不同冲击速度条件下矩形巷道围岩变形-开裂过程数值模拟

利用自主开发的拉格朗日元与变形体离散元耦合的连续-非连续方法,开展了不同冲击速度条件下矩形巷道围岩变形-开裂过程的数值模拟研究。当岩石单元的应力满足剪切开裂判据时,考虑了应力脆性跌落效应,在此过程中,围压保持不变。为了检验该方法的正确性,开展了单轴压缩条件下岩样变形-开裂过程的数值模拟研究。针对矩形巷道围岩的计算表明:①冲击速度低时载荷-位移曲线呈单峰特点;冲击速度高时载荷-位移曲线呈多峰特点;②冲击速度低时围岩的开裂呈渐进性特点;冲击速度高时围岩的开裂呈间歇性特点,这与在冲击过程中围岩中过去形成的一种较为稳定的结构(拱)被打破,并在其外围形成了新的稳定结构(拱)有关;③在模型相同垂直方向位移时,冲击速度低时围岩两帮的开裂深度较大,这说明冲击速度低时应力的传递较为均匀,冲击速度低时的结果(例如,V形坑内岩石碎块涌入巷道)与围岩的片帮类似;冲击速度高时的结果(例如,岩石碎块的弹射现象)与岩爆类似。     

摩擦对齿轮振动噪声影响的研究进展

围绕齿面摩擦引起的齿轮系统振动和噪声问题,从计入齿面摩擦的齿轮动力学模型、齿轮系统动态响应、齿轮摩擦噪声以及实验研究等方面,综述了近20年来齿轮振动噪声的研究现状和发展趋势。重点阐述了计入齿面摩擦的齿轮动力学研究的方式方法,总结了计入摩擦齿轮动力学的主要研究结论。最后就现有研究中存在的主要问题及研究方向提出了建议。     

地应力对岩石爆破开裂及爆炸地震波的影响研究

深部岩体爆破开挖是高地应力和炸药爆炸产生的动应力共同作用的结果。采用SPH-FEM耦合数值模拟方法,研究了地应力场对岩石爆破开裂及开裂区外地震波能量的影响。结果表明:随着地应力水平的提高,岩石爆破破碎区的范围缩小、裂纹扩展速度降低,非静水地应力场中破碎区内裂纹主要沿最大主应力方向扩展,但地应力对爆破粉碎区的形成几乎没有影响;地应力作用下爆破开裂区形态改变影响了爆炸地震波的能量及传播特性,随着地应力的增大,更多的炸药爆炸能转化为地震波能量,产生的高频地震波随距离衰减更快,且小主应力方向上的爆炸地震波能量更大。研究成果可为深部岩体爆破优化设计提供理论参考。     

舰船动力轴系冲击响应性能分析

摘 要：介绍了舰船轴系冲击激励的类型、基于有限元法建立的轴系冲击动力学模型以及基于有限元法在MATLAB平台上开发的舰船轴系动力学及冲击性能仿真平台(SHAFTFE)的基本功能,用SHAFTFE建立了一个包括推进轴系、推进电机和推进电机隔振器在内的整个动力轴系模型,计算了在不同冲击强度和动力轴系参数条件下整个动力轴系的冲击性能,分析了动力轴系的结构设计参数对动力轴系冲击性能的影响。结果表明,动力轴系在冲击作用下会出现较大的位移,因此在舰船动力轴系的设计中必须对轴系的冲击特性引起足够的重视,以增强整船的可靠性和生存能力。     

分段非线性轧机辊系系统的分岔行为研究

考虑轧机液压压下缸和平衡缸对辊系的约束影响,建立轧机辊系的分段非线性动力学模型。分别采用奇点稳定性理论和奇异性理论分析了该分段非线性系统在自治情况和非自治情况下的分岔特性,得到不同系统参数下的分岔形态。最后根据某轧机结构参数,模拟了轧机分段非线性辊系系统在不同的外部扰动下的局部分岔行为,发现随着外扰参数的变化该系统是周期运动、倍周期运动以及混沌等多种运动形态相互交替的复杂动力学系统,外部扰动参数的变化影响系统的运动形态,这为研究和抑制轧机辊系振动问题提供了理论参考。     

摩托车整车噪声分析与消声器改进

基于噪声声压、声强测试,分析声压频谱、声强与声功率分布,识别某摩托车噪声源,结果表明,发动机缸头处与排气管处对整车噪声贡献相当,考虑优化成本和改进的复杂程度,主要针对排气消声器改进。利用有限元仿真手段和试验对原发动机排气消声器空气动力学性能和声学性能进行了研究,提出了消声器改进方案,通过消声器功率损失测试、插入损失测试和整车通过噪声实验,结果表明,改进方案使整车通过噪声降低1-2dB。     

一种基于残周期正弦拟合的冲击峰值计算方法

针对半正弦冲击波形峰值幅度的计算,提出了一种基于残周期正弦曲线拟合的最小二乘计算方法,通过在脉冲测量波形中截取峰值附近近似于半正弦部分的峰值波形,使用残周期正弦曲线拟合方法计算获得冲击峰值幅度。它具有操作简捷易行、收敛性好的特点,并可以通过拟合残差有效值来判定拟合效果的优劣。该方法直接使用截取的峰值波形原始数据进行计算,不需要用滤波器对波形数据进行预处理,从而避免了冲击计量中常用的数字滤波给峰值计算结果带来的影响,可以获得更加客观准确的校准结果。通过在实际校准实验波形上的计算,并与以往计算方法进行了比较,验证了所述方法的有效性和切实可行性。     

基于数学形态学的分形维数计算及在轴承故障诊断中的应用

滚动轴承故障信号是一种典型的非线性信号,分形几何为描述轴承故障信号的特性提供了一个有力的分析工具。基于数学形态学的分形维数是在Minkowski-Boulingand维数基础上拓展的一种采用形态学操作计算分形维数的新方法。本文较详细的阐述了基于数学形态学的分维数计算方法,对比分析了与传统计盒维数方法的区别与联系,并对实际的滚动轴承正常、滚动体故障、内圈故障和外圈故障信号进行了分析,结果表明,基于数学形态学的分维数计算方法具有计算速度快,估计准确稳定的特点,为准确判断滚动轴承故障状态提供了一种快速有效的新方法。     

建筑物对爆破振动中不同频率能量成分的响应特征

爆破地震对建筑物的影响实质上是一种能量的传递与转化过程,这种传递与转化的过程受到建筑物动力特性的影响。利用结构动力学理论,结合典型工程实例,研究了建筑物对爆破地震中不同频率能量成分的响应特征,结果表明:建(构)筑物对于爆破振动中的不同频率能量成分存在明显的选择放大效应。在爆破地震中,与结构固有频率相一致的能量成分将被最大程度的放大。在制定爆破振动安全判据时,要将爆破地震自身特征和建筑物动力特性更好的结合起来,重视爆破振动中与建筑物固有频率相对应的能量大小。     

基于峭度准则EEMD及改进形态滤波方法的轴承故障诊断

针对轴承故障成分常以周期性冲击成分出现在振动信号中,而冲击响应成分常被强大噪声淹没,造成轴承故障特征提取困难等问题,将集成经验模态分解(EEMD)与改进形态滤波方法相结合,在本征模态函数(IMF)及形态学结构元素(SE)选取时均以峭度准则为依据,对筛选出的IMF分量进行信号重构后,再进行基于峭度准则的改进形态滤波方法处理。结果表明,该方法可避免共振解调中中心频率及滤波频带选取,自适应性较好;通过对实际滚动轴承内外圈故障分析,该方法可清晰准确提取到故障特征信息,噪声抑制效果好,可用于轴承故障精确诊断。     

共沉淀法合成La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)及其性质的研究

采用共沉淀法合成了具有钙钛矿结构的中温固体电解质La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(LSGM),并用DTA-TGA和X射线衍射仪分析了LSGM材料中钙钛矿相的形成过程,采用SEM、交流阻抗谱等检测技术对LSGM电解质的结构及性能进行了表征.XRD分析结果表明,1200℃烧结后,粉体开始形成钙钛矿结构,随温度的升高粉体中杂相含量越来越少,于1450℃时形成了单一的钙钛矿相结构.     

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on superalloy

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate has been investigated. Cyclic high temperature oxidation tests were conducted on uncoated and coated samples at peak temperatures of 900 °C for up to 100 thermal cycles between the peak and room temperatures. The results showed that a dense scale formed on the coated samples during thermal cycling at the peak temperature of 900 °C. The external scale exhibited good spallation resistance during cyclic oxidation testing at both temperatures. The improvement in oxide scale spallation resistance is believed to be related to the fine-grained structure of the coating. Nanostructured Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate were deposited by DC/RF magnetron sputtering. FE-SEM/EDS, AFM, and XRD were used to characterize the morphology and formation of different phases in the coatings, respectively. The Co–Al coating on superalloy substrate showed better performance of cyclic high temperature oxidation resistance due to its possession of β-CoAl phase as Al reservoir and the formation of Al₂O₃ and spinel phases such as CoCr₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄ in scale. The oxidation results confirmed an improved oxidation resistance of the Co–Al coating on superalloy as compare to bare substrate in air at 900 °C temperature up to 100 cycles.     

非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经预退火后的晶化动力学的DTA研究

研究了非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经400℃，保温10min预退火后的晶化动力学。结果表明；该合金的晶化相为α-Fe固溶体和Sm2Fe17Cx金属间化合物，两相的晶化表观激活能分别为557KJ/mol和514KJ/mol，当晶化体积分数为60%时，α-Fe相的晶化激活能达极大值；Sm2Fe17Cx相晶化激活能则随其晶化体积分数的增加而逐渐减小。     

Study of the interface behaviour between MABS/TPU bi-layer structures obtained through over moulding

The strength of adhesion between two over-moulded polymers, methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that constitute a bi-component laminar system has been the subject of study. Results showed that at the bi-layer interface the adhesive fracture toughness increases as temperature and surface roughness are increased. Roughness has been demonstrated to be the most important parameter defining adhesion strength and failure. With the increase of roughness the failure was observed to change from adhesive towards cohesive type. An increase in either the temperature or the pressure applied to the samples caused a rise in adhesion energy. However, pressure seemed to have a minor effect in comparison to temperature. Significant increments in adhesion were obtained after applying the corona discharge treatment (CDT) to the attaching surfaces resulting in adhesion strengths almost double those of non-treated systems.     

Thermal design and performance of the SCUBA-2 instrument 1-K and mK systems

Various research fields require large and complex instruments containing detectors operating at millikelvin temperatures. The materials and techniques traditionally used in cryogenics are often unsuitable for the demanding requirements of such instruments. We describe the thermal design and performance of the 1-K and millikelvin systems of the SCUBA-2 instrument. This is an astronomical “camera” operating at wavelengths of 450 and 850 μm. It is the largest and most complex instrument ever built for sub-mm astronomy, and the first to use a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The design consists of a mix of traditional techniques (but used in demanding situations) as well as novel elements. The thermal performance has been stable and very successful, and we hope that the details described here will be useful to the designers of future large instruments.     

Influence of mould design on the solidification of heavy forging ingots of low alloy steels by numerical simulation

Ingot casting of a 6-ton, heat-treatable Cr–Mo low alloy steel was simulated using finite element method in three dimensions. Effects of casting parameters including bottom pouring rate, mould slenderness ratio, mould slope, and height and shape of the hot top isolate on solidification behaviour and crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging of the ingot were investigated. The simulation model was validated against experimental data of two different ingot mould designs. Influences of the casting parameters on the riser efficiency and possible crack formation in the intersection of hot top and ingot body during subsequent open-die forging of the cast steel ingots were discussed. Results showed that pouring the melt under a constant rate, reducing the mould slenderness ratio, and using a proper design for the hot top isolate would all improve the riser efficiency and thereby possibly reduce crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging.     

Thermal Stability of Amorphous Hydride Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45)

The thermal stability of amorphous ternary hydrides Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) and their corre-sponding amorphous binary alloys Mg_(50)Ni_(50) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70) were studied with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Samples of the amorphous alloys were preparedby mechanical alloying and the amorphous hydrides were obtained by charging the alloys with gas-eous hydrogen at 3.0 MPa and 423 K. It was found that the amorphous hydrides released most oftheir hydrogen before the crystallization of the essentially hydrogen depleted amorphous alloy. Thecrystallization temperature of amorphous Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) elevated and that of amorphousMg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) did not change in relation to the original binary amorphous alloy. This is very excep-tional for amorphous hydrides. The reason for the effects of hydrogen absorption/desorption on thecrystallization of amorphous alloys was discussed.     

Materials’ tactile testing and characterisation for consumer products’ affective packaging design

Touch is one sense through which people judge consumer products. How materials’ properties influence these judgments is the topic of this paper. People’s sensorial or psycho-physical judgments (by touch) of the roughness, softness, slipperiness and warmth of 37 material samples are reported as well as their affective judgments, such as how pleasurable, exciting, indulgent, the samples felt. Physical measurements are also reported of the samples’ coarse and fine surface finishes, compliance, sliding friction and thermal contact properties. Relationships between the affective and sensorial judgments and the physical measurements are explored. A relational hierarchy is established from the physical measurements to the sensorial to the affective judgements. By following the dependencies in reverse, from the affective to the sensorial to the physical level, the required material surface properties to transmit intended affective messages to consumers might be determined. However, further work is needed on how to quantify some aspects of surface properties, particularly of roughness and sliding friction, in a manner useful for relating to affect. The methods described currently support communication and decision taking during the product development process.     

PMMA单分子膜成膜特性研究

研究了ＰＭＭＡ单分子膜的成膜特性及其结构．结果表明，ＰＭＭＡ能够在较大的表面压范围内形成稳定的单分子膜，并且具有不可重复压缩性、表面压力的各向异性和松驰特性．ＴＥＭ照片显示，ＰＭＭＡ分子链在单分子膜中是有序平行排列的