One-Dimensional Consolidation of Sedimented Stowed Pond Ash and Pond Ash-Lime Mixture Deposits—A Comparative Study

The present study investigates the influence of slaked lime addition on the one-dimensional consolidation properties of sedimented stowed pond ash (Class F category). The effects of step incremental consolidation pressure, lime addition, and curing time on the one-dimensional consolidation characteristics such as rate of settlement, consolidation coefficients, and void ratio, of the sedimented stowed pond ash and pond ash-lime mixture deposits are investigated using a fixed ring consolidometer. The study revealed that the void ratios of both the stowed pond ash and pond ash-lime mixture deposits decrease with the applied pressure. Comparatively, the stowed pond ash-lime mixture deposit demonstrated a higher void ratio than the stowed pond ash deposit. A decrease in coefficient of consolidation (C_v) values with the increase in consolidation pressure and curing time is also observed in the case of both deposits, thereby indicating a decrease in their compressibility. Owing to the addition of lime, an improvement in the consolidation characteristics in terms of increase in C_v values and decrease in final settlement of the sedimented stowed pond ash-lime mixture deposit is generally observed at higher consolidation pressures and longer curing time.     

Influence of strain rate on recrystallisation– precipitation interaction in V,Nb, and V–Ti microalloyed steels

Abstract

A study has been made of the recrystallisation–precipitation interaction in three microalloyed steels, containing respectively V, Nb, and V–Ti, applying two different strain rates. Recrystallised fraction v.time curves were determined and used to draw recrystallisation–precipitation–time–temperature (RPTT) diagrams. The influence of strain rate has been shown to be similar in the three steels. On the basis of the results the value of }}SB0·19 has been found for the exponent of the strain rate, following Dutta and Sellars'model for the parameter t _0·05 , which differs from the value }}SB0·5 proposed by these authors. Simultaneously, the influence of strain rate on the static recrystallis ation critical temperature has been determined, it being observed that an increase in the former leads to a drop in the latter. Furthermore, strain rate is shown to have an influence on the recrystallisation–precipitation interaction, acting on those parameters that best contribute to defining RPTT diagrams In this sense, it was found that an increase in the strain rate led to a drop in the curve nose temperature T _N and a reduction in the time necessary for precipitation to finalise t _0·95 , as well as an increase in the recrystallisation rate.     

Behaviour in torsion of superelastic NiTi

Abstract

Torque–strain curves have been established at 20 and 37°C and for up to 100 strain cycles for NiTi tube with an A _f temperature of—8.5°C. The performance mirrors the behaviour in tension and compression. In the first few strain cycles, the curves exhibit the familiar flag shape, but this gradually changes into a sigmoidal curve on repeated cycling. Changes are rapid at first, but after ~ 40 cycles a steady state condition is approached closely. Attempts to analyse the performance in shear in relation to that in tension and compression draw attention to the problems involved in trying to establish flow or yield criteria for the material.     

考虑边界排水时间效应的软土一维非线性固结近似解答

为了考虑实际工程中,土层边界的排水性状是一个随时间连续变化的过程,基于经典的非线性压缩和非线性渗透关系,研究考虑排水边界时间效应时固结系数随时间变化的土体一维非线性固结问题。通过分离变量法和Laplace变换技术,获得该固结问题的近似解答;再将该文解退化并与既有差分解答进行对比,从而验证近似解答正确性。基于所得解,探讨了压缩指数与渗透指数比值Cc/Ck、最终有效应力与初始有效应力比值Nq及界面参数α、β对土体固结特性的影响。结果表明：在连续排水条件下,土体内的不排水对称面的位置与界面参数有关,并且随时间会发生变化;当Cc/Ck>1时,在固结前期,土体的沉降速率随着Nq值的增大而增大,而在固结后期则相反。排水边界的界面参数取值对反映边界排水速率影响很大,因此工程中计算地基固结速率时有必要确定界面参数取值。     

Structure and mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–misch metal alloys solidified at different cooling rates

Abstract

The influence of cooling rate on the mechanical properties and structure evolution of Mg–Zn–misch metal alloys has been investigated. The sequence of structural changes has been correlated with stress—strain curves determined from high temperature uniaxial compression tests. Two regions of work hardening have been identified on the stress—strain curves, described by the Ludwigson equation σ=K ₁ ?ⁿ¹±Δ. Microstructural examination at various levels of deformation has been carried out on selected specimens. In the first region of deformation, the appearance of traces of slip lines was observed inside the grains. In the second region, a network of eutectic precipitates located around the grains had undergone fragmentation, enabling the propagation of deformation by transcrystalline slip across two or more grains. Based on results of the present investigation, optimal properties of the alloys for application at elevated temperatures have been established.     

Evaluation of base grouting for the bearing behavior of barrette piles socketed in a gravel formation

Abstract

A comprehensive analysis for the effects of base grouting on barrette piles was carried out based on six compressive load tests on piles located in a newly developed residential area of the Taipei basin. All piles were socketed for a length of 3 m into a gravel formation at a depth of more than 45 m below the ground surface; four of these were base-grouted using the high-pressure cleaning and grouting method. Based on the strains measured at several depths along the pile shaft, side friction t–z curves for various soil strata and end bearing q–w curves in gravels are deduced. Comparing the test results of piles with and without base grouting, the effects of base grouting can be quantitatively evaluated. It is concluded that the base grouting has almost no influence on the initial stiffness of the pile head response curve for such a long piles, but significantly increases the ultimate bearing capacity and plastic stiffness of the pile head response curve for such long piles when they experience a large pile head displacement.     

Plasticity induced transformation in a metastable β Ti-1023 alloy by controlled heat treatments

Abstract

Investigations into the possibility of improving the strength–ductility relation in a metastable β-titanium alloy (Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al) through plasticity induced transformation (PiTTi) have been carried out. Various heat treatments in the β and/or α+β condition were performed to study their influence on both the microstructure and solute partitioning, which eventually control the PiTTi effect. Stress induced martensite formation promoting such effect has been observed upon compression testing for β and β+(α+β) microstructures. The stress–strain curves exhibiting stress induced martensite show a ～20% increase in strength, while still retaining a reasonable ductility level. Microstructural parameters such as grain size and solute concentration (especially V) in β have been related to the alloy's ability to exhibit PiTTi.     

Hot deformation behaviour of precipitation hardening stainless steel

Abstract

The behaviour of 17-4 precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel was studied using the hot compression test at temperatures of 950–1150°C with strain rates of 0·001–10 s^?1. The stress–strain curves were plotted by considering the effect of friction. The work hardening rate versus stress curves were used to reveal whether or not dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) occurred. Using the constitutive equations, the activation energy of hot working for 17-4 PH stainless steel was determined as 337 kJ mol^?1. The effect of Zener–Hollomon parameter Z on the peak stress and strain was studied using the power law relation. The normalised critical stress and strain for initiation of DRX were found to be 0·89 and 0·47 respectively. Moreover, these behaviours were compared to other steels.     

路堤荷载下横观各向同性地基固结特性参数分析

采用各向异性弹性有限元法,系统分析了弹性各向异性参数特别是水平方向上的参数(水平向模量Eh,水平向泊松比νhh和剪切模量Ghv)取值对路堤荷载作用下地基固结特性的影响,包括地基中心沉降、地基水平位移、地基中的孔压消散以及平均固结度。研究结果表明:Eh的变化对路堤的沉降(特别是固结沉降)、路基的瞬时水平位移、孔压生成和消散以及总体平均固结度的影响显著;νhh的变化对路堤的固结沉降有显著影响;Ghv的变化对路堤的沉降、水平位移影响显著,而对孔压、总体平均固结度结果基本没有影响。     

Vibration damage rate curves for quantifying abrasion of printed packaging in accelerated random vibration test

Some vibration‐based damages in packaged products, such as surface abrasion and bruising of fruits, are not necessarily caused by vibration stresses at resonant frequencies. They are often nonfatigue damages resulting from the accumulation of low stress vibrations. This study introduces a new concept and methodology of vibration damage rate curves, which describes the relationship between damage rate, G_rms, and vibration cycles, N. The vibration damage rate curves for quantifying the abrasion of a column stacked printed packaging was developed on the basis of ASTM D 4169 truck profile level 1, 2, and 3, as well as the field test. The abrasion rate in the laboratory was then compared to that in the equivalent time of road transportation per accelerated random vibration test formula. This study recommends that the accelerated random vibration formula can be used when vibration damage rate curves for printed packaged products are developed, to effectively reproduce the damage in the laboratory that is equivalent to the field.     

On effect of hydrogen on very high cycle fatigue behaviours of high strength steels

Abstract

In order to analyse the effect of hydrogen on very high cycle fatigue properties, hydrogen was precharged into two high strength steels. The applied stress intensity factor range at the periphery of inclusions before and after being precharged is approximately proportional to the cubic root of inclusion size. In addition, the applied stress intensity factor range at the periphery of inclusions after being precharged was lower compared with uncharged specimens. The additional stress intensity factor range generated by hydrogen ΔK_H is raised after the hydrogen was precharged. A simple prediction equation of S–N curve was proposed by introducing the hydrogen influence factor. The proposed prediction equation can reasonably describe the S–N curves for precharged specimens.     

Consolidation of GF/PP commingled yarn composites

Consolidation quality and corresponding mechanical properties of GF/PP thermoplastic composites manufactured from a commingled yarn system have been investigated. A small compression mould with a laboratory hot press was used to apply the different processing variables (i.e. pressure, holding time and processing temperature). The consolidation quality of finished samples was characterized mainly through (a) microscopic studies of the material's microstructure, (b) density measurements, and (c) evaluations of mechanical properties using a small transverse flexure testing facility. A model for qualitatively describing the impregnation and consolidation processes in commingled yarn based thermoplastic composites was applied to predict variations of void content during consolidation and the time, temperature and pressure required to reach full consolidation. Based on a desired, minimum level of void content (X _v =2.0%), optimum processing windows for manufacturing of GF/PP commingled yarn composites are suggested.     

Relationships between flow properties,compression behaviour and mechanical characteristics of prednisone-microcrystalline cellulose tablets

Abstract

This paper describes the effects on the flow properties, as well as the changes in the compression behaviour, of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101) incorporated with prednisone together with the mechanical properties of compacts made by direct compression from mixtures of these components.

There is a gradual degradation of the flow properties of the mixtures with increase proportions of prednisone. At the same time there is a close correlation between the parameters chosen to characterise the flow properties of the mixtures (unconfined yield stress, major consolidation stress and flow factor) and the compression work which influence the mechanical properties (crushing strength and friability) of compacts manufactured at low uniaxial compression forces.     

Antifouling properties of hydrogels

Abstract

Marine sessile organisms easily adhere to submerged solids such as rocks, metals and plastics, but not to seaweeds and fishes, which are covered with soft and wet ‘hydrogel’. Inspired by this fact, we have studied long-term antifouling properties of hydrogels against marine sessile organisms. Hydrogels, especially those containing hydroxy group and sulfonic group, show excellent antifouling activity against barnacles both in laboratory assays and in the marine environment. The extreme low settlement on hydrogels in vitro and in vivo is mainly caused by antifouling properties against the barnacle cypris.     

Study on hot deformation behaviour of 316LN austenitic stainless steel based on hot processing map

Abstract

316LN is a type of austenitic stainless steel whose grain refinement only depends on hot deformation. The true stress–strain curves of 316LN were obtained by means of hot compression experiments conducted at a temperature range of 900–1200°C and at a strain rate range of 0·001–10 s^?1. The influence of deformation parameters on the microstructure of 316LN was analysed. Both the constitutive equation for 316LN and the model of grain size after dynamic recrystallisation were established, and the effect of different deformation conditions on the microstructure was analysed. The results show that the suitable working region is the one with a relatively higher deformation temperature and a lower strain rate, in which the dynamic recrystallisation is finely conducted. Moreover, the working region that should be avoided during hot deformation was indicated.     

Evolution of microstructure of nickel base superalloy at high temperatures

Abstract

The evolution of primary and secondary γ′ precipitates in the high γ′ volume fraction Rene 80 Ni based superalloy has been examined during aging at elevated temperatures for periods up to 1750 h. While the increase in average dimension of particles followed the cube rate Lifshitz, Slypzof and Wagner (LSW) law, r³_t – r³₀=Kt, there were significant discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical particle size distributions (PSDs) and inconsistency with the kinetic constants associated with the two populations of particles. These differences are attributed to the influence of elastic coherency strains which have not been considered in conventional capillarity driven coarsening models. During thermal exposure at 871°C, coalescence of primary cuboidal γ′ was predominant in early stages of aging, while the microstructure was relatively stable at longer aging times. The stability of the microstructure at longer aging times is attributed to the formation of the network of closely spaced dislocations at the γ/γ′ interface which would cause the loss of internal misfit stresses associated with the growth. Secondary spheroidal γ′ particles were initially coarsened and their volume fraction gradually decreased until they completely dissolved after 500 h at 871°C or 1 h at 982°C.     

真空联合堆载预压下基于指数形式渗流的砂井地基非线性固结解

基于指数形式渗流定律,通过引入e-lgσ′和e-lgk模型来考虑土体的非线性固结特性,同时考虑了真空负压沿深度呈线性衰减的特性,对真空联合堆载预压下砂井地基的固结问题进行了求解,并推导得到了砂井地基的非线性固结解。通过将该文解析解答与已有的解析解展开对比分析,验证了该文解答的正确性。根据该文解答,对砂井地基的固结性状展开了分析,分析表明:在固结初期,渗流指数m越大,砂井地基的固结速率越快;但在固结后期,m越大,砂井地基的固结速率越慢;负压传递系数k_z对砂井地基固结速率的影响较小,但k_z的减小会使得砂井地基的沉降速率和最终沉降量降低;压缩指数与渗透指数的比值越大,砂井地基的固结速率越慢;当m<1时,外荷载越大,砂井地基的固结速率越小;当m>1时,外荷载越大,砂井地基的固结速率越大。     

Mechanical stability of metal foam cylindrical shells with various porosity distributions

Abstract

The paper deals with the nonlinear buckling analysis of imperfect cylindrical shells made of porous metal foam subjected to axial compression. For the metal foam shells, porosities are dispersed by uniform, symmetric, and asymmetric distributions in the thickness direction. Using Donnell shell theory and von-Karman nonlinear kinematics, nonlinear equilibrium equations are derived. The critical buckling load and buckling equilibrium curves for both perfect and imperfect shells are solved by using the Galerkin's procedure. A comprehensive investigation into the influence of porosity coefficient, imperfections, porosity distribution, and geometry on the buckling behaviors of the cylindrical shell is performed.     

Deformation behavior of spray-formed hypereutectic Al–Si alloys

The deformation behavior of spray-formed hypereutectic aluminum–silicon alloys—AlSix (x = 18, 25, and 35 wt%)—has been studied by means of compression test at various temperatures and strain rates. The flow stress of the spray-formed Al–Si alloys increases with decreasing compression temperature and increasing strain rate. Higher silicon content in the alloys also leads to higher flow stress during deformation. The flow curves determined from the compression tests exhibit that the deformation of the materials is controlled by two competing mechanisms: strain hardening, and flow softening. Particle damage during the deformation may have an influence on the flow curves of the alloys with large silicon particles. Based on the flow curves obtained from the compression tests and knowledge of aluminum extrusion, the spray-formed hypereutectic Al–Si alloy billets have been hot extruded into wires with a high area reduction ratio around 189. Since primary silicon particles were greatly refined and uniformly distributed in the spray-formed materials, the heavy deformations of the spray-formed Al–Si alloys containing high amount of silicon were successfully performed.     

Microstructural evolution of AZ61 magnesium alloy during hot deformation

Abstract

The microstructural evolution of AZ61 magnesium alloy during hot compression at various temperatures was investigated. The experimental results show that dynamic recrystallisation occurs over a wide temperature range. Grains can be greatly refined through dynamic recrystallisation. The mean size of the recrystallised grains increases with a decrease of temperature or value of Z (Zener – Hollomon parameter), while the reciprocal of the recrystallised grain size has a good linear relationship with the natural logarithm of the Z value, as well as the hyperbolic term of the flow stress. Basal and non-basal segments have been found in both recrystallised grains and primary grains, whereas dislocation pileups exist only in recrystallised grains when the temperature is lower than 673 K. The occurrence of twins is dependent on temperature and strain. When the strain increases, primary twins evolve into secondary twins. However, secondary twins grow with an increase of temperature; some secondary twins evolve into subgrains.