预应力混凝土桥梁徐变分析的全量形式自动递进法

首先将预应力混凝土桥梁中考虑收缩、徐变影响的任意时刻混凝土应力、应变关系在持荷时段内写成代数形式,引入内力平衡方程及变形协调条件后,提出了计入截面上钢筋位置、配筋率、预应力钢筋松弛、混凝土弹性模量随时间变化等影响的徐变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法,并建立了计算式,适用于任何形式的收缩、徐变特性表达式;基于建立的全量形式公式,可方便地求解任意时刻混凝土、钢筋的应力与应变和梁体竖向变形。理论分析与试验结果比较表明,公式可方便地控制计算精度,直至给出满意的结果。将计算式编程后极易与目前桥梁设计中常用的杆系有限元软件接口,进行可靠的徐变分析。     

高强箍筋约束高强混凝土轴心受压本构关系研究

约束混凝土是克服高强混凝土脆性的重要措施,采用高强箍筋约束能够有效的改善受压构件的力学性能。同时,约束混凝土的本构关系是结构非线性分析的基础,本构关系的选取对计算结果的合理性有显著影响。该文基于多组高强箍筋约束高强混凝土轴压试验数据,提出了改进的约束混凝土本构模型,分析了高强箍筋应力的发挥水平,给出了约束混凝土峰值应力、峰值应变和极限应变的计算公式。计算结果表明建议的本构模型与试验曲线符合较好。该模型可用于高强箍筋约束混凝土构件的非线性分析。     

带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土的本构关系

对带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土轴压构件的力学机理进行分析,借鉴约束混凝土本构模型,基于等效侧向压应力的概念,提出适合带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土柱数值计算的核心混凝土本构关系,并结合有关试验结果对本构关系中的参数进行确定。应用该本构关系对有关试件进行荷载-应变关系全过程计算,计算结果与试验结果比较,两者吻合良好。     

预应力钢绞张的偏轴应变测量原理及实验验证

本文研究了受拉钢绞线的偏轴应变与轴向应变的转换关系,用实验验证了转换关系的正确性。提出了测量预应力钢绞线轴向应力的轴应变测量法。根据本方法,在预应力混凝土结构中,现场测量的钢绞线偏轴应变很容易转换为轴向应变和应力;工程实践表明,测量预应力钢绞线的偏轴应变法是一种实用的工程测试方法。     

高强不锈钢绞线网/ECC约束高强混凝土受压本构模型

为将新型复合材料“高强不锈钢绞线网/ECC约束素混凝土”用于实际工程结构,基于高强不锈钢绞线网/ECC约束高强混凝土(简称HSME约束高强混凝土)复合材料轴心受压试验结果,分析ECC强度、核心混凝土强度以及横向钢绞线体积配网率等对其受压性能的影响规律。试验结果表明：HSME能够有效约束核心混凝土轴心受压,破坏模式具有明显的延性性能,根据试验数据绘出HSME约束高强混凝土复合材料受压应力-应变曲线,可以分为三个阶段：弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和下降段。根据各阶段曲线的数学特征,建立HSME约束高强混凝土复合材料受压本构关系的全过程模型表达式。引入ECC特征值和横向钢绞线特征值,对本构模型的各参数进行分析,提出HSME约束高强混凝土复合材料的开裂压应变、峰值应力、峰值压应变和极限压应变等参数的表达式。将各参数代入所建立的受压本构关系绘出其应力-应变曲线,模型结果与试验所得应力-应变曲线吻合良好,开裂压应变与极限压应变的计算值与试验值对比范围分别为0.949～1.068和0.938～1.039。表明所提出的受压本构模型能够较好地反映HSME约束高强混凝土复合材料的应力-应变关系。     

应变空间中的塑性本构理论及其在金属板料成型中的应用

本文首先介绍了应变空间上以Ｇｒｅｅｎ应变和第二Ｐ－Ｋ应力表示的本构理论，并指出其与应力空间理论相比的优越性，针对金属板料成型的特定情形，本文导出本构关系的具体形式，便于成型过程计算的应用。     

弹塑性本构关系的一种新提法

本文基于应力空间和应变空间的概念,提出了一种能够概括目前广泛应用的Reuss和Hill本构方程的新的弹塑性本构方程。在新的本构方程中,塑性应变增量和应力之间的关系是与塑性常数矩阵相联系的,根据对塑性常数矩阵本征值的讨论,可以将一般的各向异性塑性体划分成全异性和半异性塑性体。最后本文还给出了适合于一般塑性体的广义等效应力和广义等效应变的定义。     

率形式Mohr-Coulomb模型严格增量本构研究

从修正的Drucker公设和本构关系的内变量理论出发,对一般形式的含损伤粘塑性屈服模型导出了增量型本构关系的一般形式,并对岩土介质中常用的率形式Mohr-Coulomb模型给出了其本构增量算法的具体形式。所提出的增量本构关系是由增量应变表达增量应力的显式形式,故特别适用于高速冲击等动态力学问题。作为算例,该文以所提出的增量本构关系为基础,开展了岩石平板撞击层裂问题的数值模拟,结果良好。     

基于Najar能量法的混凝土分形损伤本构模型研究

混凝土损伤模型的研究,实质上是研究损伤变量对混凝土材料本构关系的影响。在外界因素作用下,材料的累积变形引起结构内部损伤的发展,最终将产生宏观裂缝直至破坏。在混凝土损伤破坏过程中,"凹凸无序"的断裂面和"杂乱无章"的裂缝是对混凝土宏观力学性能离散化、非线性、随机性的最直接的体现和表征。基于断裂面和裂缝的分形特性,得到了分形应力、分形应变的基本概念,使之能更为准确地描述混凝土的宏观力学性能。通过Najar能量损伤理论,利用分形应力与表观应力、多重分形应变与表观应变之间的关系,推导得出了混凝土分形损伤本构模型,重新定义了Weibull概率分布的混凝土损伤扩展规律,得到了基于压缩变形分形特性的损伤演化方程。     

冲击载荷下玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态本构关系

为了研究玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态本构关系,利用Ф100mm分离式霍普金森压杆装置,对玄武岩纤维增强混凝土进行冲击压缩试验,得到了动态应力-应变曲线,对试验数据进行了分析,根据试验结果,通过叠加应变率强化效应和损伤软化效应,对混凝土静态Ottosen非线性弹性本构模型进行修正,建立了玄武岩纤维增强混凝土损伤型的动态本构模型,确定参数并将理论模型计算结果与试验结果进行了对比。研究表明,玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的动态性能存在明显的应变率强化效应,动态强度增长因子和峰值应变与应变率对数之间存在近似函数关系;建立模型的方法可行,理论模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,建立的本构模型可用来描述玄武岩纤维混凝土的动态力学行为,并能为玄武岩纤维增强混凝土的进一步研究和工程应用提供参考依据。     

利用拉氏分析研究冲击载荷下混凝土应力-应变关系

混凝土材料的动态本构关系对冲击载荷作用下的混凝土结构分析很重要。Lagrange分析方法是一种研究材料的动态力学性能特别是本构关系方面的常用方法。利用改进的φ74的直锥变截面Hopkinson压杆作为加载设备,测量在不同位置的应变波形,通过Lagrange分析得到了混凝土材料在冲击加载条件的应力—应变关系,并讨论了混凝土材料的应变率效应和重复加载对材料性能的影响,拓宽了Lagrange分析方法的应用。另外文中还指出利用拉氏方法分析混凝土材料时应该注意的问题。     

A continuum mechanics based derivation of Reissner’s large-displacement finite-strain beam theory: the case of plane deformations of originally straight Bernoulli–Euler beams

In the present paper, we present a continuum mechanics based derivation of Reissner’s equations for large-displacements and finite-strains of beams, where we restrict ourselves to the case of plane deformations of originally straight Bernoulli–Euler beams. For the latter case of extensible elastica, we succeed in attaching a continuum mechanics meaning to the stress resultants and to all of the generalized strains, which were originally introduced by Reissner at the beam-theory level. Our derivations thus circumvent the problem of needing to determine constitutive relations between stress resultants and generalized strains by physical experiments. Instead, constitutive relations at the stress–strain level can be utilized. Subsequently, this is exemplarily shown for a linear relation between Biot stress and Biot strain, which leads to linear constitutive relations at the beam-theory level, and for a linear relation between the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress and the Green strain, which gives non-linear constitutive relations at the beam theory level. A simple inverse method for analytically constructing solutions of Reissner’s non-linear relations is shortly pointed out in Appendix I.     

Implementation of cyclic plasticity models based on a general form of kinematic hardening

This paper deals with implementation of cyclic plastic constitutive models in which a general form of strain hardening and dynamic recovery is employed to represent the multilinear, as well as non‐linear, evolution of back stress. First, in order to incorporate such a general form of kinematic hardening in finite element methods, successive substitution and its convergence are discussed for implicitly integrating stress; moreover, a new expression of consistent tangent modulus is derived by introducing a set of fourth‐rank constitutive parameters into discretized kinematic hardening. Then, the constitutive parameters introduced are specified in three cases of the general form of kinematic hardening; the three cases have distinct capabilities of simulating ratcheting and cyclic stress relaxation. Numerical examples are given to verify the convergence in successive substitution and the new expression of consistent tangent stiffness. Error maps for implicitly integrating stress under non‐proportional as well as proportional loading are also given to show that the multilinear case of the general form provides high accuracy even if strain increment is very large. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔隙率变化规律及其对混凝土变形过程的影响

混凝土内部随机分布的微裂纹和孔洞等细观缺陷影响其破坏机理及宏观力学性能,且孔隙率随着外荷载的变化而不断变化。该文中将含缺陷(微裂纹、各种空隙等)混凝土复合材料简化为空心球力学模型,基于弹性力学理论推导并获得了混凝土当前孔隙率与材料初始孔隙率及体应变之间的定量关系;推导并得到了含孔隙混凝土的有效弹性模量、有效泊松比及峰值应变等与孔隙率的定量关系,进而得到了单轴加载条件下含孔隙混凝土细观单元的等效多折线本构关系模型。最后,采用细观单元等效化力学模型,研究了单轴加载(拉伸和压缩)情况下不同孔隙率混凝土材料的破坏过程及宏观力学性能,探讨了孔隙率变化规律及其对混凝土变形过程的影响。     

Problems of identification of mechanical characteristics of viscoelastic composites

Summary The problem of modelling and identification of viscoelastic properties of composites as asphalt concrete, based on experimental investigations is the subject of this paper. Only viscoelastic properties of such materials are taken into consideration and usefulness of linear constitutive relations in differential form is examined. The identification problem is formulated in terms of sensitivity analysis and optimization theory. An approach to select the best from the considered class of material models is proposed and the values of associated material parameters are determined by minimization of objective function representing a measure of a difference between theoretically calculated and experimentally obtained response of a sample to sinusoidal loading. Obtained this way, results are compared with those calculated using the method based on the approach proposed by Bland and Lee [1] for calculation material parameters of Burgers model. It has been shown that differential constitutive relations with constant coefficients have very restricted application in the considered case because they are in force in narrow domains of excitation frequency. The application of models with frequency-dependent coefficients is one of the possible solutions of this problem [2]. Another approach can also be proposed based on the application of fractional calculus in viscoelasticity, see Bagley and Torvik [3].     

Plastic deformation in form of strain trajectories of constant curvature —Theory and comparison with experimental results

Summary Based on the constitutive equations for plastic materials of any deformation history presented in previous papers of the author analytical relations are given for the case of plastic deformation in form of constant curvature strain trajectories. Magnitude and direction of the stress vector are determined for various radii of curvature and then compared with the experimental results described in [4]. Finally, a comparison is made between the theory applied here and the analytical method proposed in [5].

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Plastische Verformung mit Trajektorien konstanter Krümmung — Theorie und Vergleich mit Versuchsergebnissen

Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage der in früheren Arbeiten des Verfassers vorgestellten Spannungs-Deformations-Beziehungen für plastisches Material bei beliebiger Deformationsgeschichte werden für den Fall der plastischen Verformung mit Trajektorien konstanter Krümmung analytische Beziehungen angegeben. Es werden Größe und Richtung des Spannungsvektors für verschiedene Krümmungsradien ermittelt und mit den in [4] angegebenen Versuchsergebnissen verglichen. Abschließend erfolgt eine Gegenüberstellung der hier angewandten Theorie mit der in [5] dargestellten analytischen Methode.

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With 12 Figures     

混凝土循环加卸载动态损伤特性研究

利用大型多功能动静力三轴仪对混凝土试件进行了5种应变速率下的动态循环加卸载压缩试验。对混凝土的物理力学参数的变化规律进行了统计分析。结果表明:峰值应力和弹性模量随加载速率的提高而增大,但峰值应变随加载速率的变化表现出较大的离散性。在此基础上,进一步研究了混凝土在不同加载速率下的刚度退化规律。最后,选用基于Weibull统计理论的分段式动态损伤本构模型对试验数据进行拟合。经验证,此模型能够较好的模拟混凝土材料的本构特性。     

三级配混凝土静、动载下力学细观破坏机制研究

假定三级配混凝土是由砂浆基质、不同粒径的骨料及其粘结带组成的非均质复合材料,采用非线性有限元方法在细观尺度上数值模拟三级配混凝土弯拉梁在静、动载下的开裂过程。按实际配比计算各种骨料的代表粒径的数目,采用蒙特卡罗方法随机生成骨料分布,骨料形状假定为圆形,最小粒径为12.5mm。骨料、砂浆及其粘结带均采用了非线性本构模型,具体模拟了材料的开裂、拉伸软化、塑性屈服和压碎等非线性。研究中还给出了梁关键部位的应力应变全过程曲线,研究成果还与未考虑材料的非均质性的结果进行了比较。结果表明,混凝土类的多项非均质复合材料的静、动力学性能与其内部的细观结构组成有密切关系,混凝土中最薄弱的部位为粘结界面,混凝土的破坏明显表现出拉应变软化现象和局部化现象。数值模拟结果与有关试验成果较为接近。     

板壳非线性分析的新理论新方法

提出了板壳非线性分析的新理论新方法。首先建立了下列几个新的本构关系:塑性应变向量增量与总应变向量增量的新关系,热塑性应变向量增量与总应变向量增量及温度应变向量增量的新关系,粘塑性应变向量增量与总应变向量增量的新关系,热粘塑性应变向量增量与总应变向量增量及温度应变向量增量的新关系。这些关系分别称为弹塑性应变增量理论、热弹塑性应变增量理论、弹粘塑性应变增量理论及热弹粘塑性应变增量理论,避开了屈服曲面、加载曲面、流动法则及复杂的非线性应力应变关系。其次建立了非线性样条无网格法,这种方法是以新的本构关系、几何非线性理论、变分原理、广义变分原理、加权残数法及样条离散化为基础建立的,避免了经典本构关系及有限元法带来的巨大困难及缺陷,不仅计算简便,而且精度高,收敛速度很快。建立了板壳非线性分析的统一格式,对板壳的几何非线性分析、材料非线性分析及双重非线性分析都适用。     

Constitutive relations for split cylinder tests on bituminous concrete

The scope of this progress report was to a determine the constitutive relations for asphaltic concrete using the split cylinder test for two percents of bitumen, and b. compare the results with uniaxial tensile data on asphaltic concrete to assess the suitability of the split cylinder test for routine material characterizations. A special digital computer routine was used to reduce the experimental data, develop the constitutive relations, and perform the statistical analysis. Using the procedures reported here, the split cylinder tests, compared with uniaxial tension tests, overestimated the strain at high rates of loading, underestimated at very low rates of loading, and the ultimate strain values for the two test methods were the same for a value of R of about 0.1%/min. The split cylinder test underestimated the ultimate tensile stress by about one-half an order of magnitude for all values of strain rate that would be used in highway work.