氧化铝真空碳热还原—氯化法炼铝的工艺研究

本文采用金属铝直收率、物料失重率、X射线衍射与扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪等手段与方法,研究了真空条件下氧化铝碳热还原温度、氯化铝升华速率、物料配比、碳热与氯化时间以及添加剂对氧化铝碳热还原-氯化法炼铝工艺的影响。研究结果表明,在50~100 Pa时,碳热还原及氯化温度不高于1763 K,控制无水氯化铝升华速率在0.32 g/min以下,石墨还原剂与氧化铝摩尔比为3∶1,碳热还原时间为40 min,碳热-氯化时间为40~50 min,物料不熔融、氯化铝升华孔不堵塞将有利于碳热-氯化过程的顺利进行。在1713~1723 K时,石墨与氧化铝摩尔比为4∶1,添加10.0%Fe2O3后,金属铝直收率达72.09%;1753~1763 K时,添加2.5%~15.0%SiO2后,金属铝直收率与物料失重率均明显低于不添加者,对该法炼铝过程不利;1753~1763 K时,石墨与氧化铝摩尔比为4∶1,添加10.0%TiO2后,金属铝直收率达82.38%,该金属铝的纯度达94.67%以上。此研究为真空碳热-氯化法从铝土矿中提取金属铝工艺提供了很好的实验依据。     

低价氯化铝法从氧化铝直接碳还原炼铝的机理分析

碳热过程的热力学分析表明,系统压力为100 Pa时,生成Al4O4C与Al4C3以及Al4O4C与C结合生成Al4C3的初始温度分别为1690,1711,1472 K;碳热-氯化过程的热力学分析表明,在101 Pa,1500 K时,氧化铝直接碳热-氯化的吉布斯自由能为-20.041 kJ;系统压力为100 Pa时,Al4O4C,Al4C3以及Al2O3联合Al4O4C,Al4C3参与氯化反应的初始温度分别为1459,1378,1416 K。实验结果显示:碳热过程在50~100 Pa、高于1693 K时,Al4O4C与Al4C3开始生成且含量随着温度的升高而增加;随着温度的继续升高或系统压力的减小,Al2O3及Al4O4C碳热转化为Al4C3。在50~100 Pa,1693 K时进行了实验,证明了该过程没有发生碳热-氯化反应。在70~150 Pa,1753~1853 K的范围时进行实验,均得到金属铝,说明要发生碳热-氯化反应必须先发生氧化铝与碳的碳热反应,即生成Al4O4C与Al4C3。     

氧化铝碳热还原—氯化法炼铝过程中冷凝区碳化铝的形成分析

采用热力学分析及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法与手段,研究了真空条件下氧化铝碳热还原—氯化法炼铝工艺中冷凝区碳化铝的形成原因.通过热力学研究,在10～100 Pa,温度低于973 K时,Al与C生成Al4C3的反应及Al与CO生成Al4C3与Al2O3的反应满足反应发生的热力学条件.在Al与CO生成Al4与CO2的反应中,...     

真空碳热还原法炼铝的研究进展

综述了目前氧化铝碳热还原法及碳热还原-卤化法炼铝的研究进展,重点总结了上述炼铝法的机理及研究现状,讨论了金属铝的制备方法及其影响因素,并指出了制约上述各炼铝法金属铝直收率提高的影响因素。结果表明:常压及真空直接碳热还原法炼铝过程,由于氧化铝碳热还原过程生成的碳化铝,导致碳化铝、氧化铝和金属铝三元系在高温下相互熔解,以致气相不能分离,致使铝的提取率较低,且难以与渣相分离。真空碳热还原-硫化法炼铝存在低价硫化铝歧解得到的产物金属铝与硫化铝(Al2S3)的分离困难,且硫化铝易吸水潮解,生成剧毒物质H2S,造成环境污染;真空碳热还原-氯化法炼铝,虽产物金属铝与冷凝物氯化铝易于分离,但该法存在氯化铝对设备的腐蚀及含六个结晶水的氯化铝脱水处理问题,若能克服上述问题,则该过程就存在连续化作业的可能;而真空碳热还原-氟化法炼铝过程存在机理研究不清及炉型结构设计不合理,从而导致产物金属铝的直收率不高。     

对氧化铝碳热还原-氯化法炼铝过程中碳化铝的氯化反应研究

采用热力学分析及X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪等方法与手段,系统研究了中真空条件下碳化铝与氯化铝的反应。通过热力学研究,在10～100 Pa,温度低于1773 K时,Al与C生成Al4C3的反应及Al4C3与AlCl3的反应满足反应发生的热力学条件。实验研究表明,Al4C3可以通过Al与C反应制得;在1773 K、10～100 Pa下,Al4C3与AlCl3可以发生反应,并在冷凝区得到金属铝,热力学研究与实验研究完全一致。在真空碳热-氯化法炼铝过程中存在着Al4C3与AlCl3发生的反应,其是氯化过程中的重要反应之一。     

真空法从铟矿中制备铟的机理研究

在真空条件下,本文采用热力学分析方法计算真空下铟矿碳热还原反应过程中发生的反应的吉布斯自由能以及起始反应温度。结果表明,当压力为10 Pa、温度高于380 K时,In2O3与C的反应满足反应发生的热力学条件。在同一体系压力下,物料In2O3:C摩尔比为1:3时,反应生成单质In所需的温度是最低的。在碳量充足条件下In2O3可直接被还原生成单质铟,随着碳的消耗,In2O3的碳热反应会生成中间产物。由此,推算在真空碳热反应过程中,碳热还原In2O3的顺序首先生成In,随着碳耗及升温生成In2O,最后生成In O。In2O3热分解生成In2O,随着体系压力的降低,反应起始温度降至423 K;中间产物In2O热分解生成单质In,当体系压力降至10 Pa时,起始温度降为781 K;In O与生成物CO反应,随着体系压力降低,吉布斯自由能增加,因此,降压不利于In O与CO反应。本文从热力学角度探讨真空制备铟热力学可行性,为下一步实际生产提供相应的理论基础。     

氧化铝真空碳热还原氯化歧化过程中二氯化铝行为研究

对氧化铝真空碳热还原氯化歧化过程中AlCl_2的相关反应进行热力学计算,结果表明在1760 K,60 Pa的条件下,Al_2O与C、Al_4C_3与Al_2O_3、Al_4O_4C与C均可发生氯化反应,AlCl_2的歧化反应在冷凝区也可以进行。采用基于密度泛函(DFT)框架下的第一性原理平面波赝势法,并用从头算分子动力学的方法对Al_2O与C的氯化反应和AlCl_2的歧化反应进行了结构优化和动力学模拟。结果表明碳热还原-氯化-歧化过程中的确有AlCl_2生成,吸附态的AlCl_2将进一步与Al_2O和C反应生成吸附态的AlCl分子,在C和AlCl_3(或AlCl_2)存在的条件下,Al_2O气体具有氯化活性,自由态的AlCl_2将在冷凝区歧解为AlCl分子。     

无水氯化铝在真空条件下的升华研究

AlCl3作为Al2O3的真空热还原-氯化-歧化反应的氯化剂,需要通过控制其升华条件以控制其进入反应体系的速率.本文研究了无水AlCl3在真空条件下的升华规律.采用研究Al2O3的真空热还原-氯化-歧化反应的三段式实验炉,在不同的温度和时间条件下进行实验.研究表明:在抽真空的条件下,温度高于室温,AlCl3开始升华.50℃后,升华速率加快.130℃后,升华速率太快.合适的升华温度为80℃左右.研究发现:AlCl3不能升华完全,残余在10%以上.残余物为粉末状、非晶物,吸水性减弱,大部分可溶解于水中,铝含量为29.14%,高于无水AlCl3的铝含量(20.24%),应当为非晶氯化铝含有聚合氯化铝和铝.     

氧化铝碳热还原氯化法制低价氯化铝反应的热力学研究

对氧化铝碳热还原氯化法制低价氯化铝的反应进行了热力学研究。经过热力学计算得到：在常压下，该反应发生的起点温度为2121．21K。而当系统压力下降时。该反应的起点温度也会下降；经过计算得到了该反应起点温度与系统压力间的关系，也得到了不同系统压力下反应吉布斯自由能与系统温度间的关系。     

真空铝热还原LiAlO2制取金属锂的研究

真空金属热还原法是一种具有工业应用前景的炼锂方法。本文对常压下以工业碳酸锂、氧化铝和氧化钙为原料合成LiAlO2以及真空条件下铝热还原LiAlO2提取金属Li进行了实验研究。研究了不同煅烧条件对LiAlO2合成的影响以及不同还原条件对铝热还原制取金属锂过程的影响。结果表明:在制团压力50MPa、煅烧温度1073 K和煅烧时间120 min的条件下,碳酸锂的分解率为98.21%,煅烧产物为LiAlO2和CaO。在还原温度1423 K,时间180min,铝粉过量20%,物料粒度-75μm和制团压力为45MPa的条件下金属锂的还原率为95.50%,铝粉利用率为79.17%。还原渣主要成分为CaO.Al2O3和12CaO.7Al2O3,可用于溶出氧化铝。     

Differences in coagulation in clotting of vascular access in hemodialysis patients

Arteriovenous graft (AVG) thrombosis is a frequent cause of graft failure. We evaluated coagulation protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors in 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients with AVGs. The goal was to determine whether significant differences in protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors exist among dialysis patients requiring frequent AVG declot procedures vs. those who do not. Twenty HD patients were enrolled: 10 frequent clotters (>3 declots in the previous year) and 10 were nonclotters. Patients on antiplatelets or chronic anticoagulation were excluded. Laboratories were drawn pretreatment and heparinase was added to counteract any potential heparin effect. Coagulation protein concentrations including tissue factor (TF), thrombin/antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F₁₊₂) were assayed. The time to clot onset was measured by force onset time (FOT). Platelet contractile force (PCF) measured the force produced by platelets during clot retraction, whereas clot rigidity was measured as clot elastic modulus (CEM). FOT, CEM, and PCF were measured by Hemodyne. Both groups had upregulation of the TF pathway, as TF, TAT, and F₁₊₂ levels were similarly increased over baseline levels. Hemodialysis patients with frequent AVG clotting had higher levels of both PCF and CEM compared with nonclotters. Additionally, the frequent clotters had a lower FOT relative to nonclotters, although both were considered in the normal range. Our study suggests that HD patients with recurrent AVG thrombotic events form clots with higher tensile strength compared with HD patients without recurrent graft thrombosis.     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Flow-Induced Instabilities in Pump-Turbines in China

The stability of pump-turbines is of great importance to the operation of pumped storage power (PSP) stations. Both hydraulic instabilities and operational instabilities have been reported in PSP stations in China. In order to provide a reference to the engineers and scientists working on pump-turbines, this paper summarizes the hydraulic instabilities and performance characteristics that promote the operational instabilities encountered in pump-turbine operations in China. Definitions, analytical methods, numerical and experimental studies, and main results are clarified. Precautions and countermeasures are also provided based on a literature review. The gaps between present studies and the need for engineering practice are pointed out.     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

高聚物银纹化的研究进展

结合最新的研究进展,对银纹引发、生长与断裂,银纹细观结构以及裂纹在银纹中的扩展等问题作了较全面的介绍和分析,对这一领域未来的研究方向和重点进行了展望。     

离子液体中电沉积的研究进展

离子液体作为绿色溶剂和可设计性溶剂越来越受到重视.对电沉积来说,离子液体融合了高温熔盐和水溶液的优点.分别综述了AlCl3型离子液体、非AlCl3型离子液体和其他新型离子液体3类离子液体中电沉积的研究现状,在此基础上指出了目前尚存在的问题及今后的研究方向.采用离子液体进行电沉积能克服传统水溶液电沉积时存在的缺点,为电沉积领域找到了新的突破点,是一种很有应用前景的方法.     

陶瓷超塑性的研究进展

本文综述了氧化锆及其复相陶瓷超塑性的研究现状，论述了陶瓷超塑性的变形机理，微观特征和断裂特性。同时，分析和对比了陶瓷超塑性与金属超塑性的特点。目前，对于正确理解超塑性陶瓷的变形机理，还需进行大量工作。     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Ecological compensation in spatial planning in Italy

Ecological compensation or biodiversity offsets are increasingly recognized as a key element for environmental sustainability; however, more attention has been paid so far to compensation applied at the project level rather than to spatial planning. Meanwhile, there is a growing acknowledgement that extensive environmental depletion is being caused by the cumulative effects of small developments allowed by spatial/land use plans. This paper aims to collect empirical evidence on the requirements for ecological compensation at a strategic level of decision-making – spatial planning – in Italy. Results indicate that spatial plans are increasingly introducing offset requirements for residual impacts of new urban developments; however, methodological and operational aspects are not sufficiently addressed and enforcement mechanisms appear weak. The lack of legal frameworks and of established methods appears to be the main element currently hindering biodiversity offset implementation at the planning level. It is suggested that, in the Italian context, a way to foster better implementation is the design of environmental stewardship schemes involving farmers, developers and planning authorities.