西安市餐饮业大气颗粒物浓度与碳气溶胶研究

为了了解西安市餐饮业大气颗粒物浓度和分布特征,利用安德森8级撞击采样器采集6家不同餐馆颗粒物样品,并用热光碳分析仪对其中的碳气溶胶进行了分析。结果表明:6家餐馆中,面庄、火锅店和韩国菜馆中颗粒物质量浓度较大,烤肉店中有机碳质量浓度最大,并且有机碳与PM1.1的质量浓度比值为99%,其他烹饪方式的有机碳占颗粒物的比例小于20%;餐馆室内大气颗粒物粒径分布呈双峰模式,主峰集中在小于1.1μm范围内,以PM1.1为主;有机碳粒径分布呈单峰模式,集中在0.43~0.65μm范围内。     

陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

西安市夜间土方工程施工扬尘排放特征分析

为探究土方工程施工扬尘排放特征,基于土方作业现场采集与检测所得扬尘浓度数值和扬尘颗粒物粒径值以及工地气象因子参数,对施工现场扬尘浓度变化趋势、气象因子对扬尘排放的影响以及土方施工扬尘的粒径分布特征予以解析。结果表明,测试期间TSP浓度和PM10浓度值变化较大,并出现短时间浓度峰值,施工现场土方施工扬尘既受具体施工活动的影响又与气象因子有关。施工现场土方施工作业时PM2.5、PM10和TSP浓度与温度和湿度呈正相关,与风速和风向呈负相关。土方施工时粒径较大的颗粒物所占比例高于施工现场大气和背景值,粒径不小于10μm的颗粒物占比61.24%,土方施工扬尘是西安市环境大气PM10和TSP的来源之一,工地内运输车辆及土方施工活动均为重要扬尘源。土方作业时PM2.5:PM10:TSP=0.01:0.55:1,夜间土方工程施工扬尘对西安市环境大气PM2.5的贡献能力有限。     

2008年夏季广州大气消光系数与细粒子的关系

为了解夏季广州大气中细粒子消光特性,利用浊度仪、黑碳仪和自动气象站获得散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap以及气象要素等观测数据,并利用采样器采集大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0样品获取其质量浓度。结果表明,散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap和大气消光系数(μext=μsp+μap)的平均值分别为(226±111)、(53±20)、(280±125)Mm-1;大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和PM1.0的质量浓度分别为(53.7±23.2)、(46.1±21.3)μg/m3;消光系数μext与PM2.5和PM1.0的相关性系数分别达到0.96和0.93;PM2.5和PM1.0的平均质量浓度消光效率分别为到5.2、5.5 m2/g,表明大气中小粒径的粒子对消光系数的影响更为明显。     

气溶胶发生混匀装置的研究

质量浓度是颗粒物浓度测量仪测量准确性的关键参数,针对颗粒物浓度测量仪质量浓度的计量溯源需求,研制了一套气溶胶发生混匀装置,能够为颗粒物质量测量仪的校准提供一个均匀、稳定且浓度可调的气溶胶环境。发生的气溶胶浓度从10μg/m3～20 mg/m3,其中心点的稳定性不超过4%,中心点和参考点之间的浓度偏差不超过±4%,适用于流量范围在100 L/min以下的测量装置,能够同时满足目前市场上多数的PM10、PM2. 5等环境空气颗粒物质量浓度测试仪以及低浓度粉尘仪校准的需求。     

杭州市大气悬浮颗粒PM_(2.5)污染状况及化学组成特征分析

为了解杭州市大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5污染状况及化学组成特征,2006年在杭州市内布设2个监测点位,按季节进行采样,并对悬浮颗粒物PM2.5中20种元素进行定量研究。结果表明:杭州市区大气中悬浮颗粒物PM2.5的年均质量浓度值为77.5μg/m3,其中S、Si、Ca、K等元素年平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3。元素Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、K、Na、Ti、Mn、Ca、P、Cr、Ni主要来源于地壳,而元素Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Br、S、Se等主要来源于人为排放源。     

秦兵马俑博物馆陶器库房冬季室内空气质量初步研究

于2008年1月30日～3月3日,在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气环境调查,同步采集了大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和NH3样品,获得了PM2.5颗粒中的离子组成,并实时监测了SO2、NOx的浓度变化。结果表明,陶器库中PM2.5平均质量浓度为76.1μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均质量浓度为153.9μg/m3,约为室内浓度的2倍。室内PM2.5中水溶性离子主要由SO42-、NO3-和NH4+组成,平均质量浓度分别为17.5、5.2、5.5μg/m3,它们分别占PM2.5质量浓度的19.7%、5.2%、5.8%。库内NH3平均浓度为4.8μg/m3,室外NH3平均浓度6.6μg/m3,约为室内的1.4倍。室内NO、NO2、NOx浓度日平均分别为4.8×10-9、3.2×10-9、8.0×10-9,SO2浓度日平均为0.9×10-9。研究表明,库内人为活动量对质量浓度、离子浓度和污染气体均有一定影响,库房相对于室外对阻挡颗粒物减少外界影响方面对文物有一定的保护作用,但在阻隔空气污染物和恒温恒湿方面的作用还有待加强。     

空气中颗粒物污染特征分析

分析了我国近20a来城市环境空气悬浮颗粒物变化的特征和近几年对PM10、PM2.5的研究状况及存在的问题,建立了TSP与PM10、PM10与PM2.5之间的线性方程。结果表明,悬浮颗粒物的平均浓度由1982年的0.729mg/m3下降到1997年的0.291mg/m3。南方城市、沿海城市环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物浓度显著低于北方城市、内陆城市。1997年,南方城市、沿海城市环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物年均浓度值均达到了GB3095-1996二级标准。城市空气中PM10污染很严重,大体相当于发达国家20世纪70年代中后期水平。     

南京市东郊大气颗粒物污染特征

为了研究南京东郊大气颗粒物污染特征,利用安德森8级粒度分布采样器采样,并结合大气监测数据,综合分析2013—2014年间南京东郊大气颗粒物的粒度分布特征和大气污染物的污染水平及其相互关系。结果表明:南京市大气污染主要由粒径为0.43~2.10μm的大气颗粒物引起,其中12月份污染最严重,且首要污染物为细颗粒物PM2.5;温度、降雨量、风速等气象因素对颗粒物呈负相关性影响;灰霾天时颗粒物浓度受SO2、NO2的正相关性影响比非灰霾天时大,且NO2浓度对颗粒物浓度的影响比SO2浓度的影响大。     

北方地区住宅PM10污染状况及综合防治措施

分析了北方部分地区2005年前后住宅内PM10的测试数据,结果表明北方地区住宅内PM10浓度超过国内标准的比例接近1/3,超过美国现行标准的比例为87.9%;住宅内PM10浓度的平均值为119.2μg/m3,约60%住户的室内PM10浓度分布在区间75μg/m3和165μg/m3之间。简要分析了国内北方地区室内PM10超标的主要原因,并对控制室内PM10的污染提出一些建议。     

Characteristics of heavy metals on particles with different sizes from municipal solid waste incineration

Information on the concentration and size distribution of particles in the flue gas streams is essential for selecting and designing particle removal systems. Two municipal solid waste incinerators (MWIs) were selected for conducting flue gas sampling to determine the particulate distribution and heavy metals concentration on particles with different sizes by US EPA Method 5 sampling train and a cascade impactor. In addition, the characteristics of heavy metals contained on particles were investigated via isokinetic sampling of flue gas stream of air pollution control devices (APCDs). The experimental results indicated that average particulate matter (PM) concentrations at APCDs inlet were 2288.2+/-825.9 and 3069.2+/-810. 0mg/Nm(3), while the concentrations of PM at stack were 1.51+/-0.20 and 14.81+/-4.52mg/Nm(3) in MWI-A and MWI-B, respectively. The differential mass size distribution of PM and differential elemental size distribution of Zn, Pb, and Cu in front of APCDs were of bimodal forms. Results indicate that Zn>Pb>Cu in order of mass concentration in each stage. The fine particles represent approximately 70% and the coarse particles account for the rest 30% of total particulate matters collected on eight stages for both incinerators. Zn, Pb and Cu on fine particles account for approximately 80% and those on the coarse particles are less than 20% of the total heavy metals collected on eight stages of the cascade impactor for both incinerators.     

光散射法颗粒物监测仪粒径识别检测装置的搭建及方法研究

设计并搭建了粒径识别法光散射粉尘仪检测装置,以柴田LD-5型光散射粉尘仪作为参考粉尘仪(TSP),采用不同粒径(0.6,2.0,2.3,2.5,2.7,3.0,3.2,3.4,3.7μm)的单分散聚苯乙烯小球对某台具有粒径识别功能的PM2.5传感器的粒径识别误差进行检测。如果传感器粒径识别功能是准确的,当粒径>2.5μm时,浓度值TSP=PM10>PM2.5=0。检测结果表明,该传感器在粒径>3μm时,PM2.5/PM10或PM2.5/TSP才显著下降,即其粒径识别点在3μm之后;同时还观察到PM2.5/PM10在3.7μm出现不降反升的现象。     

Ambient air particulate concentrations and metallic elements principal component analysis at Taichung Harbor (TH) and WuChi Traffic (WT) near Taiwan Strait during 2004-2005

The purpose of this study is to characterize metallic elements associated with atmospheric particulate matter of total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particle (particle matter with aerodynamical diameter <2.5 microm, PM(2.5)), coarse particle (particle matter with aerodynamical diameter 2.5-10 microm, PM (2.5-10)) at the Taichung Harbor (TH) and WuChi Traffic (WT) sampling site of central Taiwan during March 2004 to February 2005. The result indicated the average total suspended particulate concentration in 1 year was 157.31 and 112.58 microg m(-3) at TH and WT sampling site, respectively. Fine particle (PM(2.5)) size was the dominant species at TH and WT sampling site. In TH sampling site, higher correlation coefficient was observed on total suspended particulates of metallic elements Fe and Zn. And in WT sampling site, higher correlation coefficients displayed on total suspended particulates of metallic elements Fe and Zn, Fe and Mn. Ambient airborne particle principal component analysis of metallic metals was used to identify the possible pollutant sources in this study. At the TH sampling site, 50.81% of the total variance of the data was observed in factor 1. Higher loading of Fe (0.86), Zn (0.79), Pb (0.76), and Mn (0.68) were contributed by traffic emission and the soil source. At the WT sampling site, factor 1 explained 53.74% of the total variance of the data and had high loading for Zn (0.86) and Cu (0.85), which were identified as industrial/traffic emission sources.     

Size distribution and chemical composition of metalliferous stack emissions in the San Roque petroleum refinery complex, southern Spain

We demonstrate that there is great variation in the size range and chemical composition of metalliferous particulate matter (PM) present within petrochemical complex chimney stacks. Cascade impactor PM samples from seven size ranges (17, 14, 5, 2.5, 1.3, 0.67, and 0.33 μm) were collected from inside stacks within the San Roque complex which includes the largest oil refinery in Spain. SEM analysis demonstrates the PM to be mostly carbonaceous and aluminous fly ash and abundant fine metalliferous particles. The metals with the most extreme concentrations averaged over all size ranges were Ni (up to 3295 μg m(-3)), Cr (962 μg m(-3)), V (638 μg m(-3)), Zn (225 μg m(-3)), Mo (91 μg m(-3)), La (865 μg m(-3)), and Co (94 μg m(-3)). Most metal PM are strongly concentrated into the finest fraction (<0.33 μm), although emissions from some processes, such as purified terephthallic acid (PTA) production, show coarser size ranges. The fluid catalytic cracking stack shows high concentrations of La (>200 μg m(-3) in PM(0.67-1.3)), Cr and Ni in a relatively coarse PM size range (0.7-14 μm). Our unique database, directly sampled from chimney stacks, confirms that oil refinery complexes such as San Roque are a potent source of a variety of fine, deeply inhalable metalliferous atmospheric PM emissions.     

PM2.5细颗粒物分离技术的数值模拟和性能改进

旋风切割器是分离细颗粒物的主流技术,为了提高其分离效率并减少能耗,本文分析了切割器参数对粒子分离的影响.基于计算流体动力学数值模拟的方法,分析了VSCC型旋风切割器的内部湍流流场,比较15~25L/min范围内不同流速下的涡流变化情况;基于"逃逸率"概念,模拟1~6μm内不同粒径的细小粒子逃逸率随流速的变化曲线,考察临界粒径dc并结合气溶胶实验进行验证,分析流速对分离性能的影响程度;之后考察了流速对压降的影响,提出一种几何参数改进方案,在避免压降升高的前提下提高分离性能.研究表明:流速影响旋风切割器内的湍流分布,随着流速增大,临界粒径变小,分离性能得到提升,模拟结果在16 L/min的流速下,临界粒径约为2.5μm,与实验结果基本一致,并且利用曲线给出计算总分离效率的思路;调节几何参数可以实现在低能耗的前提下,将临界粒径进一步降低为1.1μm,收集效率更高.研究结果可为PM2.5切割器的商业选择或工程设计提供理论参考.     

Statistical analysis of atmospheric trace metals and particulate fractions in Islamabad, Pakistan

Airborne suspended particulate matter was collected on glass fibre filters in urban atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan, using high volume sampler. The particulate samples were analysed for 10 selected metals (Fe, Na, Zn, K, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd) by FAAS method. Maximum mean contribution was noted for Fe (1.761microg/m(3)), followed by Na (1.661microg/m(3)), Zn (1.021microg/m(3)), K (0.488microg/m(3)) and Pb (0.128microg/m(3)). The particle size determination on vol.% basis for nine fractions (PM(<1.0), PM(1.0-2.5), PM(2.5-5), PM(5-10), PM(10-15), PM(15-25), PM(25-50), PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) was carried out using Mastersizer. PM(5.0-10) were found to be most abundant in the local atmosphere followed by PM(2.5-5.0) and PM(15-25) while coarse/giant particles (PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) showed lower contribution. The trace metals were found to be mainly associated with smaller particulate fractions up to PM(10-15). Among the climatic parameters temperature has significant relationship with fine particles and airborne metal levels while relative humidity showed negative correlation. The source identification was carried out by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Five metal sources were identified: industrial, vehicular emissions, metallurgical operations, garbage incineration and soil derived dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other rural and urban parts around the world.     

增强颗粒含量和尺寸对SiCp/Fe复合材料性能的影响

利用电流直加热动态热压烧结工艺,分别制备了增强颗粒体积含量从5%到15%,尺寸从3 μm到45 μm的SiCp/Fe复合材料,研究了粒子含量与尺寸对复合材料硬度、强度、延伸率和耐磨性能的影响.研究表明:增强颗粒的体积含量从5%提高到10%,可以明显提高材料的性能;随着增强颗粒含量进一步提高,颗粒团聚将导致材料性能降低;...     

Velocity characterization of particulate debris from laser-produced plasmas used for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Debris from laser-produced plasmas created with solid Sn and Au targets has been characterized according to speed and particulate size. Conditions for the experiments were those appropriate for producing an optimum laser-produced plasma emission at 13.5 nm for use in extreme-ultraviolet lithography. Results in the form of histogram data show that the speed distribution of the debris particulates is quite varied and in general exhibits an upper limit of ~640 m/s. In the case of Sn a peak in the velocity distribution is observed near 300 m/s. Small particulates, of the order of 1 μm or less, constitute the majority of the particulate emission in both materials. The implications for debris reduction based on the measurements are also discussed.     

2009年北京市春季大气颗粒PM_(2.5)和黑碳浓度变化特征

为了评价奥运会后车辆限行、施工减少等措施对北京市大气环境质量的影响,利用黑碳仪和颗粒物在线观测仪,于2009年4月26日—5月16日对北京市大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5质量浓度,2009年4月21日—5月21日对黑碳浓度实行连续观测,采用SPSS11.5和EXCEl2003对数据进行统计分析,获PM2.5和黑碳的日均值、小时均值和观测时段内小时均值的连续变化资料。结果表明:观测时段内PM2.5浓度日均值为(9.3±0.2)μg/m3,低于北京市以往同期记录,达到美国EPA的PM2.5推荐标准。黑碳浓度的日均值为(2319±18)ng/m3,低于我国其他城市和北京市历史记录。说明北京市实行的污染源控制手段收到了明显效果。PM2.5浓度呈现周变化趋势,日变化表现两个峰值。黑碳浓度日变化为一峰一谷,未出现以往研究的两个峰值,推测可能受晚间车辆和烹饪活动的影响,晚间峰值被次日升高趋势遮盖。