HL-2A装置中性束注入器高抽速钛泵及其实验运行分析

针对中性束注入等离子体加热过程中的高真空条件要求,借助于国际合作方式,我们为HL-2A 装置中性束注入器设计了一种大吸附面积的高抽速钛泵系统.钛泵系统抽速设计值为30万L/s,由两台大泵和一台小泵组成,两台大钛泵分别置于注入器主真空室左右两侧,小钛泵置于注入器副真空室右侧.运行实验结果表明,钛泵完全满足HL-2A中性束注入实验的要求.本文主要介绍了钛泵的工程设计和实验运行结果,简要分析了HL-2A装置中性束加热系统高抽速钛泵的运行特点.     

EAST弹丸注入系统及其工程调试

超导托卡马克(EAST)弹丸注入系统能够连续制备和发射多颗弹丸,其能够在连续100 s的弹丸发射过程中保证可靠性大于99.6％.弹丸形状为直径2mm,长度2mm的圆柱体,注入频率1～ 10Hz,注入速度150～300 m/s可调.目前,弹丸注入系统已经安装在EAST装置上,经过台面测试和联机调试,证明系统性能可靠.本文主要介绍了弹丸注入系统的组成、原理、调试以及相关弹丸注入等离子体改变其行为的实验结果.     

EAST高频氘弹丸注入系统及其工程调试

先进实验超导托卡马克(EAST)作为国际上具有类似国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)等离子体位型的全超导托卡马克之一,最近发展和建成了一套挤压成冰气动加速高频弹丸注入系统(PI-50),主要在EAST上用于等离子体边界局域模控制和芯部加料。PI-50弹丸注入器含有两个弹丸注入模块,并且配备了完善的供气系统。整个弹丸注入器的主要设计参数:发射弹丸频率为1~50 Hz可调,弹丸的尺寸为Φ1.5 mm×1.8 mm、Φ1.5 mm×1.5 mm和Φ1.5 mm×1.2 mm,弹丸发射速度为150~250 m/s。最近该系统已经完成了台面测试,获得了初步的测试结果。目前,PI-50系统的辅助真空抽气系统、低温系统、弹丸传输管道以及该系统本身已经全部安装到EAST实验现场。相关的联机调试将会在2017年EAST下半年的物理实验中进行。     

弹丸注入中的丸料气和推进剂系统

本文介绍了“原位冷凝”式弹丸注入器先行实验及中国环流器一号ＨＬ－１弹丸加料实验中采用的丸料气和推进剂系统；提出了系统的建立，特点及实验中的动作程序，并给出了实验结果。     

HL—1M装置的八发弹丸注入系统及工程实验

八发弹丸注入系统自１９９６年投入ＨＬ－１Ｍ（中国环流器新一号）托卡马克加料实验并成功实现Ｈ２弹丸的八发连续注入等离子体。描述了此系统及其在液氮和液氦条件下分别以ＣＨ４和Ｈ２为丸料气的工程实验。压力高于５ＭＰａ的Ｈｅ为推进剂,弹丸速度达８００－１０００ｍ／ｓ。     

HT—7托卡马克氘丸注入实验研究

简要介绍了用于国家中型超导托卡马克装置HT-7弹丸注入系统;详细阐述了在HT-7装置首次用于加料实验的氘（D2）丸的成冰工艺、氘丸注入实验以及氘丸注入对等离子体产生的影响;研究了等离子体的密度、温度的分布变化。     

HT-7托卡马克氘丸注入实验研究

简要介绍了用于国家中型超导托卡马克装置HT-7弹丸注入系统;详细阐述了在HT-7装置首次用于加料实验的氘(D2)丸的成冰工艺、氘丸注入实验以及氘丸注入对等离子体产生的影响;研究了等离子体的密度、温度的分布变化。     

低温技术在受控核聚变实验中的应用

在中国环流器一号（ＨＬ－１）等离子体物理实验中，增加了弹丸注入和电子回旋共振加热系统。对低温技术在其中的应用情况，液氦输送系统，输液方法及氦气回收系统做了介绍。在一次等离子体物理实验中，总共使用液氦２７３３Ｌ。在弹丸注入系统中，使装置的等离子体密度提高了１～２倍。在装置上成功地实现了电子回旋共振加热，使等离子体电子温度增加３０％以上。     

Windows环境下线程安全防护与管控技术研究

分析了Windows操作系统多线程计算环境下存在的安全威胁和安全需求,研究了针对远程线程注入的线程＂白名单＂防护技术和保证应用软件可靠运行的线程安全监控技术。能够防止木马程序利用远程线程注入技术对应用软件进行破坏和窃密,建立＂主动防御＂的管控系统,具备计算资源自保护、自恢复的能力,使系统可靠有效运行。实验表明,这种技术实现的线程安全防护与管控效果明显。     

HL-1M装置的真空运行与质谱诊断

通过对 HL- 1M装置真空运行模式、真空运行参数、氦辉光放电清洗和硅化壁处理手段等的规范化 ,显著地改善了装置的真空壁出气、本底杂质浓度、托卡马克放电杂质出气比和再循环 ,成功地实现了高参数放电、长脉冲放电和装置暴露大气后快速恢复放电 ,并成功地为演证低混杂电流驱动、离子回旋共振加热、电子回旋共振加热、中性束注入、弹丸注入和分子束注入实验和升级等离子体运行等提供了良好的真空壁条件。描述了 HL- 1M装置真空系统、壁出气和再循环控制、质谱诊断和程序脉冲送气等方面的主要实验成果 ,并为 HL- 2 A装置的真空系统研制和运行提供了有益的参考     

两片大面积玻璃同时反应溅射沉积Al2O3均匀性试验

本工作设计制作了一种新型的三段式反应气体进气系统.该进气系统由镀膜真空室内和室外两部分结构组成.真空室内的进气主管由三段进气分管组成,其上装有等间距的进气喷嘴.真空室外装有与各进气分管对应的流量调节针阀.调试反应溅射Al2O3均匀性的方法如下.首先粗调流量调节针阀,改变各进气分管间的反应气体进气流量分布,然后更换不同横截面积的进气喷嘴,进一步调节反应气体进气流量沿靶长度方向分布.交替重复以上调试过程2～3次,即可获得沿靶长度方向上反应溅射沉积均匀、透明的A12O3薄膜.本工作在高1650 mm,宽2440 mm的靶前后两块大面积玻璃上,试验沉积了Al2O3/Ag/Al2O3低辐射薄膜.结果表明沉积的低辐射膜在靶前后两块大面积玻璃上均匀性好,可见光吸收比相对标准偏差小于4％.     

变模温与型腔气体反压辅助微孔发泡注塑技术及其产品内外泡孔结构演变

建立了一种变模温和型腔气体反压协同控制的微孔发泡注塑技术,研制了相应的变模温控制系统与型腔气体反压控制系统,构建了变模温与型腔气体反压辅助微孔发泡注塑试验线,并对变模温与型腔气体反压作用下的产品内外泡孔结构演变进行了研究。结果表明,变模温与型腔气体反压辅助工艺单独施加于微孔发泡注塑技术时,对其产品内外泡孔结构均具有双重影响:变模温可以改善产品大部分的表面形貌,但其对填充过程中的熔体发泡影响不大;型腔气体反压可以基本抑制填充过程中的熔体发泡,但却对产品内部泡孔密度有比较明显的降低影响。通过变模温与型腔气体反压的协同控制,可以实现微孔发泡注塑产品表面气泡形貌和内部泡孔结构的良好调控。     

R32制冷系统降低排气温度的方法研究

从理论与实验两方面分析了R32替代R410A后,制冷系统运行参数的变化,提出了采用补气方法降低R32系统排气温度的方法。并以某厂家5HP空调器进行实验,对比了同一系统采用两种不同的制冷剂后,系统充注量、换热量、功率、COP、排气温度等参数的变化;分析了不同工况下补气对系统排气温度、换热量、COP的影响。结果表明:R32替代R410A后,系统能力及能效均有所提升,同时排气温度也上升;采用补气方法后,能够有效降低排气温度,同时在一定程度上增加换热量及COP。R32是一种具有潜力的替代制冷剂,采用补气系统,将打破排气温度过高对其应用的限制。     

中间补气量对经济器热泵系统性能的影响

对带经济器的热泵系统进行了理论分析,建立了整个系统的数学模型,进行了实验研究,研究分析了低温工况下中间补气量对各系统性能的影响。结果表明：在低温环境下,系统的制热量、压缩机功率都会随中间补气量的增加而增加,排气温度随中间补气量的增加而显著减小,系统COP先增加后减小,根据实验结果可知最优的中间补气量,约占环境温度下系统总质量流量的10-14%。     

A novel type of spin injection barrier in a GaAs based two-dimensional electron gas system

A low transmission barrier is a crucial factor for the efficient spin injection, and an oxide barrier is commonly used for the insulator between the ferromagnet and the semiconductor. After heat treatment at the furnace, an AlAs layer was converted to an aluminum oxide layer, and arsenic gas was evaporated. This new method of forming spin injection barrier on the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) system is very efficient to obtain tunneling behavior.     

Estimation of optimum experimental parameters in chlorination of UO2 with Cl2 gas and carbon for UCl4

For the preparation of uranium tetrachloride, the chlorination of UO₂ was carried out and an appropriate reaction system was confirmed. The effects of reaction temperature, time, injection ratio of N₂ gas and appropriate amount of carbon using a reductant on the conversion ratio and volatilization were evaluated. The optimum reaction time and temperature in chlorination of UO₂ for the preparation of UCl₄ were 2 h and 500–700°C, respectively. Also 50% of N₂ gas in chlorine gas proved to be the appropriate injection ratio.     

Large-scale synthesis of the controlled-geometry carbon coils by the manipulation of the SF6 gas flow injection time

Carbon coils could be synthesized using C2H2/H2 as source gases and SF6 as an incorporated additive gas under thermal chemical vapor deposition system. Nickel catalyst layer deposition and then hydrogen plasma pretreatment were performed prior to the carbon coils deposition reaction. According to the different reaction processes, the injection time of SF6 gas flow was varied. The characteristics (formation density, morphology, and geometry) of the deposited carbon coils on the substrates were investigated according to the different reaction processes. Finally, the large-scale synthesis of carbon coils and their geometry control could be achieved merely by manipulating SF6 gas flow injection time. Three cases growth aspects were proposed according to SF6 gas flow injection time in association with the fluorine's characteristics for etching the materials or enhancing the nucleation sites.     

Thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection

A thermodynamic model for a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection was developed using continuity, energy conservation and real gas equation. The model included energy balance in the low-pressure shell compressor, suction gas heating, motor efficiency, and volumetric efficiency considering gas leakages as a function of compressor frequency. The developed model was verified by comparing the predicted results for the no injection condition with the experimental data. The deviations of the predicted from the measured values were within 10% for approximately 90% of the experimental data. Based on the model, mass flow rate, suction gas heating, cooling capacity and power consumption of the compressor were estimated and analyzed as a function of frequency. The effects of refrigerant injection on the performance of the compressor were also discussed as a function of frequency, injection conditions, and injection geometry.

Résumé

A thermodynamic model for a variable speed scroll compressor with refrigerant injection was developed using continuity, energy conservation and real gas equation. The model included energy balance in the low-pressure shell compressor, suction gas heating, motor efficiency, and volumetric efficiency considering gas leakages as a function of compressor frequency. The developed model was verified by comparing the predicted results for the no injection condition with the experimental data. The deviations of the predicted from the measured values were within 10% for approximately 90% of the experimental data. Based on the model, mass flow rate, suction gas heating, cooling capacity and power consumption of the compressor were estimated and analyzed as a function of frequency. The effects of refrigerant injection on the performance of the compressor were also discussed as a function of frequency, injection conditions, and injection geometry.     

Surface modification processes by hypervelocity plasma pulses

The Institute of Astronautics of the Technische Universität München works in the field of electrothermal and electromagnetic particle launchers. Capacitor-driven arc discharges generated within these accelerators eject very fast and dense plasma pulses that can be used to modify surfaces of metals and alloys. During the last years, a completely new facility for surface modification purposes was designed, built, and put into operation. In preparation for the industrial application of the plasma-pulse-technique, further modifications and optimizations of the facility were performed. Fast and reliable feeding of seeding and/or reaction products to the plasma was realized with a specially designed and built gas injection system. Very short opening times for the injection valves could be realized. It is now possible to supply a substantial amount of gas to the process. The pressure pulse from the gas injection allows uniformly and finely distributed feeding of pulverized additives to the plasma as well. For the first time, we generated a carbon–nickel plasma that was used for steel-hardening. In contrast to our former experiments, a hard surface but largely free of fissures could be generated. This is a necessary and important step towards an industrial application of the plasma-pulse-technique. A different application is the surface doping of titanium aluminides (TiAl) with chlorine atoms. This modification leads to a substantial reduction of the oxidation of such materials. This is essential for the high temperature regime of turbine blades in jet engines. After the modification of the gas injection system for chlorine, TiAl samples were impacted with chlorine doped plasma pulses and the oxidation was tested. A reduced oxidation was observed which proves the principle applicability of the plasma pulse process for this special application.     

The effects of calcium hydroxide on hydrogen chloride emission characteristics during a simulated densified refuse-derived fuel combustion process

This study investigated the effects of different calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) addition methods on the potential for hydrogen chloride (HCl) formation in a simulated densified refuse-derived fuel (RDF-5) with single metal combustion system. These experiments were conducted at 850 degrees C with the Ca(OH)(2) spiked in the RDF-5 production or injection in the flue gas treatment system. The results indicated that the potential for HCl formation was decreased significantly by Ca(OH)(2) spiked in the RDF-5 production or injection in the flue gas treatment system. However, the Ca(OH)(2) injection method in the flue gas for HCl emission reduction was better than other method. According to the relationship between the HCl emission and amount of Ca(OH)(2) injected or spiked, it is interesting to find that when the Ca(OH)(2) injected or spiked ranged from 0% to 5%, the potential for HCl formation in the single metal combustion system decreases significantly with increasing Ca(OH)(2) injected or spiked ratio. A corresponding increase in the amount of CaCl(2) partitioned to the fly ash was observed. However, with the ratio of Ca(OH)(2) higher than 5%, the amount of HCl formation showed that no further significant variation occurred with increasing Ca(OH)(2) spiked ratio.