GTG起爆药在工业雷管中的应用

文章对GTG起爆药在工业雷管中的应用进行了研究,找到了合理的工艺技术条件,并对研制的系列雷管按标准要求进行了测试,同时对GTG起爆药在雷管中应用的经济性进行了分析和比较。     

氟橡胶包覆硝酸肼镍及其对雷管撞击感度的影响

利用水悬浮法将氟橡胶包覆在硝酸肼镍(NHN)表面制备出了NHN造型粉,并将其应用于基础雷管。通过DSC研究了NHN造型粉的热性能，测试了NHN造型粉的机械感度和火焰感度以及工业基础雷管的撞击感度和起爆能力。研究结果表明:氟橡胶包覆能够提高NHN的热稳定性，且热稳定性随着氟橡胶包覆量的增加而提高；NHN造型粉的机械感度均低于原料NHN，当氟橡胶包覆量（质量分数）为9%时，撞击感度下降幅度明显，可达142.9%；NHN造型粉用在基础雷管中做起爆药，可以降低基础雷管的撞击感度并保持其起爆能力。     

工业雷管用起爆药壳内制备技术的初步研究

主要研究了工业雷管用起爆药壳内的制备技术。对壳内制备的起爆药进行了基础性能试验,装配后的工业雷管做了例行试验和长贮试验,取得了较理想的效果。     

GTG起爆药性能研究

文章介绍了一种以碳酰肼为配体的配合物起爆药ＧＴＧ,描述了ＧＴＧ起爆药的基础性能和使用性能。该起爆药机械感度适中,对热作用和静电作用钝感,使用安全,具有良好的应用和发展前景。     

工业雷管用起爆药自动化生产方案研究

文章从起爆药选型、工艺过程、自动控制与监控系统等三方面对工业雷管用起爆药自动化生产方案进行了研究。就目前而言,起爆药宜选用流散性好、机械感度与静电火花感度相对较低、废水量少、起爆性能好的品种;自动化生产线控制由流量控制系统、温度参数显示控制系统、酸碱度参数显示控制系统、生产故障报警系统、视频监视系统及语音通话系统组成。     

串并联电爆网路的准爆验算与优化设计

在分析串联雷管准爆试验贡线的基础上，提出了简化的串联雷管准爆条件，建立了串并联爆破网路的准爆验算公式，给出了爆破网路优化的计算机方法。     

提高纸壳电雷管穿孔能力的有效途径

文章从纸壳电雷管的装药结构、压药密度、药－药接触形式、聚能穴的保护等方面，对铅板穿孔的影响作了一些探讨，对提高雷管的铅板穿孔有一定的实验价值。     

Continuum Shape Sensitivity analysis of a mode-I fracture in functionally graded materials

This paper presents a new method for conducting a continuum shape sensitivity analysis of a crack in an isotropic, linear-elastic, functionally graded material. This method involves the material derivative concept from continuum mechanics, domain integral representation of the J-integral and direct differentiation. Unlike virtual crack extension techniques, no mesh perturbation is needed to calculate the sensitivity of stress-intensity factors. Since the governing variational equation is differentiated prior to the process of discretization, the resulting sensitivity equations are independent of approximate numerical techniques, such as the meshless method, finite element method, boundary element method, or others. In addition, since the J-integral is represented by domain integration, only the first-order sensitivity of the displacement field is needed. Several numerical examples are presented to calculate the first-order derivative of the J-integral, using the proposed method. Numerical results obtained using the proposed method are compared with the reference solutions obtained from finite-difference methods for the structural and crack geometries considered in this study.     

煤巷掘进爆破优化设计

研究煤巷快速爆破掘进技术,包括炮孔布置的原则与方法、装药量的计算公式以及起爆时序问题等,所用方法包括分析计算、数值模拟与井下试验检验。结果表明,提出的优化设计方法比经验法消耗炸药雷管少、掘进速度快约20%。     

Discussion: Fuzzy Thinking

This article investigates computation of pointwise and simultaneous tolerance limits under the logistic regression model for binary data. The data consist of n binary responses, where the probability of a positive response depends on covariates via the logistic regression function. Upper tolerance limits are constructed for the number of positive responses in m future trials for fixed as well as varying levels of the covariates. The former provides pointwise upper tolerance limits, and the latter provides simultaneous upper tolerance limits. The upper tolerance limits are obtained from upper confidence limits for the probability of a positive response, modeled using the logistic function. To compute pointwise upper confidence limits for the logistic function, likelihood-based asymptotic methods, small sample asymptotics, as well as bootstrap methods are investigated and numerically compared. To compute simultaneous upper tolerance limits, a bootstrap approach is investigated. The problems have been motivated by an application of interest to the U.S. Army, dealing with the testing of ballistic armor plates for protecting soldiers from projectiles and shrapnel, where the success probability depends on covariates such as the projectile velocity, size of the armor plate, etc. Such an application is used to illustrate the tolerance interval computations in the article. We provide the R codes used for the calculations presented in the examples in the article as supplementary material, available online.     

爆破过程中不安全因素的分析

在施爆过程中,炸药与雷管等爆破器材是一个最大的不安全因素.该文从炸药的感度、电感应引起早爆、爆炸产生的有害气体等三个方面,分析了爆破过程中的主要不安全因素.     

A fuzzy approach for drawing S–N curves in the finite life region

In this work a fuzzy approach has been developed in order to estimate the probability of fatigue failure. In particular, with the proposed method the S–N curves of a material in the finite life region can be drawn. The experimental data are represented in terms of fuzzy sets and are fitted using a fuzzy linear regression. Data scattering and uncertainty in the empirical failure model are reflected in the definition of membership functions. Several examples are shown to illustrate the procedure. Failure probabilities and fatigue curves obtained by the fuzzy method are similar to those obtained by traditional statistical analysis, based on normal distributions of strength with standard deviation that remains constant with different load levels. In particular, the results obtained indicate that the possibilities offered by fuzzy systems are also applicable for estimating the Wöhler curve of a material under fatigue stresses. To evaluate its reliability, the proposed method is compared with the traditional one, with particular attention to the case in which a small amount of experimental data is available. The new fuzzy method is slightly less accurate than traditional statistical analysis to outline S–N curves in the finite life region. This is mainly due to the fact that the method is influenced by the nonuniformity of data dispersion at each level of stress.     

Over 15.7% Efficiency of Ternary Organic Solar Cells by Employing Two Compatible Acceptors with Similar LUMO Levels

Efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) are fabricated using polymer PM6 as donor, and IPTBO‐4Cl and MF1 as acceptors. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of IPTBO‐4Cl based and MF1 based binary OSCs individually arrive to 14.94% and 12.07%, exhibiting markedly different short circuit current density (J_SC) of 23.18 mA cm^?2 versus 17.01 mA cm^?2, fill factor (FF) of 72.17% versus 78.18% and similar open circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.893 V versus 0.908 V. The two acceptors, IPTBO‐4Cl and MF1, have similar lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, which is beneficial for efficient electron transport in the ternary active layer. The PCE of optimized ternary OSCs arrives to 15.74% by incorporating 30 wt% MF1 in acceptors, resulting from the simultaneously increased J_SC of 23.20 mA cm^?2, V_OC of 0.897 V, and FF of 75.64% in comparison with IPTBO‐4Cl based binary OSCs. The gradually increased FFs of ternary OSCs indicate the well‐optimized phase separation and molecular arrangement with MF1 as morphology regulator. This work may provide a new viewpoint for selecting an appropriate third component to achieve efficient ternary OSCs from materials and photovoltaic parameters of two binary OSCs.     

Shape sensitivity and reliability analyses of linear-elastic cracked structures

This paper presents a new method for continuum-based shape sensitivity and reliability analyses of a crack in a homogeneous, isotropic, and linear-elastic body subject to mode-I loading. The method involves the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics, domain integral representation of the J-integral, and direct differentiation. Unlike virtual crack extension techniques, no mesh perturbation is needed in the proposed sensitivity analysis method. Since the governing variational equation is differentiated prior to the process of discretization, the resulting sensitivity equations are independent of any approximate numerical techniques, such as the finite element method, boundary element method, or others. Numerical results show that the maximum error in calculating the sensitivity of Jusing the proposed method is less than three percent. Based on continuum sensitivities, the first-order reliability method was formulated to conduct probabilistic fracture-mechanics analysis. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed sensitivity equations for probabilistic analysis. Since all gradients are calculated analytically, the reliability analysis of cracks can be performed efficiently.     

民用炸药敏感度试验方法的研究与探讨

敏感度试验的传统试验方案是在规定的刺激水平上进行规定次数的试验,如果试样不发生感应,即判为合格,否则即判为不合格。该文以煤矿炸药瓦斯安全性为例,对此进行了比较详细的探讨,f=0/5这种传统试验方案是不可靠和不科学的,并提出半数感应量是比较合理的试验方案。     

井下装药器散装乳化炸药低温敏化工艺试验研究

文章对井下装药器散装乳化炸药低温敏化工艺进行研究,通过优化乳胶基质配方,选择多功能复合敏化剂,采用管式混合器进行化学敏化,用光学显微镜观察敏化后乳化炸药微观形态及气泡分布情况,并测试乳化炸药的爆炸性能。研究结果显示:配方中加入0.5%的凡士林能显著提高乳胶基质的贮存期稳定性,且满足快速发泡要求,乳化炸药密度为1.0～1.2g/cm3,气泡密度在107～109个/cm3之间,气泡分布及大小均匀;炸药具有雷管感度,爆炸性能优良,达到或超过GB18095—2000中露天乳化炸药要求。     

Modelling the plastic deformation of Ti6Al4V under dynamic loading

In this paper, a multiscale numerical method is presented with the aim to model the response of a Ti6Al4V sheet under explosive forming. The numerical modelling focuses on the accurate definition of the plastic deformation of the Ti6Al4V specimens based on the texture of the material. The viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal model code (VPSC) is used as a link between macroscopic response and the underlying microstructure taking into account the viscoplastic deformation of the specimen. Comparison is made with experimental results. The Cazacu–Barlat (CB06) material model is used because of its capability to describe the yielding asymmetry between tension and compression and to take into account the anisotropic behaviour of the sheet. The study focuses on the evaluation of the material model parameters and on how these affect the structural response of the Ti6Al4V specimens under explosive loading.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Euromech 570: Interface-dominated materials.     

Voltage and temperature sensing applications of silver-doped GE17Te83

This paper reports measurements that show silver-doped amorphous chalcogenide (Ge₁₇Te₈₃) is a promising material for sensing voltage and temperature and at frequencies >1 kHz, it can be used as a voltage-variable capacitor (varactor). The bidirectional and nearly-linear behaviour of itsC–V plot, obtained at relatively low operating voltages, makes silver doped chalcogenide superior to conventional varactors (reverse-biased p-n diodes) which are normally used in integrated circuits. At lower frequencies <1 kHz, the a.c. resistance of the doped sample displayed sensitivity not only to voltage but also to temperature. Such a property makes the doped material useful for devices used in biasing and automatic-gain-control circuits.     

无起爆药雷管爆炸过程研究

文中论述了无起爆药灼热桥丝式雷管的ＤＤＴ传播过程，采用黑索今为雷管装药，以装药连续爆速测试获取雷管ＤＤＴ过程信息，８＃无起爆药雷管的引爆能低于＃６有起爆药工业雷管的引爆能。     

Analysis and validation of thermal and packaging effects of a piezoresistive pressure sensor

Abstract

In this study, a packaged silicon base piezoresistive pressure sensor with thermal stress buffer is designed, fabricated, and studied. A finite element method (FEM) is adopted for designing and optimizing the sensor performance. Thermal and pressure loading on the sensor is applied to make a comparison between experimental and simulation results. Furthermore, a method that transforms simulation stress data into output voltage is proposed in this study, and the results indicate that the experimental result coincides with the simulation data. In order to achieve better sensor performance, a parametric analysis is performed to evaluate the system sensitivity, as well as thermal and packaging effects of the pressure sensor. The design parameters of the pressure sensor include membrane size, sensor chip size, glass thickness, adhesive layer thickness, PCB thickness/material, etc. The findings show that proper selection of the sensor structure and material not only enhances the sensor sensitivity but also reduces the thermal effects as well as the packaging influence.