包装容器密封结构多组分气体泄漏渗透计算方法

目的建立含气体泄漏及渗透的橡胶圈密封包装容器内多组分气氛浓度场计算方法。方法分析了密封圈结构密封容器多组分气体内外交换方式及其计算方法,在此基础上建立了密封器内多气体组分变化规律的微分方程数值解方法以及CFD(计算流体力学)方法,并计算模拟了较长时间内容器气氛变化情况。结果两种方法均可对包装容器密封结构多组分气体的泄漏和渗透进行较好的模拟,在贮存40 d时,两者的计算结果差异不大于3.2%,其中,CFD计算方法在处理多组分浓度分布方面具有天然的优势,并且计算结果更合理。结论建立了考虑泄漏、渗透的密封容器内多组分气氛变化规律计算模拟方法和多组分气体浓度场变化规律数值模拟方法。     

围堰对液氢泛溢过程影响的数值研究

建立了开放空间中液氢泛溢过程的物理模型和三维非稳态CFD数值计算模型,并评估了不同湍流模型对数值计算结果的影响。与Standard k-ε模型相比,采用Realizable k-ε模型和RNG k-ε模型得到的计算结果与实验结果吻合的更好。在此基础上,选取Realizable k-ε模型对带围堰和不带围堰时液氢泛溢进行数值模拟,分析了泄漏源附近的围堰对可燃氢气云团扩散的影响。结果表明:围堰的存在会改变氢气浓度的空间分布和云团形状,促进可燃氢气云与地面分离,增大泄漏源附近区域氢气浓度;围堰对液氢泛溢过程的影响是通过改变泄漏源附近风场引起的。     

入口扰动数据周期对湍流预混射流火焰直接模拟的影响

该文对湍流平面射流预混火焰进行了直接数值模拟。射流入口的扰动速度数据依据各向同性衰变湍流的能谱生成,研究了扰动数据周期的选取对模拟结果的影响。表明当入口扰动数据的周期大于总的计算时间时,得到的不同时刻的瞬态模拟结果有较明显的差异,并得到了时均定常的气体平均温度、速度和组分浓度分布。而当扰动数据周期小于总的计算时间时,入口扰动数据的周期性会对模拟结果产生影响,导致瞬态结果出现周期性。     

高精度混合器内气体湍流扩散过程的 CFD数值模拟

对于用于气体报警器检定的自动配气系统的混合精度进行了理论模拟，利用计算流体力学CFD商业软件FLUENT对一氧化碳与空气的射流混合过程进行数值模拟，针对不同的混合器结构利用GAMBIT软件分别建立二维模型，湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型，模拟预测不同断面上的一氧化碳浓度分布，通过结构改进后的混合器混合均匀性误差可达到0．5％，能够达到相当高的混合精度。     

零方程湍流模型在列车车厢内气流数值模拟中的应用

采用k-ε湍流模型对列车车厢内气流进行数值模拟需要消耗大量的计算时间，为此，提出了采用零方程湍流模型对列车车厢内的气流组织进行数值模拟；分别采用零方程湍流模型与k-ε湍流模型对列车车厢内的空气流动及传热进行了数值计算，经分析比较可知，该两种湍流模型的数值计算结果吻合程度较好，采用零方程湍流模型可大大缩短计算时间，利用其简单、快捷的特点，可以为列车空调系统的工程设计提供简便的数值模拟方法。     

氢泄漏稳定扩散场数值模拟与回归建模研究

研究了室外无风环境下高压储氢容器泄漏稳定扩散问题。首先应用组分传输模型以及计算流体力学软件FULENT的Realizable湍动能-耗散率(k-ε)模型对泄漏扩散过程进行模拟和数值仿真,得出了泄漏口附近稳定扩散对称面氢气浓度分布图。在此基础上,对仿真获得的扩散浓度数据,采用依次针对射流方向和射流垂直方向进行回归分析的方法,建立了10MPa压力储氢容器漏孔直径为1mm时泄漏稳定扩散场的参数模型。结果表明,数值模拟计算与理论预测的流场基本吻合,而稳定扩散场的参数模型反映了数值仿真结果,并具有一定的推广能力。     

旋转燃烧室内燃气湍流流动的数值分析

为了解水下航行器旋转燃烧室内燃气的流动特性，利用FLUENT软件，对旋转燃烧室内的气相流场进行了数值模拟。湍流计算采用RNGx-ε模型、气相燃烧采用ED模型、液相采用离散液滴模型。得到燃烧室不同轴向截面位置的速度变化曲线和燃烧室中心纵截面的湍流粘性系数分布。结果表明，在燃烧室中间燃气形成范围较大的中心回流区，气体切向速度分布呈现Rankine涡结构，径向速度较小且为向心向。由于出口位置的偏心性和空间突缩，燃烧室后部的流场呈现明显的非轴对称分布，而且燃气速度变化剧烈。湍流粘性系数在回流区和出口上游处较大，而在壁面附近都小于0．01。     

复杂体型高层建筑表面风压及周围风环境的数值模拟

采用离散化的数值模拟方法对一幢复杂体型高层建筑及其裙房的表面风压与周围风环境进行了模拟计算,并在边界层风洞中进行了模型试验测定。数值模拟基于Reynolds时均方程,分别采用了两种湍流封闭模型:标准k?ε模型和重整化群k?ε模型。通过将两种模型的风压计算结果与风洞试验结果进行比较,获得了该类建筑物表面风压的分布特性,并对建筑周围的风环境作了分析和评价,为结构设计和建筑覆面设计提供了依据。     

井冈山机场航站楼屋盖表面风压的数值模拟及试验研究

采用数值模拟方法对井冈山机场航站楼屋盖结构在近地风作用下的表面风压进行了计算,并在边界层风洞中对该屋盖的表面风压进行了模型试验测定。数值模拟基于稳态的Reynolds时均Navier-Stokes方程,运用了标准k?ε湍流封闭模型。将计算得到的风压系数值与风洞试验值作了比较,结果表明数值模拟较好地反映了大跨度屋盖表面风压的分布情况,由其得到的风压系数与风洞试验数据有较好的吻合。     

高层建筑周围定常风场的数值模拟

通过对高层建筑周围定常风场的数值模拟与原型试验结果的比较，分析了在进行数值模拟时，入口边界条件和湍流模型等因素对计算结果的影响。模拟结果表明，入口边界条件和湍流模型均对模拟结果具有较大影响。其中，入口边界条件中速度分布对计算结果的影响大于湍流强度分布对计算结果的影响，而RNGk-s湍流模型的计算精度优于标准κ-ε湍流模型。     

考虑TiCl_4反应的合成纳米颗粒燃烧过程数值模拟

为了更好地模拟火焰CVD法合成TiO2纳米颗粒过程,应用CFD商业软件Fluent,对火焰气相沉积法合成TiO2纳米颗粒的湍流扩散燃烧过程进行了详细的数值模拟。模拟中,将TiO2当作一种准气体,采用非平衡壁面处理及RNGk-ε湍流模型,考虑TiCl4/空气反应,对16种工况的丙烷/空气火焰CVD法合成纳米TiO2颗粒的燃烧过程进行了计算分析。结果表明:模拟的火焰长度与实验结果符合得较好;空气/丙烷比高于恰当比时,火焰温度的模拟结果与实验结果符合得较好。     

输气管道泄漏音波产生机理研究

为研究输气管道音波法泄漏检测技术的基本原理和应用方法,对输气管道中泄漏音波的产生机理进行了研究。首先从理论上确定输气管道气动噪声的产生机理;其次将仿真模拟得到四极子声源和偶极子声源产生的泄漏音波进行分析并总结规律;再次将音波传感器测得泄漏音波与仿真模拟得到的泄漏音波进行对比验证;然后对比分析多工况条件下仿真模拟和实验方法得到的泄漏音波;最后通过分析仿真模拟中泄漏音波产生机理和实验中所用的音波传感器的工作机理总结输气管道音波法泄漏检测技术的基本原理。研究结果表明：输气管道泄漏音波产生的根本原因是气体泄漏时产生的湍流脉动导致的四极子声源和偶极子声源;实验中音波传感器测得的压力波动主要成分为声源产生的音波波动;仿真模拟和实验的方法可以研究输气管道泄漏音波的产生机理。     

Bubble Dynamics in Turbulent Duct Flows: Lattice-Boltzmann Simulations and Drop Tower Experiments

Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of a turbulent duct flow have been carried out to obtain trajectories of passive tracers in the conditions of a series of microgravity experiments of turbulent bubble suspensions. The statistics of these passive tracers are compared to the corresponding measurements for single-bubble and bubble-pair statistics obtained from particle tracking techniques after the high-speed camera recordings from drop-towers experiments. In the conditions of the present experiments, comparisons indicate that experimental results on bubble velocity fluctuations are not consistent with simulations of passive tracers, which points in the direction of an active role of bubbles. The present analysis illustrates the utility of a recently introduced experimental setup to generate controlled turbulent bubble suspensions in microgravity.     

Analysis of laser-induced-fluorescence carbon monoxide measurements in turbulent nonpremixed flames

The influence of fluctuating concentrations and temperature on the laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) measurement of CO in turbulent flames is described, under conditions in which the fluorescence and the temperature are measured independently. The analysis shows that correlations between CO concentration and temperature can bias the averaged mole fraction extracted from LIF measurements. The magnitude of the bias can exceed the order of the average CO mole fraction. Further, LIF measurements of CO concentrations in a turbulent, nonpremixed, natural gas flame are described. The averaged CO mole fractions are derived from the fluorescence measurements by the use of flame temperatures independently measured by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Analysis of the fluctuations in measured temperature and fluorescence indicates that temperature and CO concentrations in flame regions with intensive mixing are indeed correlated. In the flame regions where burnout of CO has ceased, the LIF measurements of the CO mole fraction correspond to the probe measurements in exhaust.     

A particle–particle Reynolds stress transportation model of swirling particle-laden-mixtures turbulent flows

On the basis of the gas–particle Euler–Euler two-fluid approach, a new particle–particle Reynolds stress transportation model is proposed for closing the constitution equations of particle-laden-mixtures turbulent flows. In this model, binary particle-particle interaction originating from large-scale particle turbulent diffusions are fully considered in view of an extension closure idea of second-order-moment disperse gas–particle turbulent flows. The binary-particles turbulent flows with different density and same diameter are numerically simulated. The number density, the time-averaged velocity, the fluctuation velocity, the multiphase fluctuation velocity correlations, the normal and the shear Reynolds stress are obtained. Simulated results are in good agreement with experimental data. Binary mixture system has a unique transportation behavior with a stronger anisotropy due to particle inertia and multiphase turbulence diffusions. Fluctuation velocity correlation of axial–axial gas–particle is about twice larger than those of axial–axial particle–particle interaction. Moreover, both normal and shear Reynolds stress are redistributed.     

Effect of phase velocity difference on the turbulent structure of a jet carrying heavy impurities

A model is proposed to calculate the effect of a difference in the mean velocities of particles and a gas on the turbulent structure of a jet carrying heavy impurities. The model considers the effect of all particles in a mole of the gas on the velocity of the mole at the end of its life.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 541–548, October, 1982.     

Using particle trajectory for determining the fluidization regime in gas–solid fluidized beds

Transition from bubbling to turbulent in a conventional gas–solid fluidized bed was evaluated from trajectory of particles in fluidized bed. A series of experiments were carried out in a lab-scale fluidization bed using radioactive particle tracking (RPT) technique for recording the position of a tracer in the bed. Statistical parameters, such as standard deviation and skewness of the time–position data, were utilized to determine the transition velocity from bubbling to turbulent regime. The results showed that the data obtained by the RPT technique can predict transition velocity. It was shown that the standard deviation of position fluctuations reach a maximum with increasing superficial gas velocity corresponding to regime transition. It was shown that transition from bubbling to turbulent can be determined using skewness and kurtosis of time–position data. The velocities obtained in this work are in good agreement with the available correlations.     

The interaction of shock waves with a boundary layer on a sharp plate and a blunted plate

The interaction of shock waves with a turbulent boundary layer on a sharp plate and a blunted plate is numerically investigated. The shock waves in the flow are generated by wedges installed on the flat plate. The flow is simulated by the dynamic equations of a viscous perfect gas. The effect of the blunting radius of the plate’s leading edge and the wedge angle on the flow field and the local aerodynamic coefficients is shown. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Effects of momentum transfer on particle dispersions of dense gas–particle two-phase turbulent flows

A modified momentum transfer coefficient of dense gas–particle two-phase turbulent flows is developed and its effect on particle dispersion characteristics in high particle concentration turbulent downer flows has been numerically simulated incorporating into a second-order moment (USM) two-phase turbulent model and the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) to consider particle–particle collisions. The particle fractions, the time-averaged axial particle velocity, the particle velocities fluctuation, and their correlations between gas and particle phases based on the anisotropic behaviors and the particle collision frequency are obtained and compared using traditional momentum transfer coefficients proposed by Wen (1966), Difelice (1985), Lu (2003) and Beetstra (2007). Predicted results of presented model are in good agreement with experimental measurement by Wang et al. (1992). The particle fluctuation velocity and its fluctuation velocity correlations along axial–axial and radial–radial directions have stronger anisotropic behaviors. Furthermore, the presented model is in a better accordance with Lu’s model in light of particle axial velocity fluctuation, particle temperature, particle kinetic energy and correlations of particle–gas axial–axial velocity fluctuation. Also, they are larger than those of other models. Beetstra’s model is not suitable for this downer simulation due to the relative lower particle volume fraction, particle collision and particle kinetic energy.     

Morphogenesis of an extended phenotype: four-dimensional ant nest architecture

Animals produce a variety of structures to modify their environments adaptively. Such structures represent extended phenotypes whose development is rarely studied. To begin to rectify this, we used micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning and time-series experiments to obtain the first high-resolution dataset on the four-dimensional growth of ant nests. We show that extrinsic features within the environment, such as the presence of planes between layers of sediment, influence the architecture of Lasius flavus nests, with ants excavating horizontal tunnels along such planes. Intrinsically, the dimensions of the tunnels are associated with individual colonies, the dynamics of excavation can be explained by negative feedback and the angular distribution of tunnels is probably a result of local competition among tunnels for miners. The architecture and dynamics of ant nest excavation therefore result from local interactions of ants with one another and templates inherent in the environment. The influence of the environment on the form of structures has been documented across both biotic and abiotic domains. Our study opens up the utility of CT scanning as a technique for observing the morphogenesis of such structures.