内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理,工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件.详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件.最后指出内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件.详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件.最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势.     

三台阶轴内高压成形中轴向补料的有限元分析

为研究内高压成形台阶轴过程中轴向补料参数对工艺的影响,利用大变形非线性塑性有限元方法对内高压成形三台阶轴工艺进行了分析,讨论了补料量在理论值的80%～120%变化时零件的壁厚及应变分布规律,并就其成因进行了讨论.研究表明,补料量低于理论值的90%及高于理论值的110%是轴向补料参数选取的危险区间,容易引起折叠或破裂失稳,按照理论计算值进行轴向补料,壁厚及应变分布最为理想.     

加载路径对不锈钢球形件内高压成形过程影响

为了研究加载路径对不锈钢球形件内高压成形过程的影响,采用实验方法分析了加载路径对成形过程中缺陷形式的影响,获得了80%膨胀率成形管件的壁厚分布规律.结果表明:当初始内压与屈服强度比值小于0.21时,管坯形成两个皱纹,在整形阶段发生开裂;当初始内压与屈服强度比值大于0.25时,管坯在轴向进给阶段即发生开裂.在初始内压与屈服强度比值为0.21～0.25时,可以成形出合格管件,合格管件最大减薄点位于球形件的最大截面处,最大减薄率为24.5%.本文所成形不锈钢球形件内高压成形区间,合理初始内压与屈服强度比值范围为0.21～0.25.     

Al/Cu双金属管内旋压增量成形有限元数值模拟与分析

目的 分析Al/Cu双金属管在内旋压增量成形时应力、应变、剪切结合强度的分布情况,研究主要工艺参数对双金属管剪切结合强度的影响规律。方法 基于有限元模拟软件,对Al/Cu双金属管内旋压成形过程进行有限元数值模拟;研究了内旋压增量成形时工艺参数：内管减薄率ψ、两管之间的初始间隙c、旋轮进给比f对剪切结合强度的影响。结果 随着工艺参数内管减薄率ψ、两管之间的初始间隙c、旋轮进给比f的增大,剪切应力数值也随着增大;基管与衬管的高剪切应力值主要集中在旋压结束部分,衬管的长度被拉长,模拟与实验的剪切应力在旋压成形的末端数值明显增大。结论通过有限元数值模拟分析,得出不同的工艺参数对成形质量的影响规律,对实际成形有重要的作用。     

非对称管件内高压成形过程研究

为了改善两端不对称形状管件内高压成形后的壁厚均匀性,提高管件内高压成形极限,采用Dynaform有限元模拟软件并结合实验,研究了补料压力、轴向补料量对管件成形过程中起皱和破裂的影响.结果表明:当补料压力低于32 MPa时,失效形式为死皱;当补料压力高于42 MPa时,失效形式为破裂,适宜的补料压力区间为34~42 MPa;当左右补料量分别为42和22 mm,整形压力126 MPa时,可得到合格非对称瓶形管件,管件最大膨胀量为70.75%,壁厚最大减薄率为27.12%。通过控制管材在内压和轴向力的作用下发生合理的预成形,包括管材两端的合理补料量以及合理的起皱形状和数量,可在最终的内高压成形中实现更好的壁厚均匀性,提高成形极限。     

内高压成形波节管承载特性分析

内高压成形波节管作为目前应用最广换热设备,其变形特点以及成形后承载特性均备受关注.本文通过数值模拟和实验研究的方法,首先分析波节管内高压成形壁厚分布规律、成形精度以及残余应力分布情况,然后分析成形后波节管在承载时,典型区域应力应变分布情况,得出波节管在承受不同载荷时的变形特点.研究结果表明:在内高压成形过程,当整形压力为290 MPa时,成形精度较好,根部过渡区域减薄率达21.63%,且此处残余应力最大.在承载过程,当波节管承受内压力自由胀形时,波节管等效应力的最大值出现在波节根部过渡区域,此处为承载的薄弱区域;当波节管承受轴向压缩和拉伸载荷时,波峰及其附近区域与之对应的产生轴向拉应变和轴向压应变,体现出波节管具备很好的轴向位移补偿能力.     

薄壁Y型三通管内高压成形起皱与开裂分析

本文针对薄壁Y型三通管在内高压成形过程中产生起皱、开裂缺陷的问题进行了相关研究.首先通过实验确定了Y型三通管在成形过程中产生典型缺陷的位置及类型;其次利用有限元方法分析了补料比对应力状态分区和典型点应力轨迹的影响;最后建立了加载路径的"内压-轴向补料"成形窗口.研究表明:补料比对应力状态有显著影响,通过调整补料比来改变应力状态,是避免起皱的有效措施.此外,本研究给出了不同实验结果在成形窗口中的对应位置,当加载路径超出成形区时,三通管件就会产生起皱或破裂的缺陷,甚至两种缺陷会依次发生.     

管状变截面汽车扭力梁内高压成形工艺

目的 研究管状变截面汽车扭力梁内高压成形过程及其成形质量的关键影响因素。方法 采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法,重点研究了预成形件形状、内压力通入时机和初始压力值对扭力梁内高压成形的影响。结果 预成形件宽度过大或上模圆角处管坯壁厚过薄,将造成后续内高压合模过程中出现咬边或整形阶段发生破裂等缺陷;在内高压成形合模过程中通入适当内压,可有效避免扭力梁件出现圆弧过渡面塌陷、上下模圆角过度减薄等缺陷。结论 当预成形模具V面下模引导角а介于60°~70°之间、T面下模引导角β介于65°~75°之间时,可以取得较理想的预成形效果;合模过程中即通入32 MPa内压,此时所得扭力梁实体件外观无明显缺陷,成形精度较高。     

轿车后轴纵臂内高压成形研究

用400MPa内高压成形机对轿车后轴纵臂进行内高压成形试验研究,设计了合理的模具结构,包括分模面和冲头密封形式.分析了矩形截面圆角成形特点和所需成形压力计算公式,制定出合理的内高压工艺和参数,成功地试制出轿车后轴纵臂,经检测尺寸满足设计要求.     

FEA comparison of high and low pressure tube hydroforming of TRIP steel

The increasing application of hydroforming for the production of automotive lightweight components is mainly due to the attainable advantages regarding part properties and improving technology of the forming equipment. However, the high pressure requirements during hydroforming decreases the costs benefit and make the part expensive. Another requirement of automotive industries is weight reduction and better crash performance. Thereby steel industries developed advanced high strength steels which have high strength, good formability and better crash performance. Even though the thickness of the sheet to form the component is reduced, the pressure requirement to form the part during expansion is still high during high pressure hydroforming. This paper details the comparison between high and low pressure tube hydroforming for the square cross-section geometry. It is determined that the internal pressure and die closing force required for low pressure tube hydroforming process is much less than that of high pressure tube hydroforming process. The stress and thickness distribution of the part during tube crushing were critically analysed. Further, the stress distribution and forming mode were studied in this paper. Also friction effect on both processes was discussed.     

Author Index

The hydroforming process of a double handles crankshaft with the biggest expansion ratio up to 54% is studied by means of simulation and experiment in this paper. The effects of loading paths during hydroforming process on the failure modes are analyzed. The simulation results show that the part can be formed successfully with the feeding pressure selected in the range from 65 to 75 MPa. A successful crankshaft component can be manufactured in the experiment as the internal pressure is 70 MPa. Folding back occurs as the internal pressure <65 MPa and bursting occurs as the internal pressure >75 MPa. The most serious thinning occurs in the top of crankshaft handle. The maximum thickness appears in the area of the opposite to crankshaft handle. The maximum of thinning rate by the simulation is about 11%, which is close to 10% that is obtained in experiment.     

Analysis of the Internal Pressure in Tube Hydroforming and Its Experimental Investigation

The internal pressure of the process was studied theoretically and experimentally. The external load character and internal stress character of tube hydroforming were discussed first. Then, according to the characters, the function and classification of internal pressure were presented in general. Base on the stress analysis, its effect on the yield criterion and calculation formula were also researched and derived. To verify the correction of the theoretical analysis and derived formula, experiments with different internal pressures were carried out and the result was compared and discussed. It demonstrates that internal pressure plays an important role in tube hydroforming and theory and formula discussed and derived by this paper are feasible in practice.     

双金属复合管充液压形成形研究

目的 促进双金属复合管中空构件在实际生产中的应用与推广。方法 通过实验和数值模拟,研究双金属复合管室温下充液压形的可行性,分析内压对管材缺陷的影响,总结主要缺陷形式及缺陷的发生原因。结果 室温成形时所需压力仅为15 MPa。对于Fe/Al双金属复合管而言,当其内压增大至17 MPa时,则回弹量很小,通过控制坯料的回弹量即可减小内外管间隙缺陷。成形件壁厚分布均匀,且内压对其影响较小。结论 充液压形可在室温下成形双金属复合管。回弹是成形件存在间隙的主要原因,间隙随着内压的增大而减小。     

预弯对铝合金管材内高压成形缺陷与尺寸精度的影响

铝合金异形截面管件是实现汽车结构轻量化的有效途径之一,其成形工艺是先将铝合金管材经过数控弯曲获得轴线形状,然后进行内高压成形。弯曲产生的回弹、截面畸变及起皱等缺陷会影响后续内高压成形的质量。本工作通过建立管材塑性弯曲的理论模型和材料模型,计算任意弯曲角度的卸载回弹量,在弯曲过程考虑回弹量补偿,有效避免了内高压成形时的咬边缺陷。通过改善芯轴条件,使用带有一个芯球的芯轴,使截面不圆度由7.55%降低至1.43%,避免了弯曲件在内高压成形时发生破裂。同时对弯曲产生皱纹的管件进行内高压成形,证实了内高压成形过程不能够消除管件在弯曲过程形成的起皱。通过工艺实验研制出6063铝合金异形截面管件,获得了无缺陷的成形件。对47个内高压成形件进行尺寸精度测量,最大尺寸偏差为1.08mm(1.63%),尺寸和精度符合设计要求。     

加载路径对扭力梁内高压成形壁厚分布和精度的影响

为研究加载路径(内压力和轴向补料的匹配关系)对扭力梁内高压成形的影响,通过数值模拟和试验研究的方法,研究了不同加载路径对局部截面壁厚分布和管件成形精度的影响规律.研究发现:当补料初始压力过低时,在端部区域起皱;当补料初始压力过高时,补料全部集中在端部区域;当补料量过小时,壁厚改善不明显;补料量过大时,端部区域起皱.研究结果表明:初始压力为30 MPa,补料量15 mm时为合理加载路径,此时内高压成形件壁厚减薄较小,成形精度较高.     

Limit Strains Comparison during Tube and Sheet Hydroforming and Sheet Stamping Processes by Numerical Simulation

Hydroforming is a manufacturing process that uses a fluid medium to form a component by using high internal pressure. Tube and sheet hydroforming has gained increasing interest in the automotive and aerospace industries because of its many advantages such as part consolidation, good quality of the formed parts etc. The main advantage is that the uniform pressure can be transferred to every where at the same time. Forming limit is the limit of the component up to that extent it can be formed safely. While analyzing hydroforming process, it is often assumed that the limit strains are identical as that of stamped sheet metal of equivalent material properties. It is not clear if such an assumption is valid. In this paper the forming limit strains during hydroforming is predicted. A series of tube bulge tests for tube hydroforming and limiting dome height test for sheet hydroforming and sheet stamping processes are simulated by a commercial finite element solver to predict the limit strains. Numerical simulation of forming limit strains in tube hydroforming with different internal pressure and different simulation set up with or without axial feeding, while in sheet hydroforming and sheet stamping, by changing the specimen geometry are considered to develop wide range of strain paths in the present work. The effects of process conditions on the forming limit strains are detailed. The comparison of limits strains during hydroforming and stamping processes is presented. Prediction of limits strains is based on a novel thickness based necking criterion.     

薄壁水槽充液拉深变形规律研究

目的 解决薄壁水槽盒形件刚性拉深一序底部圆角减薄过大、整体厚度减薄严重以致后续拉深二序、三序成形后产品厚度不合格的问题，同时解决工艺路线的退火问题。方法 利用有限元分析软件Dynaform对薄壁水槽充液拉深一序进行数值模拟分析，研究关键工艺参数对成形结果的影响规律，并得出最优的工艺参数，最后与刚性拉深的模拟结果对比分析，提出充液拉深方法的可行性。结果 根据工艺优化方案，得出最优工艺参数:预胀压力2 MPa，最大液室压力20 MPa;液室压力加载路径:从0 s至0.003 s，液室压力从0 MPa线性增大至2 MPa，并保持2 MPa至0.007 s;随后从0.007 s至0.011 s，液室压力从2 MPa线性增大至20 MPa，之后保持20 MPa直至拉深结束;压边间隙为1.05t。结论 通过充液成形方法，可以有效解决薄壁水槽盒形件拉深一序底部圆角减薄严重的问题，还可以提高成形质量及成形极限，省略中间退火工艺，提高经济效益。     

充液成形设备双闭环控制分析

目的 研究先进充液成形设备的精度控制技术,以满足充液成形过程中对成形介质压力及侧推油缸位置的高精度控制要求,并确保模具型腔的密封性和零件成形的稳定性。方法 基于PLC控制器下的PID闭环控制功能,将速度闭环和位置或压力闭环进行集成,开发应用于液压系统的双闭环控制方法。结果 使用双闭环控制方法,可以调整侧推油缸的位置控制精度及响应速度,并将精度控制在0.1 mm以内,也可调整增压装置的输出端压力控制精度,使精度达到0.3 MPa。结论 在利用充液成形设备进行液压成形的过程中,双闭环技术可以实现设备侧向密封的精确位置控制以及型腔内压力的精确控制。     

带壁厚偏差管坯液压胀形加载路径的研究

建立了带壁厚偏差管坯液压胀形的力学模型,揭示了不同轴向应力状态下壁厚偏差对管坯成形的影响规律,给出了带壁厚偏差管坯液压胀形加载路径设计的标准。针对某重型卡车桥壳预成形管坯的液压胀形工艺,进行了3种不同壁厚偏差管坯在不同典型加载路径下的有限元模拟,结果表明:内压升高至最大保持恒定,管坯薄壁侧均在合模前发生开裂且薄壁侧与厚壁侧变形差异较大;内压先升高后降低,管坯厚壁侧均失稳形成褶皱且薄壁侧与厚壁侧变形差异较小;内压先升高后降低再升高时,管坯均成形且符合工艺要求,确定了适用于带壁厚偏差管坯液压胀形的加载路径。在专用液压机上进行了液压胀形试验,试验结果与数值模拟所得规律一致。