数控加工中心的位置误差补偿模型

本文以三轴数控加工中心为例,利用齐次矩阵建立了完备的数控加工中心的位置误差补偿模型,利用本文方法可以对三轴以上的多轴数控加工中心的位置误差进行建模,本文的建模方法和结论可以应用到三坐标测量机、工业机器人的位置误差模型的建立和位置误差补偿中去,以便在不增加制造成本的情况下,提高加工精度或测量精度,实现“不使用精密设备的精密加工”。     

精密车削中心热误差和切削力误差综合建模

热误差和切削力误差是影响数控机床精度的最重要的两个误差源,误差补偿技术是一种消除机床误差经济有效的方法,而有效的误差补偿依赖于准确的误差模型。在对切削加工过程中的热变形和切削力分析的基础上,选取合理的参量,采用BP神经网络和PSO算法相结合的优化方法建立了热误差和切削力综合模型。BP-PSO建模方法改善了网络模型的收敛速度和预测精度。基于所建误差模型,对一台精密车削中心加工实时补偿后使得径向加工误差从27μm提高到8μm,大大提高了车削加工中心的加工精度,验证了模型精度。     

基于机床体误差模型的加工面形误差预测

零件面形精度满足要求是超精密装备实现其关键功能的重要保证.影响工件加工面形精度的因素很多,机床体误差是其中最关键的因素.通过构建机床误差元与加工面形误差之间的直接关系来进行面形误差预测研究.提出了一种基于机床体误差模型的频域多尺度面形误差预测方法,该方法可结合机床体误差模型、工艺参数、加工轨迹等进行频域多尺度面形误差预测,可为加工路径规划、机床设计等提供理论参考,从而提高加工精度.进行了低频PV面形误差预测的实例研究,采用的机床为一台五轴联动超精密机床,加工表面为凹形截圆锥台锥面.通过实验与理论分别获得PV面形误差,其相对误差为17.3%,证明基于机床体误差模型的低频PV面形误差预测是可行的.     

基于工件面形精度的超精密机床误差建模与分析

在影响超精密加工工件面形精度的诸多因素中,机床的空间几何误差与运动误差往往占主要作用.在本单位一台新型超精密加工试验台的加工试验中,出现了较大的面形误差.为了辨识影响工件面形精度的主要误差,首先将机器人运动学理论与多体系统运动学理论相结合,建立新型超精密加工试验台的实际运动模型;其次,定量分析各个误差,如对刀误差、两轴不平行度误差和摆动中心定位误差等对工件面形精度的影响,得到工件面形精度(波峰-波谷值)随不同误差的变化规律;最后进行加工试验,并用PG I1240轮廓仪检测工件面形,将实际加工工件的检测结果与各个误差的分析结果进行相关性分析.通过上述分析,确定试验台两轴不平行是影响工件面形精度的主要误差因素.     

基于灰色线性回归组合模型的机床热误差建模方法

为了控制机床热误差和提高机床加工精度,考虑到测得的热误差数据同时存在着线性和非线性因素,提出了采用具有处理线性和非线性能力的灰色线性回归组合热误差模型的建模方法.用此方法对某卧式加工中心热误差进行了建模和预测,并引入BP神经网络对热误差模型的残差进行修正,从而获得了比较准确的热误差预测值.与用指数函数来模拟生成数据的灰色模型所获得的预测值进行了比较,证明了灰色线性回归组合及BP神经网络模型在机床热误差补偿建模应用中的优越性.     

基于球杆仪的旋转轴几何误差测量和辨识

通过圆弧测量轨迹, 移动球杆仪测量球心在旋转工作台上3个安装位置的9项误差, 采用齐次变换理论建立几何误差辨识模型, 引入系数矩阵条件数进行安装参数的优化选取, 提出一种辨识旋转轴4项位置和6项运动误差的方法。最后, 在四轴数控加工中心上进行了测量和验证实验, 该方法可辨识出全部的几何误差项, 通过对几何误差计算出的预测值和球杆仪的测量值的比较, 预测值的绝对误差小于0. 003 mm, 具有辨识精度高、测量省时的优点。     

基于步距规的三坐标测量机的几何误差分析

利用高精密步距规对坐标测量机运动误差的分析进行了研究,建立了误差分离的数学模型,通过将步距规按一定规则在空间内摆放并进行测量,可以得出坐标测量机的定位误差、角摆误差、直线度误差和垂直度误差.该方法也可以应用在数控机床、加工中心等领域的误差分析.     

四轴联动数控加工的非线性误差分析与控制

为了研究非线性误差的影响因素与控制策略,通过对四轴联动数控运动特点的分析,归纳了四轴联动数控加工刀具轨迹的表达式;然后探讨了最大非线性误差的计算方法和存在位置;最后分析了非线性误差的影响因素,提出了使用步长控制非线性误差的方法,通过仿真实验验证了正确性。     

刀具对中误差对离轴抛物面镜慢刀伺服车削加工的影响

离轴抛物面镜单件高效加工是离轴三反消像散(TMA)结构光学系统的技术难点之一.单点金刚石慢刀伺服车削加工技术可用于离轴非球面加工,加工尺寸范围较大,加工精度较高.此工艺制造的离轴抛物面面型精度可达到亚微米级,粗糙度达到纳米级.因此,可直接用于红外光学应用,若经后续抛光则可用于空间望远镜等更高精度需求的场合.介绍了慢刀伺服车削加工离轴抛物面镜的在轴加工方法,理论推导了刀具对中误差所带来的面形误差的极值分布规律.仿真研究进一步揭示了工件中心区域面形误差的详细分布.实验数据与理论结果和仿真计算结果均吻合.     

数控机床误差测量方法研究

分析了数控机床误差源,在此基础上对数控机床几何误差和主轴热变形误差的测量方法进行研究。该误差测量方法在机床工业研究中具有广泛的应用范围和通用性,对进一步提高数控机床的加工精度具有重要的研究意义。     

Modelling and compensation of fixture locators’ error in CNC milling

Fixture errors are one of the error sources in machining operations. The fixture errors consist of positioning inaccuracies and errors due to workpiece and fixture deformations. Fixture locators’ height error causes incorrect positioning of the workpiece in the fixture and inaccuracy in machined surfaces which can be much more than the locators’ height error. For machining precise workpieces, it is necessary to eliminate these errors. This paper presents a method for modelling and compensating the fixture locators’ height error effect on workpiece machined surfaces. In this method, the planes of workpiece actual coordinate system (ACS) are mathematically modelled in the workpiece theoretical coordinate system (TCS). Using the model, required homogenous transformation matrix for coinciding ACS with TCS and modifying machining toolpath for compensating the errors is generated. The presented model is used to develop a post-processing fixture locator error compensation module, which can modify CNC machining codes to eliminate the effect of fixture locators’ height error on the workpiece machined surfaces. For verifying the presented method, machining simulations and cutting experiments have been performed in this work. The results show that the method can eliminate the effect of fixture locators’ height error on the workpiece machined surfaces considerably.     

数控机床热误差的建模与预补偿

研究了数控机床热误差的预补偿方法。建立了基于主轴转速的热误差自回归模型,从而不需要测量机床的温度场就可以预测热误差。在加工前通过修改工作的数控加工程度即可进行补偿,大大简化了误差补偿过程。可应用于中等精度的数控机床。     

Machining error compensation using radial basis function network based on CAD/CAM/CAI integration concept

This paper presents a machining error compensation methodology using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model trained by an inspection database of the On-Machine-Measurement (OMM) system. This is an application of the CAD/CAM/CAI integration concept. First, to improve machining and inspection accuracies, the geometric errors of a three-axis CNC machining centre and the probing errors are compensated using a closed-loop configuration. Then, a workpiece is machined using the machining centre, and the error distributions of the machined surface are inspected using OMM. In order to analyse efficiently the machining errors, two characteristic error parameters, W err and D err , are defined. Subsequently, these parameters are modelled using a Radial Basis Function (RBF) network approach as an ANN model. Based on the RBF network model, the tool path is corrected to effectively reduce the errors using an iterative algorithm. In the iterative algorithm, the changes of the cutting conditions can be identified according to the corrected tool path. In order to validate the approaches proposed in this paper, an experimental machining process is performed, and the results are evaluated. As a result, about 90% of machining error reduction can be achieved through the proposed approaches.     

Optimal fixture parameters considering locator errors

A machining fixture consists of elements such as locators, clamps and supports. Fixture design aims at ensuring workpiece quality by restraining the workpiece in the desired position throughout machining thereby minimising the overall machining error. Workpiece elastic deformation and geometric error of locators are major components of the overall machining error. The effect of geometric error is considerable in certain cases and hence cannot be ignored. For a given error in locators, the geometry related machining error is manifest in the locator layout whereas the workpiece deformation depends on both the layout and the external forces such as clamping and machining forces. Layout of fixturing elements and the applied clamping forces are collectively called fixture parameters. The objective of minimising the total machining error can be achieved by optimising either one or both of these parameters. In this research work both of these parameters are simultaneously optimised using a genetic algorithm (GA). A finite element model of the workpiece fixture system is developed and analysed using commercial finite element software ANSYS®. Elastic deformation of workpiece under machining loads is obtained from the finite element model. MATLAB® based GA is interfaced with ANSYS® for the determination of total machining error and subsequent optimisation with the objective of complying with tolerance requirements on the critical machining feature. Results indicate that the error sources can contribute to the final machining error in varying degrees. The results also underscore the need to consider the entire machining path for optimisation of the fixture parameters.     

基于B样条曲面插值误差控制的内超环面齿轮齿面建模

针对内超环面齿轮齿面数控加工精度难以保证的问题,提出一种基于B样条曲面插值误差控制的内超环面齿轮齿面建模的方法.该方法以内超环面齿轮理论齿面原型为依据,运用B样条曲面构造插值曲面,计算插值曲面片与理论齿面之间的误差.通过插值误差分析,根据误差分布特点,将型值点网格不断细化,获得一组型值点阵,经插值重构后可得到满足精度要求的内超环面齿轮齿廓模型.最后,通过数控加工验证了建模的有效性.基于B样条曲面插值误差控制的内超环面齿轮齿面建模方法为获得高精度的内超环面齿轮实体模型奠定了理论基础.     

制造误差影响齿轮副啮合的接触有限元分析方法

制造误差是影响齿轮副啮合的重要因素,研究其作用机理对齿轮的减振设计具有重要意义。首先基于几种典型制造误差的结构形式提出了一般的精确建模方法,以一对渐开线直齿轮为例,利用接触有限元分析方法对啮合过程进行仿真,发现理想齿轮副和含误差齿轮副啮合过程中的角速度、动态接触力特性表现出显著差异。然后进行单项误差影响齿轮振动的机理研究,分别以齿廓误差和齿距误差为对象,利用傅里叶变换量化分析了不同加工公差等级下的单项制造误差对齿轮副动态传递误差、角加速度特性的影响规律。研究表明:所提出的建模方法可以模拟任意形式的微小量级的制造误差,并体现在接触有限元分析中。不但能够用于精细化研究制造误差对齿轮副啮合过程的影响,还可以通过量化各项啮合特性分析单项误差影响齿轮振动的作用机理,并指导齿轮的减振设计和精度设计等。     

基于原始误差项快速辨识的空间几何误差补偿

在误差补偿中,误差项辨识和误差补偿一直是研究的重点,国内外许多学者对此开展了许多工作,但总的来说,仍然缺乏一种高精度并能够快速获得机床几何误差信息的测量仪器．目前的误差补偿方法,由于机床误差产生的原因很多,难以找到合适的通用数学模型进行误差分解,故难以推广应用．本文设计并实现了一种基于原始误差项快速辨识的空间几何误差补偿方法,使得在精度等级稍低的机床上实现更高精度等级加工的效果．     

涡旋压缩机转子加工误差快速测量系统的研究

加工坐标系和涡旋体旋转坐标系偏差会引起较大的侧面啮合间隙,加工坐标系的在线调整能提高涡旋体加工精度.基于极坐标系开发了涡旋体侧面轮廓快速测量系统,可调对齐平台能精确确定测量坐标系原点.分析并去除了测量系统误差,通过涡旋体径向误差三维粒子群寻优计算,得到加工坐标系和涡旋体旋转坐标系的坐标偏差和旋转角度偏差.新的测量系统获得了同三坐标测量机(CMM)相同的测量结果,同时测量时间从20 min缩短为180 s,测量环境和测量时间能满足涡旋体在线加工补偿的要求.     

Study on the thermally inducedspindle angular errors of a five-axis CNC machine tool

Thermally induced spindle angular errors of a machine tool are important factors that affect the machining accuracy of parts. It is critical to develop models with good generalization abilities to control these angular thermal errors. However, the current studies mainly focus on the modeling of linear thermal errors, and an angular thermal error model applicable to different working conditions has rarely been investigated. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of the angular thermal error remains to be studied. In this study, an analytical modeling method was proposed by analyzing the formation and propagation chain of the spindle angular thermal errors of a five-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool. The effects of the machine tool structure and position were considered in the modeling process. The angular thermal error equations were obtained by analyzing the spatial thermoelastic deformation states. An analytical model of the spindle angular thermal error was established based on the geometric relation between thermal deformations. The model parameters were identified using the trust region least squares method. The results showed that the proposed analytical model exhibited good generalization ability in predicting spindle pitch angular thermal errors under different working conditions with variable spindle rotational speeds, spindle positions, and environmental temperatures in different seasons. The average mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and R² in twelve different experiments were 4.7 μrad, 5.6 μrad and 0.95, respectively. This study provides an effective method for revealing the formation mechanism and controlling the spindle angular thermal errors of a CNC machine tool. The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00409-x