution and waste sludge. This method provided an effective technique for the recovery of copper and iron through simultaneous use of PCB spent acid solution and waste sludge. The leaching rates of copper and iron enhanced with ultrasound energy were reached at 93.76% and 2.07% respectively and effectively separated copper from iron. Followed by applying lime to precipitate copper from the mixture of leachate and rinsing water produced by the copper and iron separation, about 99.99% and 1.29% of soluble copper and calcium were settled as the solids respectively. Furthermore the settled copper could be made as commercial rate copper. The process performance parameters studied were pH, ultrasonic power, and temperature. This method provided a simple and reliable technique to recover copper and iron from waste streams generated by PCB manufacturing, and would significantly reduce the cost of chemicals used in the recovery.