多频超声辐照的声化学产额研究进展

声化学是一门新兴的交叉学科，具有很多用途，广泛地应用于医药，生物，海洋，航空，轻工，食品，化学，化工等诸多领域，打基础这年来对声化学的研究十分活跃，多频超声对声化学产额的影响是其中研究的热点之一。声化学反应的主动力是声空化，声化学产额与超声辐照频率有一定的关系。双频，三频正交超声辐照能显著地提高声化学产额，具有明显的增强效应。文章综述了这方面的研究进展情况，阐述了声化学产额的影响因素。提出了目前所存在的问题并进行展望。     

超声辐照促进声化学产额的研究及应用

针对多频超声促进声化学产额的研究热点问题,简述了单频、双频、三频超声辐照的声化学反映规律及其研究进展,分析了多频辐射能显著提高声化学产额的原因。指出了多频超声在医药方面的应用,尤其是在中药复方提取中更显示出其优越性,可以达到很好的提取率,多频辐射有很好的开发前景。     

影响声化学产额的几个因素

声空化是声化学反应的主动力，对声化学产额的研究将能更好地利用声化学技术。从大量的实验研究报道结果来看．在既定的物理和化学条件下，声化学产额的高低主要取决于声化学反应器的类型和各类操作参量。文中对影响声化学产额的媒质参量和声学参量作了定性的讨论，这些参量包括媒质的粘滞性、可压缩性、反应器的几何形状、声压和频率等，同时从空化泡群的角度分析了这些参量之间的相互联系，结合目前声化学的研究现状，探讨了今后该领域急需解决的一些问题及发展方向。     

Y3+:PbWO4晶体低剂量辐照行为研究

三价稀土离子（La^3 ,Lu^3 ,和Y^3 等）掺杂显著地提高了钨酸铅晶体的辐照硬度,但是部分Y^3 掺杂钨酸铅晶体表现出特殊的低剂量辐照行为,即光产额辐照后升高,并且辐照硬度对退火温度较敏感,研究研究挑选了存在这一现象的Y^3 :PbWO4晶体,测试冰同温度的退火处理对晶体透过率,光产额和辐照硬度的关系,发现,辐照后光产额升高的现象同时存在于晶体的晶种端,而不是只集中在晶体顶端,并且和辐照前后晶体在400－500nm波段附近的透过率变化有关;生长态Y^3 :PbWO4晶体中导致430nm吸收带的色心的稳定性很低,低剂量辐照对该色心有“漂白”作用,辐照剂量率加大则晶体表现出光产额的降低,分段晶体的系列退火实验解释了辐照硬度对退火温度较为敏感这一现象,为进一步深入研究提供了实验基础。     

Y3+:PbWO4晶体低剂量辐照行为研究

三价稀土离子(La3+、Lu3+和y3+等)掺杂显著地提高了钨酸铅晶体的辐照硬度,但是部分Y3+掺杂钨酸铅晶体表现出特殊的低剂量辐照行为,即光产额辐照后升高,并且辐照硬度对退火温度较敏感.本研究挑选了存在这一现象的Y3+:PbWO4晶体,测试不同温度的退火处理对晶体透过率、光产额和辐照硬度的关系,发现:辐照后光产额升高的现象同时存在于晶体的晶种端,而不是只集中在晶体顶端,并且和辐照前后晶体在400～500nm波段附近的透过率变化有关;生长态Y3+:PWO晶体中导致430nm吸收带的色心的稳定性很低,低剂量辐照对该色心有"漂白"作用,辐照剂量率加大则晶体表现出光产额的降低;分段晶体的系列退火实验解释了辐照硬度对退火温度较为敏感这一现象,为进一步深入研究提供了实验基础.     

原子氧与紫外综合辐照对Kapton/Al性能的影响

Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜是一种广泛应用的热控涂层,用于维持航天器表面正常的工作温度。本文利用激光源原子氧设备对Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜进行了原子氧与紫外综合辐照试验,试验前后通过高精度微量天平、扫描电镜、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计及X射线光电子能谱仪等测试分析手段观察了材料质量损失、表面形貌、光学性能随辐照时间的演化规律,分析了试验前后Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜表面成份的变化。结果表明:Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的质量损失随辐照时间的增加呈线性增大,原子氧与紫外综合辐照造成的质量损失明显高于单独原子氧作用产生的质量损失;试验后试样表面呈"地毯"状形貌,且随辐照时间的增加表面粗糙度变大;Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的光谱反射系数随综合辐照时间的增加而降低,致使太阳吸收比的变化不断增大;试验后试样表面成份变化明显,说明原子氧和紫外环境与Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜表面发生了复杂的物理化学作用。     

频率对声致羟自由基形成的影响

本文用声化学效率的概念，报道了频率对声致羟自由基形成的影响，在氮气或空气环境中，高频超声辐照所致ＯＨ的化学产率比低频超声辐照时高。     

非同频水平正交超声束的声化学效应

本文采用碘释放法观察到两个非同频超声束水平正交幅照的声化学产额能获得明显的增强效应     

核燃料包壳材料Zr—4合金的缝隙腐蚀

采用模拟闭塞电池及动电位扫描法研究堆外模拟辐照与未辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金在水中的缝隙腐蚀敏感性，结果表明，当电流通过闭塞区时，溶液ＰＨ值随时间下降，在闭塞区内ＣＴ的浓度随时间呈线性增大，而且经辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金闭塞区溶液的ＰＨ下降及Ｃｌ增浓均比未经辐照的显著，动电位扫描国法测Ｚｒ－４合金模拟闭塞区溶液听了阳极极化曲线和线性极化批民模拟闭塞电池法的结果基本一致，证实了经辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金的缝隙腐蚀敏感性     

核燃料包壳材料Zr－4合金的缝隙腐蚀

采用模拟闭塞电池及动电位扫描法研究堆外模拟辐照与未辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金在水中的缝隙腐蚀敏感性结果表明，当电流通过闭塞区时，溶液ｐＨ值随时间下降，在闭塞区内Ｃｌ－的浓度随时间呈线性增大，而且经辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金闭塞区溶液的ｐＨ下降及Ｃｌ－增浓均比未经辐照的显著动电位扫描法倒Ｚｒ－４合金模拟闭塞区溶液中的阳极极化曲线和线性极化的结果与模拟闭塞电池法的结果基本一致，证实了经辐照的Ｚｒ－４合金的缝隙腐蚀敏感性比未经辐照的明显增大     

Influence enhancement effect of bi-frequency ultrasonic irradiation by TA fluorescence method

Based on a previous research of cavitation effect under bi-frequency ultrasound irradiation, this paper studies bi-frequency irradiations with similar experimental settings. The additional irradiation sources with frequencies of 1.04MHz, 0.8MHz and 1.7MHz are individually combined with the main ultrasonic irradiation source with frequency of 28kHz to form bi-frequency ultrasonic irradiation. The intensity of 28kHz irradiation was fixed at 12.5W/cm2, while the intensity of the ultrasound at the other three frequencies is varied from1 W/cm2 to 18 W/cm2. It turns out that under the influence of the bi-frequency irradiation, the fluorescence intensity is obviously greater than the sum of those at individual frequencies. So the frequency of the additional sonication strikingly influences the fluorescence enhancement effect. For example, the fluorescence enhancement effect of 1.04MHz is stronger than that of 1.7MHz, and the enhancement effect of 0.8MHz is further stronger than that of 1.04MHz. Under the sonic intensity of 7.9W/cm2, the fluorescence intensity of 1.04MHz is approximately twice that of 1.7MHz while the fluorescence intensity of 0.8MHz is approximately 1.5 times that of 1.04MHz.     

超声波强化庞庄煤制浆的试验研究

使用自制的新型萘油添加剂对庞庄煤制浆,考察了超声作用前后煤浆中煤粉粒度分布与添加剂在煤粒表面吸附能力的变化及其对水煤浆性能的影响。煤浆经超声作用后,浆体中细级煤粒的含量与煤粒对萘油添加剂的平衡吸附量都增加,煤浆稳定性显著提高。在超声发射强度为60W/cm2,频率为20kHz,萘油添加剂加入量为1%的条件下,超声辐照时间小于3min时煤浆粘度降低,辐照时间超过3min,煤浆粘度反而升高。当添加剂加入量为2%时,浆体粘度在试验超声作用时间内一直降低。     

用碘释放法研究双束脉冲超声辐照的空化产率增强效应

本文首次采用碘释放法发现双束脉冲超声辐照的空化产率增强效应。这一发现无疑对声空化效应的基础研究和声化学技术发展具有重要的意义。     

Different effects of microbubble destruction and translation in Doppler measurements

In flow measurements in which microbubbles are involved, the amplitude and phase of the received echo signal are noticeably influenced by the transmitted ultrasound intensity. Previous studies have shown that, when such intensity is progressively increased, the Doppler spectrum is accordingly distorted, i.e., it is asymmetrically broadened toward the negative frequency side. Such deformation has been attributed to radiation force, which pushes the microbubbles into the sound propagation direction, thus yielding additional phase delays in the received echoes. However, the possible contribution of microbubble destruction to this spectral deformation has not been considered yet. In this paper, this issue is investigated by analyzing the experimental spectra produced by two different types of microbubbles suspended in a moving fluid and insonified in pulsed wave (PW) mode at programmable pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and pressure. Conditions are created in which either the radiation force or the destruction mechanism is expected to be dominant. Effects produced by the two phenomena on the Doppler spectrum are shown to be different. When the PRF is low (2 kHz), so that, according to theoretical simulations, the radiation force effect is negligible, a 26 dB noise floor increase is observed for a 13 dB pressure increment. For a higher PRF (16 kHz), the same pressure increase not only affects the noise floor, but also causes the bubbles to deviate from their original streamlines, yielding a Doppler bandwidth increase by a factor of 5. It is concluded that asymmetrical spectral broadening is mainly due to radiation force, and microbubble destruction mainly results in an increased noise floor without affecting the spectral shape.     

Ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of superhydrophobic ZnO nanowall films

Zinc oxide-based superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated on aluminium oxide-seeded glass substrates via sonochemical approach by varying the parameter, the sonication time duration. The fabricated structures have nanowall-like morphology with an average long axis length and thickness of \({\sim }300\) and \({\sim }40~\hbox {nm}\), respectively.  The surface roughness created by surface-modified ZnO nanowalls and the air pockets trapped within the dense nanowalls, transformed the hydrophobic glass substrates into superhydrophobic surfaces with water contact angle of \(156{^{\circ }}\) during 20 min of sonication. An independent analysis was carried out to study the growth of ZnO nanowalls over glass substrates in the absence of the aluminium oxide seed layer and sonication process. The results suggested that the synergistic effect of the aluminium oxide seed layer and sonochemical process can enable the formation of ZnO nanowall structures favourable for superhydrophobic property. A possible growth mechanism of ZnO nanowalls formation during sonication process has been discussed in detail.     

Sound generation in sliding friction

The process of sound generation in a sliding friction contact in the absence of lubricants has been studied simultaneously with measurements of the friction coefficient. A correlation between the sound intensity, the spectrum of sound generated in the tribological system, and the friction coefficient is established. It is shown that not only do the tribological properties of contacting materials influence the characteristics of the acoustic signal, but the reverse influence may take place as well: the elimination of elastic oscillations accompanied by sound generation in the junction leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient.     

细颗粒物声波团聚的微观机理研究

为拓展声波团聚机理,对声波团聚过程中的声流与声涡作用进行了理论和实验研究。利用声流测试系统,发现在0～1 kHz低频与5 kHz高频时,团聚室内声流现象较为明显;并通过可视化测试,在7 kHz高频时观察到明显的漩涡。结果表明,流场中的声流与声涡对颗粒团聚会产生很大的影响,声流或声涡越强,团聚效果越好。在0～1 kHz低频与5 kHz高频时,声流产生的切应力带动气溶胶颗粒发生碰撞团聚;高频时声涡力矩较大,其产生的轨道角动量带动粒子发生圆周和自旋运动;当声压级大于132 dB时,声涡团聚开始发挥作用,与声流一起促进颗粒团聚,且声压级越大团聚效果越强;与波节相比,波腹处的声流速度更大,声涡现象更明显,团聚效果也更好。     

Depositing silver nanoparticles on/in a glass slide by the sonochemical method

A glass substrate was coated with silver by ultrasound irradiation. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles in the deposited film were characterized using methods such as XRD, TEM, HR TEM, HRSEM, AFM, TOF-SIMS and optical spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that nucleation and the ensuing growth of the nanoparticles occurs in solution and is influenced by the concentration of the precursor, temperature and time of sonication. TOF-SIMS measurements revealed that silver nanoparticles passed through the glass interface and diffused within the glass substrate up to ～60?nm. An analysis of the thermal effects accompanying the sonochemical cavitation of micro-bubbles in the solution near the solid surfaces shows that the collision of nanoparticles can lead to their melting and coalescence. Sonochemical deposition takes place layer by layer, so that the completion of the deposition of each layer of nanoparticles is followed by the sintering of adjacent particles and the formation of a close-packed layer. Using PVP as a stabilizing agent, a monolayer coating of silver nanoparticles on the glass surface was obtained. The coated glass demonstrated antibacterial activity.