乳化炸药微观结构对其宏观性能的影响分析

分析乳化炸药内相粒子大小和分布、界面膜、油膜、第三相物质(敏化剂)对其爆炸性能、稳定性、流变性或黏度等宏观性能的影响,建立了微观结构与宏观性能的关联关系,对一些常见现象进行了解释。分析认为,乳化炸药内相粒子的大小与分布,主要取决于机械作用强度和乳化剂的种类和用量两个方面。在相同的配方和工艺条件下,乳化炸药的内相粒子越小,粒径分布越窄,其稳定性和爆炸性能就越好,黏度较大。内相粒子间界面膜和油膜既与内相粒子密切相关,也对乳化炸药的黏度、流动性和稳定性有重要作用。依据热点理论,当气泡或者气泡载体的尺寸在有效范围之内,且分布均匀时,则形成热点的时间接近,有利于爆炸反应的快速激发和传递,宏观上表现为乳化炸药爆轰感度、爆速和猛度等较大。     

乳化炸药微观结构对其宏观性能的影响分析

分析乳化炸药内相粒子大小和分布、界面膜、油膜、第三相物质(敏化剂)对其爆炸性能、稳定性、流变性或黏度等宏观性能的影响,建立了微观结构与宏观性能的关联关系,对一些常见现象进行了解释。分析认为,乳化炸药内相粒子的大小与分布,主要取决于机械作用强度和乳化剂的种类和用量两个方面。在相同的配方和工艺条件下,乳化炸药的内相粒子越小,粒径分布越窄,其稳定性和爆炸性能就越好,黏度较大。内相粒子间界面膜和油膜既与内相粒子密切相关,也对乳化炸药的黏度、流动性和稳定性有重要作用。依据热点理论,当气泡或者气泡载体的尺寸在有效范围之内,且分布均匀时,则形成热点的时间接近,有利于爆炸反应的快速激发和传递,宏观上表现为乳化炸药爆轰感度、爆速和猛度等较大。     

球形NQ对DNAN基熔铸炸药流变性能的影响

为研究硝基胍（NQ）球形化对2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)/NQ体系流变性能的影响,采用旋转黏度仪研究了固体质量分数、剪切速率、颗粒形状及级配、工艺温度等因素引起的DNAN/NQ悬浮体系表观黏度的变化规律。结果表明:随着悬浮液固体质量分数的增加,表观黏度呈先缓慢增加至拐点再急剧增加的趋势,球形NQ与级配球形NQ在DNAN中的临界固体质量分数分别为55%和70%;固体质量分数越高,DNAN/NQ悬浮体系表观黏度受剪切速率的影响愈发明显,假塑性程度越高;相同条件下,颗粒越不规则,悬浮液体系越偏离牛顿流体,颗粒级配可有效降低悬浮液体系的假塑性程度;Arrhenius方程可精确描述DNAN/球形NQ悬浮液在96~115 ℃时表观黏度与温度的关系,悬浮液固体质量分数由0增加至41.18%时,流动活化能由36.69 kJ/mol增加到47.59 kJ/mol,悬浮液体系表观黏度相对温度变化越敏感。     

Study of flow fractionation characteristics of magnetic chromatography utilizing high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet

We present numerical simulation of separating magnetic particles with different magnetic susceptibilities by magnetic chromatography using a high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet. The transient transport is numerically simulated for two kinds of particles having different magnetic susceptibilities. The time evolutions were calculated for the particle concentration in the narrow channel of the spiral arrangement placed in the magnetic field. The field is produced by the highly magnetized high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet. The numerical results show the flow velocity difference of the particle transport corresponding to the difference in the magnetic susceptibility, as well as the possible separation of paramagnetic particles of 20 nm diameter.     

Study of flow fractionation characteristics of magnetic chromatography utilizing high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet

Abstract

We present numerical simulation of separating magnetic particles with different magnetic susceptibilities by magnetic chromatography using a high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet. The transient transport is numerically simulated for two kinds of particles having different magnetic susceptibilities. The time evolutions were calculated for the particle concentration in the narrow channel of the spiral arrangement placed in the magnetic field. The field is produced by the highly magnetized high-temperature superconducting bulk magnet. The numerical results show the flow velocity difference of the particle transport corresponding to the difference in the magnetic susceptibility, as well as the possible separation of paramagnetic particles of 20 nm diameter.     

Particle migration of concentrated suspension flow in bifurcating channels

Flow of suspension in bifurcating channels has extensive applications in industrial and natural settings. A phenomenon of particular interest during the flow of concentrated suspension is shear-induced particle migration. Previous works on suspension transport in branched channels have been limited to dilute flow conditions. We have carried out experiments using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to study concentrated suspension transport in asymmetric T- and symmetric Y-shape channels. Numerical simulations of fluid flow and particle transport equations were also carried out for the same geometry which was used in the experiments. The migration and transport of particles in the simulations were studied using the Diffusive Flux Model. We have observed in both experiments and numerical simulations that due to the shear-induced migration phenomena the particles move towards the center of the channel, and this gives rise to the blunting of velocity profile before the junction. After the bifurcation, the peak of velocity profile moves in the direction of the outer wall, whereas, the maxima in particle concentration was observed near the inner walls. This causes asymmetry in the velocity and concentration profiles in the daughter branches. As we move towards the downstream positions the maxima in velocity and concentration profiles again shifts toward the center of the channel. The results from the experiments and simulations are observed to be in good agreement.     

采用混合改性剂改性超细碳酸钙塑料填料

采用油酸-马来酸酐混合改性剂干法改性可用于塑料填料的超细CaCO3粉体,借助拉曼光谱、差热分析、比表面积、粒度分布和流变性等分析手段,对不同改性情况下的CaCO3颗粒表面进行表征。利用万能材料实验机和色差计对填充了改性前后CaCO3粉体的聚乙烯塑料进行力学性能和物理性能测试分析。结果表明:油酸-马来酸酐混合改性剂通过干法改性可以物理吸附在CaCO3颗粒的表面,使得CaCO3粉体的比表面积增大,颗粒表面能、界面张力大大降低并表现出较好的亲油疏水性,制成的石蜡-CaCO3悬浮液的表观黏度大大下降;还可以使聚乙烯塑料具有较好的力学性能,同时聚乙烯塑料具有较高的白度。     

THE CALCULATION OF PARTICLE DEPOSITION FROM A TURBULENT FLOW IN A PARALLEL VERTICAL PLATE

The formation of ash deposits may cause slagging and fouling problems in furnaces. The difficulties of predicting particle depositions are caused by the complexity of two-phase flow, which includes the particle size effects in a turbulent flow and the interparticle force between particles. Although some models were proposed to predict the particle deposition, few attempts were made for larger particles in the region of the dimensionless relaxation time (τ⁺) greater than 20. Thus, a reliable deposition model experimental results are needed for model verification, In this study, the modified turbulent intensity and apparent turbulent viscosity of the fluid were used to describe particles in suspension flow. And, an isothermal flow model was developed for calculating particle deposition rate in a parallel vertical plate, and for comparison with the experimental data. The predicted particle deposition rates under selected conditions are found to be in good qualitative agreement with available experimental results.     

Microfluidics and rheology of carbon black suspensions for In-Mold Coating applications: some insights into the slip flow phenomena

Microfluidics and rheology are critical to modeling material processes such as In-Mold Coating (IMC). In the IMC process, a carbon black suspension is injected onto the surface of the molded part while the part is still in the mold. Due to the microscopic length scale of the IMC flow (10–25 μm), a study of the slip flow and rheological properties at high shear rates of the coating liquid becomes significant. A customized microslit rheometer was developed and used to measure the viscosity of a coating material being considered for IMC in the channel gaps between 25 and 100 μm (C. Aramphongphun Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2006). The results were interpreted assuming true slip at the wall. In this paper, we present further insights into the slip flow phenomena. It is assumed that there is a fluid layer of lower viscosity near the wall, which accounts for the appearance of slip. The previously obtained data is interpreted using this assumption.     

EFFECTS OF LIQUID VISCOSITY ON RHEOLOGY OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS

This paper presents the experimental results on the effects of liquid viscosity on the rheology of concentrated suspensions of solid particles in Newtonian liquids. Specifically, the relative viscosity of a pseudoplastic suspension decreases as the viscosity of the suspending liquid increases, indicating excess energy dissipation in a less viscous liquid. In contrast, the relative viscosity of a Newtonian suspension is only slightly affected by the liquid viscosity. It is in excellent agreement with the value predicted from the rigid sphere model which neglects nonhydrodynamic interactions, and assumes zero particle-to-liquid relative velocity. The flow behavior indices of both concentrated suspensions are independent of the liquid viscosity.     

Particulate size effect on the rheology of SiC-glass composites

The rheological behavior of SiC particulate glass composites was investigated in the present study. The nature and extent of flow modifications are addressed with respect to solid content in the suspension, temperature and dispersoid size. A transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian viscous flow and characteristic shear thinning behavior were observed. With progressive strengthening and deviation from Newtonian flow, a significant loss in rate sensitivity occurred. The apparent viscosity of the composites increased with the concentration and size of reinforcements. The increase in viscosity is explained in terms of hydrodynamic/mechanical interactions between particles in the composites.     

EFFECTS OF LIQUID VISCOSITY ON RHEOLOGY OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the experimental results on the effects of liquid viscosity on the rheology of concentrated suspensions of solid particles in Newtonian liquids. Specifically, the relative viscosity of a pseudoplastic suspension decreases as the viscosity of the suspending liquid increases, indicating excess energy dissipation in a less viscous liquid. In contrast, the relative viscosity of a Newtonian suspension is only slightly affected by the liquid viscosity. It is in excellent agreement with the value predicted from the rigid sphere model which neglects nonhydrodynamic interactions, and assumes zero particle-to-liquid relative velocity. The flow behavior indices of both concentrated suspensions are independent of the liquid viscosity.     

An analytical model for bedload layer thickness

A theoretical study has been carried out to determine the thickness of the bedload layer in an open channel turbulent flow with non-cohesive sediment, which is very crucial in sediment transport problems as this is treated as saltation height of a sediment particle and the reference level in suspension studies. A new expression of viscous shear stress is proposed, which is a function of effective viscosity of sediment–fluid mixture, velocity gradient and volumetric concentration of sediment particles. During particle collisions, impact shear stress is generated, which is another important parameter near the sediment bed. By including both the shear stresses, an expression for the thickness of the bedload layer is developed. The predicted bedload layer thickness is a function of viscous coefficient, impact coefficient, particle diameter, relative mass density of sediment particle, maximum bed concentration and non-dimensional shear stress. It agrees reasonably well when compared with a wide class of experimental data under different hydraulic conditions.     

Numerical simulation of solid-liquid suspension in a stirred tank with a dual punched rigid-flexible impeller

The hydrodynamics of solid-liquid suspension process in a stirred tank with a dual rigid impeller, a dual rigid-flexible impeller, and a dual punched rigid-flexible impeller were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. A classical Eulerian-Eulerian approach coupled with standard k-ε turbulence model was employed to simulate solid-liquid turbulent flow in the stirred tank. The multiple reference frame (MRF) approach was used to simulate impeller rotation. The effects of impeller type, impeller speed, flexible connection piece width/length of dual rigid-flexible impeller, aperture size/ratio of dual punched rigid-flexible impeller, particle diameter, and liquid viscosity on the homogeneity degree of solid-liquid system were investigated. Results showed that the homogeneity degree of solid-liquid system increased with an increase in impeller speed. A long and wide flexible connection piece was conductive to solid particles suspension process. Larger particle diameter resulted in less homogenous distribution of solid particles. An increase in liquid viscosity was beneficial to maintain solid particles in suspension state. The optimum aperture ratio and aperture diameter were 12% and 8 mm, respectively, for solid particles suspension process. It was found that dual punched rigid-flexible impeller was more efficient in terms of solid particles suspension quality compared with dual rigid impeller and dual rigid-flexible impeller under the same power consumption.     

Electrorheology of undoped poly(p-phenylene) particle-based suspension

Electrorheological (ER) properties of synthesized, pristine poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) particles without any dopant treatment was investigated via flow curves including shear viscosity and yield stress. The ER characteristics were examined as functions of both particle concentration and applied electric field strengths. This undoped, PPP based suspension exhibited normal ER characteristics displayed by conventional semi-conducting polymeric ER materials with doping. The yield stress, which is an important design parameter for ER fluids, satisfied a universal scaling function. We found that the critical electric field strength for the undoped PPP suspension was much higher than the doped PPP suspension. These undoped particles can be used as a model system to test the doped system at low concentration via a universal scaling function.     

Rheological characterization of polypropylene filled with magnesium hydroxide

Consideration is given to the dynamic viscoelastic and shear flow properties of magnesium hydroxide-filled polypropylene, at a filler concentration of 60 wt%. Five variants of magnesium hydroxide were used, one surface-treated with magnesium stearate. The results reported illustrate the effects of filler particle size, morphology and surface coating on the rheology of the composites. The presence of magnesium hydroxide caused a significant increase in the shear viscosity of polypropylene relative to unfilled polymer, although this was much less pronounced using surface-treated filler, particularly at low shear rates. Complex viscosity and storage modulus data, obtained at very low shear rates (0.002 s^–1), demonstrated the presence of a critical shear yield stress for flow to occur, which was greatest for compositions containing uncoated fillers with small particle size. These observations are discussed in terms of structure formation between the particles. Results obtained from capillary and dynamic measurements of melt flow were found to follow the Cox-Merz rule.     

Particulate flow simulation using Lattice Boltzmann Method: A rheological study

This work deals with calculating rheological properties of a suspension of particles in a fluid. A suspension of mono- and poly-disperse circular particles in shear flow is studied using two different methods for application of shear force: (a) by placing parallel walls at the top and bottom of the domain which are moving in opposite directions with the same velocity, and (b) using the Lees–Edwards boundary condition. The system which starts moving from rest, is allowed to reach a statistically steady state. Rheological properties namely, bulks shear stress, effective viscosity and normal stress difference of the suspension at different particle-based Reynolds numbers and different mean particle area fractions are calculated. Furthermore, the effect of size distribution on the relative effective viscosity of the suspension is investigated. Comparison of the present results with empirical formulations found in the literature shows reasonable agreement.     

Influence of particle elasticity in shear testers

Two dimensional simulations of non-cohesive granular matter in a biaxial shear tester are discussed. The effect of particle elasticity on the mechanical behavior is investigated using two complementary distinct element methods (DEM): Soft particle molecular dynamics simulations (Particle Flow Code, PFC) for elastic particles and contact dynamics simulations (CD) for the limit of perfectly rigid particles. As soon as the system dilates to form shear bands, it relaxes the elastic strains so that one finds the same stresses for rigid respectively elastic particles in steady state flow. The principal stresses in steady state flow are determined. They are proportional to each other, giving rise to an effective macroscopic friction coefficient which is about 10% smaller than the microscopic friction coefficient between the grains.     

Dynamics of magnetophoretic separation of a suspension of slightly magnetic microparticles in a high-gradient field of a magnetized rod

A macroscopic model of the process of magnetophoretic separation of slightly magnetic particles from a suspension under the action of a high-gradient magnetic field with account for the particle size is proposed. The mechanisms of separation of dia- and paramagnetic particles from a narrow fluid layer in an inhomogeneous field of a magnetized rod have been investigated. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 221–226, March–April, 2009.     

Rheology and Filling Characteristics of Particulate Dispersions in Polymer Melt Formulations for Liquid Fill Hard Gelatin Capsules

Abstract

The rheology and capsule filling properties of molten excipients, Dynafill, Dynasan-114, Lutrol-F68, and polyethylene glycols (PEG) 6000, 8000, 10,000, and 20,000 have been investigated. Lactose (α-monohydrate) was selected as a model particulate solid with low solubility in PEG in order to investigate the effects of disperse phase particle size, concentration, and PEG molecular weight on rheology and capsule filling properties of these systems. All excipients behaved as Newtonian fluids between 65 and 90°C, which was chosen as a possible temperature range for liquid filling of hard gelatin capsules. The excipients, apart from Dynasan-114 and PEG 20,000, showed satisfactory capsule filling properties at 70°C using a semiautomatic filling machine. Dynasan-114 (viscosity = 0.012 Pass at 70°C) leaked from the seals between the hopper and pump of the filling machine, whereas PEG 20,000 (viscosity = 24 Pas at 70?C) showed bridging of the molten polymer between successive capsule bodies during the filling process. The effect of disperse phase (lactose) particle size and concentration, and continuous phase (PEG) molecular weight on the apparent viscosity and filling properties of the non-Newtonian dispersions were investigated at 70°C. Satisfactory filling of the dispersions was achieved at 70°C up to a limiting concentration of disperse phase which was dependent upon disperse phase particle size and continuous phase molecular weight, and corresponded to a pronounced increase in apparent viscosity of the dispersion.