对接试板焊接残余应力实测与数值模拟

使用压痕法对两副对接试板进行了表面焊接残余应力测试，并通过焊接有限元仿真获得了对接试板焊接残余应力分布规律，对比分析了表面残余应力实测和数值模拟结果。分析结果表明，焊接残余应力数值仿真结果和压痕法实测结果趋势一致，数值相差不大，残余拉应力峰值实测为599 MPa,仿真结果为597 MPa,表明数值模拟方法可预测焊接残余应力；焊缝及热影响区最大纵向残余应力属于拉应力，而最大横向残余应力为压应力，横向残余应力峰值低于纵向残余应力峰值；等效应力(Mises应力)峰值792 MPa,高于试板材料在常温下的初始屈服强度，表明该材料具有明显的加工硬化现象。     

热处理对同质异态TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头的影响

对TC17(α+β)和TC17(β)钛合金进行线性摩擦焊及焊后热处理试验,运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察接头各区域的微观组织变化,采用轮廓法测试接头残余应力分布情况,分析了热处理对接头的微观组织、残余应力及力学性能的影响。结果表明：焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再晶界过程,形成亚稳定β相;两侧热力影响区初生α相严重变形,针状α相完全溶解。经过热处理,亚稳定β相分解为稳定的α+β相,板条状α相在晶界析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,变形α相发生不同程度的分解。轮廓法测试结果表明,接头沿振动方向的应力呈双峰分布,接头热力影响区处拉应力峰值达到最大约360 MPa,焊缝中心拉应力值约140 MPa,经过热处理,接头沿振动方向拉应力值降低至50 MPa以下。经过热处理后接头微观组织更加均匀,并且接头残余应力得到消除,接头拉伸及疲劳性能得到明显改善。     

低强匹配对接接头焊接残余应力的数值模拟分析

本文采用数值模拟方法,分析了低强匹配对接接头2种拘束条件、5种屈服强度匹配系数的焊接残余应力。结果表明,低强匹配接头焊根处的三向残余拉应力较小,对静载强度影响不大;焊趾处的三向残余拉应力较大,对疲劳强度和冷裂倾向有不利影响。自由状态的纵向残余应力和两端约束状态的横向残余应力,焊缝金属屈服强度每降低25MPa,其残余应力减少约11MPa。     

304不锈钢薄壁管件纵缝焊接接头残余应力数值模拟研究

目的 采用数值模拟方法代替传统测量方法,以准确模拟不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布规律及预热温度对焊接残余应力的影响规律。方法 采用TIG焊接方法对304不锈钢进行圆管纵缝焊接试验,以最优焊接工艺参数为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元仿真软件,采用热力完全耦合模型,在DFLUX子程序中运用Fortran语言对模型进行汇编以完成ABAQUS的二次开发,模拟薄壁管件纵缝焊接热力耦合过程,并在模拟结果上添加预热温度为150 ℃的预热工艺。结果 304不锈钢薄壁管件焊接过程中会产生较大的残余应力,局部区域接近管材的屈服应力。纵向残余应力趋于焊缝中心方向由压应力转化为拉应力,焊缝中心横向应力承受压应力,并且随着向焊缝两侧移动,横向残余应力值逐渐趋近于0。焊缝厚度方向上的径向应力值变化幅度较小。预热可以有效降低不同方向上的焊接残余应力,其中对纵向残余应力的改善最为明显。结论 数值模拟方法能够准确计算出不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布,预热处理能够有效降低接头残余应力。     

Q355钢板对接接头裂纹扩展所致焊接残余应力重分布研究

目的 定量研究裂纹扩展导致的焊接残余应力重分布效应,得到残余应力随裂纹扩展的变化规律。方法 首先采用盲孔法测试了Q355钢板对接接头的初始残余应力;其次利用线切割技术模拟了平行以及垂直于焊缝的裂纹扩展情况,并测试了裂纹扩展导致的残余应力变化量;最后根据测试数据提出了残余应力释放量Δσ与裂纹长度a之间的函数关系式,进一步得到了基于裂纹扩展的应力重分布计算公式。结果 Q355钢板对接焊的焊缝区纵向(沿焊缝方向)存在较大的残余拉应力,拉应力峰值出现在焊趾处,为屈服强度的1.13倍。焊缝区横向存在梯度较大、拉压交替变化的残余应力,压应力峰值出现在焊趾处,大小为52.6 MPa,拉应力峰值出现在距焊缝中心线17 mm处,大小为63.5 MPa。裂纹扩展能显著释放残余拉应力:裂纹沿焊缝中心扩展,横向残余拉应力峰值降低了45.8%;裂纹沿垂直于焊缝方向扩展,焊趾处的拉应力峰值降低了63.3%。结论 裂纹扩展会显著影响焊接构件的残余应力分布,根据实测数据提出的裂纹扩展应力重分布计算公式能够较好地反映残余应力重分布情况。     

多次焊补对A5083P-O铝合金焊接接头残余应力的影响

采用X射线衍射法,研究了多次焊补对A5083P—O铝合金焊接接头残余应力分布规律的影响。结果表明：不同焊补次数条件下焊接接头残余应力值并未发生较大幅度的变化,残余拉应力峰值相差不大,出现在熔合线或者靠近焊缝的热影响区,均小于材料的名义屈服强度;残余应力变化分布规律基本一致。从残余应力的角度来看,可以有进行5次焊补的可能。     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG钢管焊接残余应力的数值模拟

以小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG珠光体耐热钢管多层多道焊接接头为对象,使用有限元模拟软件,采用生死单元法,计算焊接接头中的残余应力。计算结果表明:焊接接头外壁焊缝附近区域的残余应力为压应力,母材端的残余应力变化幅度要比焊缝区的小;焊接接头内壁焊缝及热影响区的残余应力为压应力,而母材承受拉应力。通过对比可知焊接接头内、外壁轴向残余应力分布的计算结果与实测结果高度吻合,说明数值模拟方法可以为管状接头的焊接工艺评定提供便利、可靠的技术支持。     

U肋加劲板焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

通过数值模拟和实验方法对U 肋加劲板焊接残余应力进行了估算和分析,建立了三维热弹塑性有限元模型,采用生死单元法模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,实现了整个焊接过程中的动态应力和变形变化,得到了U肋加劲板的焊接温度场和应力场,分析了U 肋加劲板的焊接残余应力分布,并与残余应力测试试验结果比较.结果显示:U 肋加劲板近焊缝区残余拉应力达到材料屈服强度,母板远离焊缝区残余压应力平均值约为材料屈服强度的0.2 倍,其分布趋势与实验测试得到的残余应力分布比较接近,证明了所采用的焊接数值模拟方法的正确性.     

铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力及变形分析

目的对民机用铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力及变形进行研究。方法采用热-力耦合数值模拟方法,分析民机用铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接过程,分别模拟了采用3种焊接顺序进行蒙皮-长桁焊接时,壁板温度场分布规律及焊后残余应力及变形情况。结果铝合金壁板搅拌摩擦焊接后,沿焊缝方向残余应力为拉应力,由此导致长桁及与其连接的蒙皮产生向上的挠曲变形,垂直焊缝方向,焊缝两侧的壁板向上翘曲。结论对于3种焊接顺序,采用"先两侧、后中心"由外向里的焊接顺序,得到的壁板残余变形最小。     

Residual Stress Evolution in Repair Welds

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the repair procedure on the evolution of residual stress distribution in butt welds. C-Mn steel coupon plates of 11 mm thickness were prepared, subjected to stress relief heat treatment and welded with two beads, using the gas metal arc welding process. After the deposition of two weld beads, two successive repair welds were made on the middle length of the second bead. Longitudinal and transverse residual stresses were measured in the vicinity of the weld, after deposition of the two weld beads and after each repair weld. Residual stress evaluation was conducted using an X-ray diffraction method. The repair welds caused a decrease in magnitude of the initial longitudinal residual welding stresses, and an increase of the transverse residual stress magnitude, in tension at points within the repair length, and in compression at points outside the repair length.     

不同焊接参数下CT70连续钢管高频电阻焊残余应力分布的数值模拟

目的研究CT70连续油管高频电阻焊接后的残余应力值和分布规律,以及焊接速度和挤压量等焊接参数对残余应力的影响。方法通过有限元计算的方法施加移动面热源和移动挤压辊,来模拟高频电阻焊的加热和加压过程,并用小孔法测量了高频电阻焊后连续钢管的残余应力值。结果对比计算的和实际的焊缝尺寸,均是内壁处为0.2 mm,壁厚中间部位为0.1 mm,内壁凸起高度为1.0 mm,宽度为2.1 mm,验证了有限元模型的准确性。计算得到的高频电阻焊后在焊缝处的轴向残余应力较大,在400～500MPa之间;环向残余应力较小,在-100～200MPa之间,与小孔法测量的残余应力一致。结论焊缝附近的残余应力主要由不均匀加热引起,远离焊缝处的残余应力主要由挤压引起。热源与挤压辊间距离和焊接速度增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力增加;挤压量增加和焊接功率增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力降低。     

304不锈钢管TIG焊接头凝固行为及热力耦合研究

目的 对2 mm厚不锈钢管的焊接工艺参数进行优化,并基于模拟仿真软件对接头的热应力场进行模拟,以解决薄壁管件接头应力测试不方便的问题。方法 以TIG焊对2 mm不锈钢管进行焊接,通过对接头宏观形貌、微观组织、显微硬度等结果进行优化进而得到最佳焊接工艺参数,采用双椭球热源和温度-位移耦合方法结合最优工艺参数进行数值模拟。结果 当焊接电流为150 A、焊接速度为66 cm/min时,焊接接头全部熔透,且正面及背面焊道均匀致密,成形良好。焊缝中心上部区域和下部区域均呈现等轴晶形貌,下部区域尺寸较上部区域尺寸略大,熔合线附近为柱状晶组织。焊接接头显微硬度整体分布呈现U形,其中热影响区显微硬度(197HV)大于焊缝区域硬度(162HV),熔合线附近显微硬度达到最低值(145HV)。模拟结果显示,在焊接过程中,当纵向残余应力从母材向焊缝中心过渡时,由压应力逐步转化为拉应力;焊缝中心横向应力呈现为压应力,向两侧母材过渡时应力值逐渐趋近于0,径向应力值变化幅度较小,模拟数据变化趋势与实测数据变化趋势接近。     

On the Residual Stress Field in the Aluminium Alloy FSW Joints

Abstract:  In this study, we evaluated the residual stress field which arose because of a new welding process named 'friction stir welding'. We analysed aluminium alloy butt-welded joints. Both similar and dissimilar joints were considered in 2024-T3 and 6082-T6 aluminium alloys of 0.8 and 3 mm thick. For each joint, the longitudinal and transversal residual stress distributions were obtained in a direction perpendicular to the weld cord. In the thicker dissimilar joints, the longitudinal residual stress distribution present is very similar to the distribution present in traditional welded joints. It presents, in fact, a tensile region near the weld cord, which is balanced by compressive regions away from weld line. On the contrary, other joints present a low compressive stress at the weld toe and a tensile stress state elsewhere. Moreover, the effect of the shoulder geometry on the residual stress field was evaluated on 1.5-mm-thick joints.     

Finite Element Analysis of Modeling Residual Stress Distribution in All-position Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Pipe

On the basis of the thermal-elastic-plastic theory, a three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation is performed on the girth welded residual stresses of the duplex stainless steel pipe with ANSYS nonlinear finite element program for the first time. Three-dimensional FEM using mobile heat source for analysis transient temperature field and welding stress field in circumferential joint of pipes is founded. Distributions of axial and hoop residual stresses of the joint are investigated. The axial and the hoop residual stresses at the weld and weld vicinity on inner surface of pipes are tensile, and they are gradually transferred into compressive with the increase of the departure from the weld. The axial residual stresses at the weld and weld vicinity on outer surface of pipes is compressive while the hoop one is tensile. The distributions of residual stresses compared positive-circle with negative-circle show distinct symmetry. These results provide theoretical knowledge for the optimization of p     

Investigation of residual stresses in a repair‐welded rail head considering solid‐state phase transformation

Repair welding for recovery from local damage of a rail head surface is known to cause high residual stress and can accelerate fatigue in the rail. This study examines repair‐welded rails by applying experimental and numerical approaches. In the former approach, two newly manufactured rail specimens and four repair‐welded rail specimens with two different weld depths were prepared, and their residual stresses were measured with a sectioning method. In the latter approach, a finite element repair welding simulation model was developed that adopted a prescribed temperature method with a moving block as an input heat source, and the thermal strain caused by the volume change due to solid‐state phase transformation was considered. Overall, the residual stresses correlated well between the experimental and numerical approaches. The measured high compressive residual stress of ?290 MPa seems to be beneficial to prevent a crack initiation in the rail surface.     

Residual Stress Measurement in Steel Plates and Welds Using Critically Refracted Longitudinal (LCR) Waves

Abstract

The application of acoustoelasticity using critically refracted longitudinal (L_CR) waves is described for measuring residual stress in welded steel plates. Residual stresses are self-equilibrating and may exist in a material that has been deformed in a nonhomogeneous manner. When unknown residual stress is present in a structure, the true stress may become significantly greater than the working stress. In a corrosive environment, highly stressed areas that have not been properly stress relieved are prone to stress corrosion cracking. Areas near welds are particularly susceptible to stress corrosion cracking.

Two welded plates were investigated for the present work: one hot-rolled and the other cold-rolled. Residual stresses are usually greatest after welding. Further, longitudinal stress (i.e., stress parallel to the weld bead) is typically greater than the component transverse to the weld bead. Since the acoustoelastic behavior of the L_CR wave is largest when propagated parallel to a uniaxial stress, the L_CR wave traveling parallel to the weld bead was used to investigate the stress changes after stress relieving of the welded plates. Both 1 MHz and 2.25 MHz probe frequencies were used in this study. The stress changes in the welds and in the cold-rolled plate were clearly indicated by the L_CR data.

Two verification methods were used: hole drilling (HD) and neutron diffraction (ND). The stress relief was verified by the hole-drilling technique. While the HD technique showed about the same stress magnitude as found by the L_CR results, the orientation was reversed. The stress orientation was probably caused by the grinding process used to flatten the weld bead. Texture was also investigated using a neutron diffraction (ND) technique on the (001)[110] texture. The through-the-thickness technique yields an average of the orientation distribution of the (110) planes. At locations in the parent metal and in the weld, the distribution was found to be very similar, indicating uniform texture throughout the weld and parent metal zones.     

高强度钢加劲板焊接残余应力测试及分析

为研究高强度钢的板肋加劲板焊接残余应力分布特点,该文利用切割法对板肋加劲板试件进行了应力测试研究,建立了三维实体热弹塑性有限元模型,采用单元生死和动态约束技术模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,对比分析了高强度钢和普通钢的应力分布特点,比较研究了母板厚度、肋板厚度、肋板间距和高度对焊接残余应力的影响。研究结果表明:板肋加劲板T型接头角焊缝的焊接顺序与残余应力的分布不相关;高强度钢非焊接区域残余压应力小于普通钢;板件厚度和肋板高度是影响高强度钢的板肋加劲板焊接残余应力的主要因素。     

Synchrotron diffraction measurement of residual stresses in friction stir welded 5383-H321 aluminium butt joints and their modification by fatigue cycling

This paper presents two‐dimensional information on the residual stresses in 8 mm 5383‐H321 aluminium plates joined by double pass (DP) friction stir welding (FSW). It considers the inherent variability in residual stress magnitudes along 0.5 m lengths of weld pass, and their modification under a sequence of applied fatigue loads. This represents one of a planned series of experiments aimed at illuminating the effects of fatigue cycling on residual stress fields. In this particular case, the magnitudes of the bending fatigue loads (R= 0.1) were chosen to correlate with the measured proof strengths of the weld metal (approximately 160 MPa) and the parent plate (approximately 260–270 MPa). In four‐point bend S–N tests at R= 0.1 on 40 mm wide FS welded specimens of this alloy and plate thickness, these peak stress levels correspond to lives of around 10⁵ cycles and 10⁷ cycles, respectively. Results from the work indicate that significant variability exists among welded plates in peak compressive stress magnitudes (a range of perhaps ?50 MPa to ?140 MPa), although peak tensile stresses were relatively low and more consistent (from around 0 to 30 MPa). Fatigue loading accentuates the peak‐to‐valley stress change and causes an overall translation of the stresses to become more positive. Peak tensile stresses increase several‐fold during fatigue cycling.