二硫化钼自润滑涂层性能及制备工艺的研究进展

MoS₂是过渡族金属二硫化物中的一员,其涂层材料因独特的层状结构而表现出优异的摩擦学性能。MoS₂自润滑涂层在刀具以及空间部件材料的表面减磨和保护上发挥着重要作用,但是MoS₂涂层对湿度的敏感性、附着力差以及耐磨寿命有限等问题限制了其应用。国内外学者在MoS₂涂层的摩擦学研究上做了大量工作,目前的研究重点主要是不同温度、湿度、气体介质的多环境下的摩擦学行为分析,以及通过纳米多层体系的设计实现对晶体结构的可控。本文概述了2010年以来有关MoS₂自润滑涂层材料的研究进展,主要综述了MoS₂自润滑涂层的摩擦学性能以及不同元素掺杂对其性能和结构的影响。总结了MoS₂涂层的组成结构、性能、制备工艺,并对其在表面润滑领域的研究和应用前景进行了展望。本文对MoS₂自润滑涂层的研究和工程应用具有参考意义。     

流延法制备管状ZrO_2/SUS316L功能梯度材料

结合流延法和辊压成型技术制备梯度变化为10%和20%(体积分数)的管状ZrO2/SUS316L梯度材料,优化了管状梯度材料的制备工艺,对其截面形貌进行了表征,利用有限元模拟其应力分布,并结合压缩和循环热震实验对管状梯度材料的径向力学性能和热冲击行为进行了研究。结果表明,所制备的管状ZrO2/SUS316L梯度材料成分梯度过渡良好;径向压缩时最大拉应力产生于外壁不锈钢层,20%(体积分数)管状梯度材料的抗压缩变形的能力较高,但是断裂功较低,而10%(体积分数)管状梯度材料接近于塑性断裂方式;随着梯度变化降低,管状梯度材料的热冲击性能提高,梯度变化10%(体积分数)时500~25℃最大循环热震次数为78。     

奥氏体不锈钢离子渗碳后的腐蚀行为

为了提高奥氏体不锈钢零件的使用寿命,利用低温离子渗碳技术对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了表面渗碳处理.用X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜分析了渗碳层的微观组织结构,用显微硬度计测试了渗碳层的硬度分布,通过电化学极化曲线测试技术和化学腐蚀试验研究了离子渗碳AISI 316L不锈钢的腐蚀行为.渗碳层为单相碳过饱和奥氏体固溶体,由此明显提高了AISI 316L不锈钢的抗腐蚀性能,渗碳层硬度梯度平缓,表面显微硬度高达900 HV.结果表明,奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳处理不仅提高了其表面硬度,而且提高了不锈钢表面的耐腐蚀性能,从而提高了其使用寿命.     

不同过渡层结构对Cr-DLC复合涂层性能影响研究

为了改善大载荷工况下零件的耐磨损性能，提高其使用寿命，采用阴极真空电弧离子镀和微波等离子体辅助化学气相沉积复合工艺在轴承钢(9Cr18)表面制备了无承载过渡层、(Cr/CrN)_x周期承载过渡层和CrN₁…CrN_x梯度承载过渡层三种结构的Cr-DLC复合涂层。通过拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了不同Cr靶电流下Cr-DLC涂层的化学成分和结构，采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了涂层的微观结构，并采用纳米压痕、显微划痕和摩擦磨损试验对复合涂层的力学性能和摩擦学性能进行了评价。结果表明，Cr掺杂DLC涂层中镶嵌了CrC晶粒，涂层的纳米硬度可达30 GPa以上；带有梯度CrN_x承载层的Cr-DLC复合涂层的力学性能和耐磨性能最好，与基底的结合强度可达52 N，磨损率为13.8×10^-7mm³/(N·m)，是基底材料的1.5%；大载荷摩擦试验表明，有梯度承载层的Cr-DLC涂层在800 N载荷下可保持1 000 s内不被破坏；Falex试验表明，有梯度...     

HA-316L不锈钢纤维非对称功能梯度生物材料制备与显微组织

用低压热等静压方法在1100℃下制备了HA(ZrO₂)-316L不锈钢纤维非对称FGM,其中316L不锈钢纤维含量按体积比20%→15%→10%→5%呈非对称梯度变化.并通过金相显微镜、SEM、EDXA分析了材料的微观结构和微区元素含量.结果表明,HA(ZrO₂)-316L不锈钢纤维非对称FGM微观上表现为316L不锈钢纤维在FGM中呈无序、均匀分布状态,316L不锈钢纤维包裹于HA(ZrO₂)基体中,两者结合紧密,界面表现为部分凹凸不平,316L不锈钢纤维与HA(ZrO₂)基体紧紧的咬合在一起.在FGM基体中发生了微量的韧化相Fe元素扩散,韧化相316L不锈钢纤维不发生基体相Ca、P元素的扩散,基体与韧化相均相对独立,二者之间不发生任何化学反应.随着HA含量增加,HA(ZrO₂)-316L不锈钢纤维复合材料的断裂韧性和弹性模量逐渐减小,体现了FGM中各梯度层的力学性能缓和设计.HA(ZrO₂)-316L不锈钢纤维FGM中,分析认为,增韧机理主要为纤维拔出增韧和层间裂纹偏转增韧.     

304不锈钢激光原位合成自润滑涂层的宽温域摩擦学性能

由于304不锈钢在中、高温下摩擦学性能较差,制约了其在重要摩擦运动副零部件上的应用。为改善304不锈钢的摩擦学性能,以Ni60粉末为增韧相,WS2为合成润滑相的前驱化合物,TiC为高硬度耐磨相,采用高能激光束在其表面原位合成自润滑耐磨复合涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机和探针式材料表面磨痕测量仪表征涂层和基体的物相、微观结构、显微硬度与表面形貌,并系统研究涂层和基体在20,300,600,800℃下的摩擦学性能及其磨损机理。结果表明:涂层主要由Cr0.19Fe0.7Ni0.11,Ti2SC,Fe2C,Cr7C3,CrS和WS2组成;涂层的平均显微硬度(302.0HV0.5)略高于基体(257.2HV0.5),但涂层上部区域的硬度(425.4HV0.5)约为基体的1.65倍;涂层在所有等温摩擦学实验中摩擦因数和磨损率均低于基体,300℃时涂层润滑效果最好,摩擦因数为0.3031,600℃时涂层耐磨效果最好,磨损率为9.699×10^-5 mm^3·N^-1·m^-1。     

CeO2对铁基自润滑轴承材料性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法在Fe-C-Cu自润滑轴承材料基体上添加了不同比例的CeO2,研究了CeO2加入量及压坯密度对铁基自润滑轴承材料性能的影响.通过显微组织观察、能谱分析、摩擦表面形貌观察以及滑动轴承模拟试验可知,加入适量CeO2可以活化烧结、改善组织,增大材料的径向压溃强度和表现硬度,减小摩擦系数和磨损量,以及提高力学性能和耐磨性能;加入过量CeO2会使组织中的"条状物"增多、粗化,恶化材料的性能.较高的压坯密度可以提高材料的径向压溃强度和表观硬度.磨损量略微减小或基本不变,摩擦系数有所增大,温升提高,故应针对不同使用要求,合理选择材料的压坯密度,使密度与摩擦性能合理搭配.     

HA(ZrO2)/316L不锈钢纤维对称功能梯度生物材料

制备了HA(ZrO2)/316L不锈钢纤维对称功能梯度材料(FGM),316L不锈钢纤维的含量(体积分数)按20%→10%→0→10%→20%呈轴向对称梯度变化.分析了材料的微观结构和微区元素含量,研究了材料的性能与316L不锈钢纤维含量的关系.结果表明,在HA(ZrO2)/316L不锈钢纤维对称FGM中,316L不锈钢纤维在微观上呈无序和均匀分布状态,它被包裹于HA(ZrO2)基体中,两者紧密结合.316L不锈钢纤维与HA(ZrO2)基体间的界面表现为部分凹凸不平,紧紧地咬合在一起.在FGM基体中发生了微量的韧化相Fe元素扩散,在韧化相316L不锈钢纤维不发生基体相Ca、P元素的扩散,基体与韧化相之间不发生化学反应.随着316L不锈钢纤维含量的增加,HA(ZrO2)/316L不锈钢纤维复合材料的断裂韧性和弹性模量逐渐增加,体现了FGM中各梯度层的力学性能缓和设计.按Miao模型计算HA(ZrO2)/316L不锈钢纤维FGM中的残余热应力为515 MPa,FGM的增韧机理主要为纤维的拔出增韧和层间的裂纹偏转增韧.     

TiB_2/WC/h-BN自润滑陶瓷材料的制备及力学性能

通过添加固体润滑剂h-BN,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备TiB2/WC/h-BN自润滑陶瓷材料,对其密度和力学性能进行测试,并采用XRD和SEM对材料的物相和显微结构进行分析。结果表明:TiB2/WC/h-BN自润滑陶瓷材料的相对密度为97.5%,抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度分别为652MPa、4.5MPa·m1/2和14.8GPa。片状结构的固体润滑剂hBN颗粒保存完整,分布均匀,而且可有效抑制基体TiB2晶粒的长大。材料的断裂模式是穿晶/沿晶断裂的混合型,以穿晶断裂为主。材料的增韧机理以裂纹偏转和裂纹桥联为主。TiB2/WC/h-BN自润滑陶瓷材料的摩擦因数低于0.3,与其他添加h-BN的自润滑陶瓷材料相比,具有良好的力学性能和摩擦性能。     

掺杂氧化钇及氧化铬颗粒对纯铝微弧氧化膜层性能的影响

为了探究氧化钇和氧化铬颗粒对纯铝微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,采用磷酸盐电解液体系,以氧化钇和氧化铬为添加剂,利用微弧氧化技术,在1060工业纯铝表面制备微弧氧化膜层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪器(XRD)、涡流测厚仪、显微硬度计、台阶仪器、摩擦磨损试验机和电化学方法分析测试了膜层的表面形貌、相组成、厚度、硬度、粗糙度、耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：与单独添加2.5 g/L Y₂O₃和2.5 g/L Cr₂O₃条件下相比,在电解液中同时加入2.5 g/L Y₂O₃和2.5 g/L Cr₂O₃制备的复合膜层表面孔洞数量减少,表面更加致密,耐磨性较好,膜层的显微硬度达到746 HV、厚度达到20.1μm、粗糙度达到2 226.2 nm,且此时的复合膜层的自腐蚀电位最大,自腐蚀电流密度最小,耐腐蚀性能最好。     

Production of injection moulded 316L stainless steels reinforced with TiC(N) particles

Abstract

Metal matrix composites, based on 316L stainless steel and reinforced with TiC and TiCN particles, were manufactured following a powder injection moulding route: mixing, preparation of feedstock, moulding, debinding and sintering. The 316L stainless steel and carbide powders were dry mixed and moulded with wax based binder. The critical powder loading for injection moulding was 62·5 vol.-% for all samples. Binder debinding was performed by solvent and thermal method. After debinding, the samples were sintered at 1250 and 1385°C for 1 h in pure H₂. Metallographic studies were conducted to extend densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The sintered samples were characterised by measuring tensile strength, hardness and wear behaviour. Wear loss was determined for all samples after wear tests. All powder, fracture surfaces of moulded and sintered samples, and worn surfaces of all the samples, were examined using scanning electron microscope. The sintered density of injection moulded 316L stainless steel samples, reinforced and unreinforced, increases with increasing sintering temperature. The addition of TiC and TiCN improves the hardness and wear resistance with increasing sintering temperature.     

Si3N4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜干摩擦学行为的影响

利用阴极电弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢基体上制备了CrN薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米压痕仪对CrN薄膜的形貌、成分和力学性能进行了表征。为了研究Si_3N_4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢干摩擦行为的影响,在2N、5N、8N三种载荷下,将CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体与Si_3N_4陶瓷球和52100钢球分别进行了往复式滑动干摩擦实验。采用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕的微观形貌,并对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体的磨损机制进行了分析。结果表明:CrN薄膜表面平整,缺陷较少;CrN薄膜的纳米硬度约为28GPa,弹性模量约为350GPa;与Si_3N_4陶瓷球相比,CrN薄膜与52100钢球摩擦时摩擦因数相对较小(保持在0.7左右)且更加稳定;316L不锈钢的摩擦因数远大于CrN薄膜且波动较大;对磨球为Si_3N_4陶瓷球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和塑性变形,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损;对磨球为52100钢球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化和磨粒磨损。CrN薄膜与两种对磨球的磨损量均小于316L不锈钢基体的磨损量,说明CrN薄膜有效提高了基体的耐磨性。     

Friction and wear behaviors of a gradient nano-grained AISI 316L stainless steel under dry and oil-lubricated conditions

A gradient nano-grained (GNG) surface layer was fabricated on an AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) by using the surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT). Reciprocating dry and oil-lubricated sliding tests of the GNG 316L SS in air at room temperature were conducted in comparison with the coarse-grained (CG) counterpart. Worn surface morphologies and subsurface microstructures were investigated for both 316L SS samples. 316L SS with a GNG surface layer shows a significantly improved wear resistance, especially under oil-lubricated condition. The notably wear resistance enhancement of the GNG 316L SS is attributed to the GNG surface layer with high strain accommodation ability and high hardness, which can reduce the wear volume in the running-in stage effectively.     

纳米Si3N4及其与石墨、MoS2混合填充PTFE摩擦磨损性能研究

用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机对纳米Si3N4及其与石墨、MoS2混合填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢对磨时摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,用洛氏硬度仪对其进行了测量,用扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面进行了观察.结果表明:纳米Si3N4的加入能提高PTFE复合材料的硬度和耐磨性,纳米Si3N4与MoS2混合填充会使PTFE复合材料的耐磨性能提高更多,特别是在载荷增大时其耐磨效果更好.纳米Si3N4能阻止PTFE复合材料中磨损微裂纹的产生,在纳米Si3N4的富聚区,磨损微裂纹较少,在纳米Si3N4的贫聚区,磨损的微裂纹较多.纳米Si3N4填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦系数比纯PTFE大,且随着载荷增加有所减小,石墨的加入可降低PTFE的摩擦系数.     

表面纳米化预处理对316L不锈钢渗氮层摩擦学性能的影响

为改善奥氏体不锈钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用超声滚压与离子渗氮复合工艺对316L不锈钢表面进行了表面强化处理。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度计、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪以及摩擦磨损试验机等测定了渗氮层的硬度、深度、含氮量和物相组成,研究了表面晶层组织结构对离子渗氮行为和渗氮层在润滑油条件下摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:直接渗氮和超声滚压/渗氮试样表层组织均由S、γ'、ε和Cr N相组成,渗氮层厚度均为20μm,直接渗氮层以S相为主,超声滚压后渗氮层以ε和γ'相为主,组织结构较为致密;超声滚压/渗氮层的平均渗氮含量是直接渗氮层的2.88倍,摩擦系数降低了0.04,显微硬度和耐磨性是直接渗氮层的1.15倍和2.76倍;超声滚压处理诱使316L不锈钢表面形成的纳米晶层组织结构增强了渗氮试样表面的催渗效能和对渗氮层的支撑强度,超声滚压后渗氮试样的表面耐磨性能最好。     

Friction coefficients and wear rates of different orthodontic archwires in artificial saliva

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the nature of the orthodontic archwires on the friction coefficient and wear rate against materials used commonly as brackets (Ti–6Al–4V and 316L Stainless Steel). The materials selected as orthodontic archwires were ASI304 stainless steel, NiTi, Ti, TiMo and NiTiCu. The array archwire’s materials selected presented very similar roughness but different hardness. Materials were chosen from lower and higher hardness degrees than that of the brackets. Wear tests were carried out at in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Results show a linear relationship between the hardness of the materials and the friction coefficients. The material that showed lower wear rate was the ASI304 stainless steel. To prevent wear, the wire and the brackets have high hardness values and in the same order of magnitude.     

采用端面带孔电极进行电火花沉积制备自润滑涂层

采用端面带孔电极,在孔中填充MoS2,利用电火花沉积(ESD)方法在高速钢基体上制备Cu-MoS2自润滑涂层。分析自润滑涂层的成分及微观形貌,研究电容、沉积时间对自润滑涂层厚度的影响,以及自润滑涂层的摩擦性能和磨损机理。结果表明:采用这种电极制备的自润滑涂层中只存在MoS2和Cu。其微观形貌显示,自润滑涂层表面凹凸不平,并存在气孔,呈现典型的电火花沉积特征;在第3挡电容下,自润滑涂层的表面质量最好。随着电容、沉积时间的增加,涂层厚度出现先增加后下降的规律。在第3挡下制备的自润滑涂层的摩擦因数最小,随着摩擦时间的增加,在第1挡和第3挡下制备的自润滑涂层的摩擦因数都比较稳定,而在第5挡下制备的自润滑涂层的摩擦因数具有明显的上升趋势。SEM照片表明,磨损表面具有滑移剪切的现象。     

Wide temperature spectrum self-lubricating coatings prepared by plasma spraying

Self-lubricating, multicomponent coatings, which lubricate over a wide range of operating conditions, are described. The coatings have been successfully applied by plasma spraying mixed powders onto superalloy substrates. They have been evaluated in friction and wear experiments and in sliding contact bearing tests. These coatings are wear resistant by virtue of their self-lubricating characteristics rather than because of extreme hardness; a further benefit is low friction. Experiments with simple pin-on-disk sliding specimens and oscillating plain cylindrical bearing tests were performed to evaluate the tribological properties of the coatings. It was shown that coatings of Nichrome, glass and calcium fluoride are self-lubricating from about 500 to 900°C, but give high friction at the lower temperatures. The addition of silver to the coating composition improved the low temperature bearing properties and resulted in coatings which are self-lubricating from cryogenic temperatures to at least 870°C; they are therefore “wide temperature spectrum” self-lubricating compositions.     

爆炸喷涂WC-Co/MoS_2-Ni多层复合自润滑涂层的摩擦学行为

采用爆炸喷涂技术研制WC-Co/MoS_2-Ni多层复合自润滑涂层,系统研究涂层的微观结构、元素分布、结合强度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:在高温爆炸喷涂过程中,少量MoS_2发生氧化分解,生成SO_2气体,残留在涂层内的SO_2气体可使局部形成微小孔洞。在摩擦测试中,WC-Co涂层在预磨阶段摩擦因数迅速上升,进入稳定阶段后,摩擦因数缓慢增加;而多层复合涂层的摩擦因数在经历预磨阶段迅速上升后,很快进入稳定阶段,直至表层WC-Co涂层被磨穿后,摩擦因数开始逐渐下降。添加自润滑涂层MoS_2-Ni后,WC-Co涂层的内聚结合强度略有下降,但减摩效果显著,摩擦因数下降了约40%,耐磨性能略有提升。     

Optimizations of wear resistance and toughness of hydroxyapatite nickel free stainless steel new bio-composites for using in total joint replacement

The aim of this work was to produce novel bio-composites made of hydroxyapatite and nickel free stainless steel (prepared by heat treating bone ash) and studying their mechanical properties including their tribology under various loads, toughness, and compressive and bending strengths. Different amounts of nickel free stainless steel powder (30, 40, 50 and 60 wt.%) was added to this hydroxyapatite powder to get bio-composites. Their hardness, wear resistance and friction coefficient, as a function of the metal (nickel free stainless steel) content were investigated. Hardness and wear resistance were decreased by increasing of the weight percentage of stainless steel, while friction coefficient was increased. Strength and toughness of composites increases considerably by increasing of NFSS content. The toughness enhancement is contributed mainly by crack bridging and plastic deformation of the nickel free stainless steel. The strengthening effect is contributed by both the matrix grain refinement and the toughness enhancement. According to results of all mechanical tests done on composites, composite with 50 wt.% nickel free stainless steel has the most appropriate mechanical properties among other composites for using in orthopaedic applications.