空间微膨胀型热开关传热性能试验

为了解决空间相机在冷黑环境下由于姿态变化引起的散热问题,基于金属材料的热特性设计了一种机械制冷式热开关,构建实验平台模拟热开关的实际工作环境,研究在不同热负载条件下,热流密度对传热和散热效率的影响。通过调节加热器功率大小和冷源温度水平,得到热开关的传热以及热闭合特性。实验结果表明,随着加热功率的递增,开关整体热阻逐渐减小,当加热负载为30W,热开关热闭合热阻为0.302 2 K/W,当温度降低时,热开关断开热阻达到230.46 K/W,整体开关比为762.60。该热开关能够自动实现闭合、断开特性,且具有较大的开关比,性能稳定可靠。     

4.2—280K宽温区低温电磁驱动式热开关实验研究

为了在低温温度标定系统中实现超宽温区控温,研制了一种以电磁力驱动的主动机械式热开关,相比常规的气隙式或者材料热胀冷缩式热开关,具有工作温区宽、响应速度快等优点。以一台两级G-M低温制冷机为冷源,搭建了温度低至4.2 K的低温热开关性能试验台。通过升降温过程中的控温对比实验,测得该热开关在50 K时闭合热导为1.5 W/K,断开热导为1.2 m W/K,开关比为1 250;在240 K时闭合热导为0.4 W/K,断开热导为0.5 m W/K,开关比为80。     

微膨胀型低温热开关研究

低温热开关是空间制冷中多机并联的关键技术之一,主要用于耦合备用制冷机以减少非运转机上的寄生热载.在比较了各种空间用低温热开关的性能的基础上,详细介绍了中国科学院理化技术研究所研制的被动型热开关的设计及实验情况.其工作原理是根据不同材料的热胀冷缩性能不同进行的,结构总长度在20～40 mm之间,仅由3部分组成.设计了长寿命实验的自动测试实验台,并进行1 500次的开关循环实验,证明此装置的可靠性.实验结果表明,该热开关闭合热阻小于1.1 K/W,断开热阻大于1 400 K/W.     

CH3COONa·3H2O相变蓄热性能研究

以三水醋酸钠（CH3COONa·3H2O）为蓄热基质,通过大量实验,遴选合适的抗沉淀剂和成核剂,配成相变温度约55℃、过冷度小于2℃的蓄热材料。对该材料的蓄热性能进行研究表明,该材料相变热可达238J／g,导热系数为1．072W／m·K（30℃时）,可用于空调冷凝热回收系统。     

CH3COONa·3H2O相变蓄热性能研究

以三水醋酸钠(CH3COONa·3H2O)为蓄热基质,通过大量实验,遴选合适的抗沉淀剂和成核剂.配成相变温度约55"(2、过冷度小于2℃的蓄热材料.对该材料的蓄热性能进行研究表明,该材料相变热可达238J/g,导热系数为1.072W/m·K(30℃时),可用于空调冷凝热回收系统.     

用结构函数法测量GaN HEMT与夹具的界面层热阻

为准确测量Ga N HEMT与夹具界面层的热阻,在两种不同的管壳界面材料条件下,利用经过改进的显微红外热像仪测量Ga N HEMT的降温曲线。采用结构函数算法对两种降温曲线进行分析,得到反映器件各层材料热阻的积分结构函数曲线。利用JESD51-14中的方法分别确定结壳热阻分离点和夹具到热沉的热阻分离点,得到结壳热阻Rj-c为1.078 K/W,夹具到热沉的热阻Rf-s为0.404 K/W。利用两种条件下的总热阻减去结壳热阻和夹具到热沉的热阻得到管壳界面材料热阻,导热硅脂热阻为0.657 K/W,空气介质热阻为1.105 K/W。依据该方法可以实现对界面层热阻的测量。     

直接冷却中氮化铝与无氧铜低温真空接触热导的实验研究

以5W／20K小型G-M制冷机为冷源，对低温下氮化铝（AlN）与无氧铜（OFHC）界面的接触热导进行了实验研究和分析。在45～140K内，氮化铝／无氧铜界面接触热导随温度的升高而增大，同时亦随接触压力的增加而增大。实验中同时得到了氮化铝在低温下的热导率，随温度的升高，氮化铝热导率值逐渐增大。就氮化铝低温热导率及氮化铝／无氧铜接触界面热阻随温度变化规律进行了微结构机理分析。     

石蜡微胶囊相变蓄热砂浆的热性能与热红外性能

通过测定保温砂浆的热焓与相变温度,试件的导热系数、表面温度和红外图像,考察了石蜡微胶囊相变蓄热保温砂浆的热性能与热红外性能。结果表明,砂浆中的相变材料保持了相变蓄热性能,热焓为15J/g,相变温度峰值在62.6℃,温度范围为40～80℃;保温砂浆的导热系数0.18～0.42W/m·K之间,随着石蜡微胶囊含量的增加,其导热系数降低;模拟加热实验中,相变蓄热砂浆试件表现出良好的蓄热性能与保温性能;室外太阳照射试验中,与空白样品比较,石蜡微胶囊砂浆试件的表面温度低5～8℃。     

低温复合相变材料正辛酸-癸酸的制备及性能分析

将正辛酸(OA)与癸酸(CA)按比例混合制备二元复合相变材料OA-CA,用于相变温度2～8℃的医药冷藏运输系统中。首先通过理论计算预测了二元混合物的共晶点,确定它的共晶点比例、相变温度及潜热值,然后围绕共晶点比例配制6种不同比例的混合物。结果表明:OA-CA的过冷度为0.4℃、共晶点质量比为71∶29、相变温度为1.7℃、相变潜热为122.1J/g、热导率为0.3231W/(m·K)。对OA-CA低温复合相变材料进行100次循环蓄放冷实验,发现其相变温度、潜热值、热导率均未发生明显变化。     

膨胀石墨基相变储能材料的制备及性能研究

以膨胀石墨作为主导热材料,石蜡作为相变储热材料,通过真空浸渍法制备了膨胀石墨-石蜡复合相变储能材料,研究了石蜡质量分数对复合相变储能材料微观形貌、物相结构及热性能的影响。结果表明,膨胀石墨和石蜡反应后生成的复合相变储能材料主要依靠物理吸附结合,石蜡均匀覆盖在膨胀石墨的表面以及孔隙中,当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密封性和结构致密性最佳,几乎不发生泄露。随着石蜡质量分数的增加,复合相变储能材料的熔点逐渐增大,热分解温度逐渐提高,石蜡质量分数91%的复合相变储能材料相比石蜡质量分数85%的相变材料热分解温度提高了约15℃。随着石蜡质量分数的增大,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数持续降低,密度先降低后增加,比热持续增大。当石蜡质量分数为94%时,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数均为最低值,分别为2.492 W/(m·K)和0.605 mm²/s;当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密度为最小值0.794 g/cm³,对应比热为5.462 J/(g·K)。分析可得,石蜡质量分数为91%的复合相变储能材料的综合性能最佳...     

新型多腔孔陶瓷复合保温材料的制备及性能研究

通过原料及配方的创新,以硅酸铝纤维、玻化微珠等为原料制备了一种新型多腔孔陶瓷复合保温材料。研究了材料的导热性能和显微结构。结果表明:材料导热系数低,热面温度200℃时导热系数仅为0.050 W/(m·K),热面温度600℃时导热系数为0.084 W/(m·K);材料内部结构疏松,存在多级配的孔隙结构,孔隙尺寸在微米级以下。利用马弗炉进行保温性能测试,保温材料内表面温度600℃,厚度仅为139mm时,稳态时外表面温度即可低于46℃,散热损失仅为158 W/m~2,远远低于标准规定的最大散热损失266 W/m~2。将材料制成1cm厚度的块材时,材料能产生较大弯曲而不损坏,有利于对电厂高温管道进行包覆。     

Effect of variable material properties and environmental conditions on thermomechanical phase transformations in shape memory alloy wires

This paper reports a computational study of the impact of variable material properties and environmental conditions (thermal boundary conditions and convection coefficients) on shape memory alloy wires undergoing (i) zero-stress, thermally-induced phase transformations, and (ii) stress-induced phase transformations at constant stress rates. A finite difference numerical approach has been employed, and has been validated by comparing with two analytical solutions. The results have been all given in non-dimensional form, and within the context of the range of parameters that have been studied, the following recommendations can be made for shape memory alloys (SMA) actuator design: (i) an uncertainty in the thermal boundary condition is not as important as long as the design process allows for a full transformation back to martensite at the end of a cycle of martensite–austenite–martensite thermal transformation, (ii) uncertainties in the thermal boundary condition, convection coefficient and thermal material properties are not as important when the phase transformation in a SMA is induced by stress.     

Carbon nanotube forest growth on NiTi shape memory alloy thin films for thermal actuation

Actuation frequencies in thermally triggered Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) thin films are limited by the slow heat transport into/out of the films. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are known to exhibit an exceptionally high thermal conductivity. Thus, we propose to thermally contact SMA films with CNTs to increase SMA actuation frequencies by enhanced heat transport through the CNTs. The basic requirement for this envisaged nanotube application is to obtain CNT forest growth on a SMA material while retaining a reversible martensitic transformation, as required for Shape Memory Effect exploitation. We show how such growth can be achieved on thin films of the SMA material NiTi. Future work is needed to measure thermal properties and obtainable cycling frequencies of CNT-SMA structures.     

Cryogenic flat-panel gas-gap heat switch

A compact additive manufactured flat-panel gas-gap heat switch operating at cryogenic temperature is reported in this paper. A guarded-hot-plate apparatus has been developed to measure the thermal conductance of the heat switch with the heat sink temperature in the range of 100–180 K. The apparatus is cooled by a two-stage GM cooler and the temperature is controlled with a heater and a braided copper wire connection. A thermal guard is mounted on the hot side of the device to confine the heat flow axially through the sample. A gas handling system allows testing the device with different gas pressures in the heat switch. Experiments are performed at various heat sink temperatures, by varying gas pressure in the gas-gap and with helium, hydrogen and nitrogen gas. The measured off-conductance with a heat sink temperature of 115 K and the hot plate at 120 K is 0.134 W/K, the on-conductance with helium and hydrogen gases at the same temperatures is 4.80 W/K and 4.71 W/K, respectively. This results in an on/off conductance ratio of 37 ± 7 and 35 ± 6 for helium and hydrogen respectively. The experimental results matches fairly well with the predicted heat conductance at cryogenic temperatures.     

形状记忆合金材料相变伪弹性有限元分析

形状记忆合金(SMA)的相变伪弹性是其智能功能的体现之一,对它的分析研究,有利于把SMA材料应用于土木工程并实现其指定的功能。针对形状记忆合金的Brinson本构模型中的相变伪弹性的热力学方程和求解特点,提出了一种新的求解方法,先将热力学方程变化为差分形式,然后采用对分法对相互嵌套的热力学方程和控制方程进行求解,最后利用MATLAB软件编制了SMA材料相变伪弹性恢复力本构关系的有限元分析程序,得出了能够反映其本构特征的相变伪弹性恢复力曲线。     

Topology optimization of planar shape memory alloy thermal actuators using element connectivity parameterization

This paper presents the direct application of topology optimization to the design of shape memory alloy (SMA) thermal actuators. Because SMAs exhibit strongly nonlinear, temperature‐dependent material behavior, designing effective multidimensional SMA actuator structures is a challenging task. We pursue the use of topology optimization to address this problem. Conventional material scaling topology optimization approaches are hampered by the complexity of the SMA constitutive behavior combined with large actuator deflections. Therefore, for topology optimization we employ the element connectivity parameterization approach, which offers improved analysis convergence and robustness, as well as an unambiguous treatment of nonlinear materials. A path‐independent SMA constitutive model, aimed particularly at the NiTi R‐phase transformation, is employed, allowing efficient adjoint sensitivity analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed SMA topology optimization is demonstrated by numerical examples of constrained and unconstrained formulations of actuator stroke maximization, which provide insight into the characteristics of optimal SMA actuators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of number of turns and configurations on the heat transfer performance of helium cryogenic pulsating heat pipe

The pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a potential alternative to highly conductive metals such as copper for long distance heat transfer. Effective thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of a PHP are two of the most critical factors for practical applications. In this paper, a helium based PHP, which consists of 48 parallel tubing sections, was developed. The lengths of the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections are 50 mm, 100 mm and 50 mm respectively. The condenser section was thermally anchored to a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler (GM cryocooler) with a cooling capacity of 1.5 W at 4.2 K. A maximum effective thermal conductivity of 12330 W/m∙K was obtained when 1.1 W heat was applied to the evaporator section at a fill ratio of 70.5%. With the same geometric parameters and operational parameters, the effect of the number of turns on the heat transfer performance was figured out by comparing the 48-turn PHP with an 8-turn PHP. The results show that the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser sections of the 48-turn PHP is much smaller than that of the 8-turn PHP. The dry-out temperature response, effective thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of them are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, two configurations of the 48-turn PHP, a parallel configuration and a series configuration, are defined. An optimum configuration is proposed and makes a reference to the design of a cryogenic PHP for applications.     

W2Cu面对等离子体梯度热沉材料的制备和性能

采用粉末冶金法制备了 W2Cu面对等离子体梯度热沉材料。对其显微组织、 界面以及重要的热学、 力学性能进行了研究。显微组织观察表明 : 截面成分呈梯度分布 , 并通过高温下元素的扩散 , 实现了组织的连续变化 , 层间没有明显界面 ; 烧结后 Cu形成了连续的网络结构 , 分布在 W颗粒周围。W2Cu梯度材料的化学元素分- 1布和热学、 力学性能沿厚度方向呈梯度变化 , 材料整体的热导率达 151. 4 W·(m·K) 。在 800 ℃ 温差条件下 ,对材料分别进行抗热震和耐热疲劳实验。热震实验后 , 界面处未发现裂纹和开裂现象 , 表现出良好的抗热震性能。经过 83次热循环冲击后 , 观察到了裂缝 , 并探讨了裂缝形成机制。