超细硅酸锆粒度及纯度对陶瓷釉乳浊性能的影响

选择比较国内外具有代表性的硅酸锆产品,分析其粒度和纯度对陶瓷釉乳浊性能的影响,以指导国内高档建筑卫生陶瓷所需的超细硅酸锆的生产。     

内墙钛釉（不透水熔块）的研制

钛的乳浊效果比锡、锆好，价格不高，用钛作为乳化剂是不透水砖的首选。     

R2O3对装饰乳浊玻璃结构与性能的影响

通过将两种不同颜色的Na2O-CaO-SiO2系统乳浊玻璃在熔融状态时进行完全混合,获得类似天然石材条纹的乳浊玻璃。采用XRD、SEM等测试手段研究乳浊玻璃的分相过程,分析了R2O3(R=Al,B)含量变化对乳浊玻璃的显微结构及性能的影响。研究结果表明,该系统乳浊玻璃的乳浊机理是分相乳浊,着色剂对玻璃微观结构无显著影响;随着Al2O3含量增加,富磷相数量减少但其液滴尺寸增大。B2O3含量提高使富磷相尺寸减小,液滴尺寸和分布趋向均匀;Al2O3含量增加使玻璃的耐水性有所提高;而B2O3含量增加降低了玻璃的耐水性。     

B2O3对氟化物乳浊玻璃微结构和性能的影响

以钠钙硅系统玻璃为基体,以氟硅酸钠作为乳浊剂,利用传统熔融法制备乳浊玻璃。采用SEM、XRD和透过率测试分别对其微结构、析晶及乳浊性能进行表征,分析讨论了B2O3对乳浊玻璃微结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明:添加适量的B2O3可有效控制玻璃的析晶尺寸和析晶密度,有利于制备出微结构均匀、乳浊程度可控的乳浊玻璃,其主晶相为CaF2。B2O3的引入可降低玻璃的析晶倾向,且随着B2O3引入量的增加乳浊玻璃的晶粒密度、尺寸相应减小,乳浊程度下降。     

釉泡的成因及其解决办法

本文通过试验确定出造成Ａ－９５陶瓷器件出现釉泡的原因为：釉料细度不当，釉层过厚，釉烧制度不合理；进而应用釉泡的发生机理对上述原因进行了分析，并提出了解决方案。     

低温日用光泽透明釉的研制

研制了一种以硅灰石、锂辉石为主要助熔剂，烧结温度在1150℃的低温日用光泽透明釉，性能达到了国家标准。文章通过对其烧成过程和显微结构观测，探讨了其烧成机理，以及助熔剂在成釉过程中的作用。     

景德镇玲珑釉的测试与分析

采用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、差热-失重分析(DTA/TG)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)等测试技术对景德镇市售3种玲珑釉进行研究,并做釉的润湿性实验和理论熔融温度计算。实验结果表明景德镇玲珑釉配方工艺技术发展趋势是:在景德镇的传统玲珑釉配方(釉果+釉灰)的基础上,先引入方解石、滑石类的矿物取代釉灰对釉进行改良;然后减少碳酸钙类矿物原料的加入,取而代之的是硅灰石或白云石等,以减少玲珑釉特有的鱼眼、凹眼等缺陷;或是采用高温透明釉,对釉的特有碧绿呈色效果有一定影响。另外,对景德镇市售玲珑釉的性能进行评价,分析其配方的工艺技术发展趋势。     

唐、宋、元浙江婺州窑系分相釉的研究

研究了唐、宋、元婺州窑系瓷片的化学成分和显微结构,其中包括金华出土的元代鼓钉三足洗,它与南朝鲜新安沉船中所谓类钧瓷在外观上十分相似。重要的是所有唐、宋、元婺州窑瓷片的釉都可用光学显微术和高分辨电子显微术观察到其中的液——液相分离,约为200nm 的液相小滴分散在基质相中,而且部分具有连续结构和第二次分相,其小滴约为3～10nm。釉中极少釉泡和晶相,故其质量比其它分相釉高得多。这些发现使我们得知早在唐代婺州窑系某些窑口已能生产分相釉,而且一脉相承延续至宋、元。可见这种分相釉在婺州窑的存在不仅历史悠久,而且是自成一系发展起来的。     

矿化剂对氧化铬绿色釉呈色性能的影响

针对氧化铬绿色釉存在色调暗不够鲜艳的缺点，研究了矿化剂对其呈色性能的影响，经分光光度分析的扫描电镜测试，表明矿化剂具有一定的助熔作用和还原性，从而提高了氧化铬绿色釉的鲜艳度和着色力，增强了装饰性，同时矿化剂还能降低烧成温度，节约能源，具有应用价值。     

陶瓷散热片用铜浆玻璃相的制备

厚膜陶瓷散热片的制备工艺一般为丝网印刷铜浆、烧结、化学镀镍3部分。目前印刷在散热片上的铜浆，经化学镀镍工艺后附着力下降，因此研究制备导电性好、导热性优和附着力高的铜浆是制备陶瓷散热片的关键。通过对铜浆玻璃相的制备、玻璃软化温度的测定和玻璃釉在化学镀镍液中的耐蚀性测试，得到了耐蚀性较好的玻璃釉，其玻璃相成分为40％si0...     

Evaluation of borax solid wastes in production of frits suitable for fast single-fired wall tile opaque glass-ceramic glazes

Zircon (zirconium silicate, ZrSiO₄) is the main opacifier of glossy, opaque, white-coloured, frit-based wall tile glazes. However, zirconia containing frits employed in the preparation of these glazes raise the production cost limiting zircon usage as a raw material at an industrial scale. Therefore, there have been several searches on seeking for alternative frit compositions with lower or without zirconia content. Consequently, positive outcomes were recently reported. With the present study, 1·5–5% of borax concentrator waste replaced certain level of acid boric for B₂O₃ content in a low zircon containing frit recipe. It is confirmed that waste contribution did not distort the surface properties of the fast single-fired wall tile opaque glazes. Zircon was found to be the main crystal phase of the glazes in laboratory trials. Industrial applications revealed that shorter firing cycles lead to zircon and petedunnite (CaZnSi₂O₆) formation in the CW-4 glaze.     

Specific characteristics of coating glazes based on basalt

Investigations in this paper has been carried out in order to define the correlation between specific characteristics of coating glazes based on basalt, fired faience and appearance and the quality of the ceramic product surface. The paper presents the initial results of research on possibilities for utilisation of basalt from the locality “Vrelo” – Kopaonik Mountain (Serbia) for producing the opaque glaze.From frits with different basalt content (25%, 30%, 35%, and 60%) with addition of water and 5% of the kaolin “Zetlizer”, the liquid glazes-suspensions were made (G-1/25, G-2/30, G-3/35, and G-4/60). The primary fired biscuit-shaped faience was used for applying the glazes by dipping, pouring and brushing methods. The further firing process of glazes took place in a laboratory tunnel furnace, under the following operating parameters: temperature T = 980 °C and retention time t = 3 h (hours).The initial investigation has shown that the basalt from the locality Vrelo is suitable for obtaining applicable glazes, bringing the attractive and decorative colours to the surfaces of the faience ceramics. The best results were achieved by adding the iron pigments.     

A diffusive model of Pb2+ release by lead-ceramic glazes

A diffusive model for the release of Pb²⁺, both from granulates and from glazes deposed on majolica, was obtained by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements on lead-ceramic glazes doped with CuO, of variable composition due to the substitution of the K⁺ ion with Li⁺, Na⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺ or Cs⁺ ions, and through the definition of empirical parameters related to composition and to ionic radii. In the case of majolica-deposed glazes, the different emission values were attributed to ionic migration across the glass-biscuit interface.     

A New Ceramic Substrate Glaze with High Resistance to Molten Aluminum

Corrosion resistance of ceramic substrate glazes to molten aluminum was studied in this paper. The glazes can spread slightly in aluminum alloy according to SEM examination of solidified interface between the glazes and aluminum alloy. The components of B2O3-P2O5 glazes were not detected with electron probe at the side of aluminum alloy near the interface, but the components of boron-free glaze were detected. It is shown that borophosphate glazes can resist the corrosion of molten aluminum.     

Glass–ceramic glazes for ceramic tiles: a review

Glass–ceramics are ceramic materials produced through controlled crystallisation (nucleation and crystal growth) of a parent glass. The great variety of compositions and the possibility of developing special microstructures with specific technological properties have allowed glass–ceramic materials to be used in a wide range of applications. One field for which glass–ceramics have been developed over the past two decades is that of glazes for ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles are the most common building material for floor and wall coverings in Mediterranean countries. Glazed tiles are produced from frits (glasses quenched in water) applied on the surface of green tiles and subjected to a firing process. In the 1990s, there was growing interest in the development of frits that are able to crystallise on firing because of the need for improvement in the mechanical and chemical properties of glazed tiles. This review offers an extensive evaluation of the research carried out on glass–ceramic glazes used for covering and pavement ceramic tile is accomplished. The main crystalline phases (silicates and oxides) developed in glass–ceramic glazes have been considered. In addition, a section focused on glazes with specific functionality (photocatalytic, antibacterial and antifungal activity, or aesthetic superficial effects) is also included.     

Photothermal Ring Integrated Intraocular Lens for High‐Efficient Eye Disease Treatment

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication after cataract surgery. So far, the only method for PCO treatment is the precisely focused laser surgery. However, it causes severe complications such as physical damages and neuron impairments. Here, a nanostructured photothermal ring integrated intraocular lens ( Nano‐IOLs ) is reported, in which the rim of commercially available IOLs ( C‐IOLs ) is decorated with silica coated Au nanorods (Au@SiO₂), for high‐efficient prevention of PCO after cataract surgery. The Nano‐IOLs is capable of eliminating the residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) around Nano‐IOLs under mild laser treatment and block the formation of disordered LECs fibrosis, which eventually leads to the loss of vision. The Nano‐IOLs shows good biocompatibility as well as extraordinary region‐confined photothermal effect. In vivo studies reveal that PCO occurrence in rabbit models is about 30%–40% by using Nano‐IOLs , which is significantly lower than the control group that treated with C‐IOLs (100% PCO occurrence) 30 d postsurgery. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first example to integrate nanotechnology with intraocular implants aiming to clinically relevant PCO. Our findings indicate that spatial controllability of photothermal effect from nanomaterials may provide a unique way to intervene the PCO‐induced loss of vision.     

Pb2+ release by lead-ceramic glazes related to the chromophorous ion Cu2+

A quantitative relationship between lead release and the chemical composition of different lead-ceramic glazes doped by Cu²⁺, having similar ceramic properties and the same Pb²⁺ release from undoped samples, was established by means of EPR evaluation of the number of C_2h (or lower) symmetry sites occupied by Cu²⁺ ions. A parameter was also defined which is a function of the ionic radii and of the ionic molar content of glazes. This parameter is linearly correlated with Pb²⁺ release by acid attack.     

Separation between the different fluxes scattered by art glazes: explanation of the special color saturation

In a previous paper, the special visual appearance of art glazes was explained using the auxiliary function method (AFM) for solving the radiative transfer equation. Glazes are made of low concentrated colored scattering centers embedded in a transparent medium and the artist modulates the color by varying the number of glaze layers. A simple model of glazes and the new solving method have both been validated by comparison between flux measurements and modeling. The color of art glazes is analyzed here, and the study shows a spectacular maximum of saturation (purity) of the color that is never reached, to the best of our knowledge, with other techniques, such as pigment mixtures. This phenomenon is explained once more using the AFM that allows separation of the different contributions to the scattered fluxes. It is then shown that, on the one hand, single scattering never induces a maximum of saturation. On the other hand, multiple scattering has a typical increasing and decreasing behavior with an increasing number of glaze layers and thus participates to the maximum of saturation, just as the scattering by the diffuse base layer. A comparison between glazes and pigment mixtures, where the proportion of colored pigments with white pigments varies instead of the number of layers, shows that this maximum of saturation is much smaller with the second technique. To the best of our knowledge, we present a new development of the AFM that allows separation of the different origins of light scattering. We also show that it is possible to determine the optical properties of the scattering centers and of the base layer to create the required visual effect of a scattering medium.     

Formation of opaque films by biomimetic process

The preparation of opaque white films with amorphous aluminium polyphosphate, crystalline calcium carbonate and poly(vinyl acetate) latex is described. Film optical properties were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry; morphological film features were examined by SEM, TEM, STM and AFM. Domain organization and void formation were detected, with dimensions of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of visible light and can thus account for the film optical properties. Calcium carbonate consumption was monitored by X-ray diffraction and is assigned to a chemical reaction with aluminium polyphosphate, in which a mixed Al-Ca carbonate-polyphosphate is formed. The process of film opacification is interpreted as a result of dispersion, chemical reaction and orientation of solid inorganic particles within the polymer network during the film drying process. A model is proposed for void formation, based on volume contraction of the swollen inorganic particles, at a stage when their rigid surfaces are bound to the polymeric matrix. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Preoperative opacification of acrylic intraocular lenses in storage

The preoperative opacification of acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) was investigated in order to determine its cause. Opacified IOLs were examined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), the buffer solutions were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the rubber seals used in the bottles in which the IOLs were stored were ashed and tested. The deposit covering the opacified lenses contained a significant amount of zinc, which was absent from fresh IOLs and buffer solution. The source of this was found to be the rubber seals used to seal the glass bottles in which the IOLs were stored. There were two types of rubber seals used, red and grey in colour. The buffer solutions in which opacification had occurred was also contaminated with zinc, but this was only noticeable when using the red seals. This contamination was reproduced by boiling red seals in fresh buffer solution for eighty minutes, to simulate autoclaving. It was concluded that zinc from the zinc oxide used as filler in the rubber seals was leaching into the buffer solution and causing the IOLs to become opacified. This was found to be much worse in the case of the red seals than for the grey ones. However, minute crystals were found on the IOLs stored using the grey ones, which could potentially act as nucleation points for postoperative opacification.