并联梯形槽道板式脉动热管的启动性能研究

为分析板式脉动热管启动性能的影响因素,对一种并联梯形槽道板式脉动热管在空气强制对流冷却情况下进行了实验研究。结果表明,热管在低加热功率下的启动行为呈现冷热端温度平稳上升和跳跃两种,其中跳跃行为又分为跳跃后冷热端温度继续上升与逐渐下降两种;而热管在高加热功率下的启动行为主要为温度跳跃;同时实验还发现热管的完全启动温度随充液率及倾角的增加而增加,与加热功率无关;加热功率影响启动速度,功率越高热管启动速度越快。     

液氢温区脉动热管实验研究

为了研究脉动热管用于冷却Mg B——2超导磁体的可行性,对一台自行研制的液氢温区脉动热管实验台开展了实验研究工作。充液率为34.2%时,随着加热功率的增大,脉动热管经历了启动、脉动、极限3个阶段,启动阶段中脉动热管传热温差波动很大,传热性能差,而脉动阶段中脉动热管传热温差很小,传热性能好。脉动热管在加热功率为1.28 W时具有最高的有效热导率为19 k W/m·K,此时蒸发段与冷凝段温差为0.28 K。     

闭式回路型脉动热管的运行状况与传热性能试验研究

为深入了解闭式回路型脉动热管的运行状况与传热性能,建立紫铜制脉动热管试验平台,分析在风冷条件下加热功率、倾斜角度、充液率和工质等因素对脉动热管运行状况及传热性能的影响,并对各点温度波动原因进行分析。研究结果表明,温度波动幅度可以反应脉动热管内工质流动状态的转变;脉动热管传热性能与其倾斜角度紧密相关;当工质为蒸馏水时,充液率在40%附近时,脉动热管的综合传热性能最优;脉动热管的启动状况与工质的热物性共同决定了工质对脉动热管传热性能的影响。     

中低温脉动热管传热性能的模拟研究

脉动热管是一种新型传热元件,具有结构简单,传热性能突出的优点。针对可用于低温冰箱的脉动热管,采用R508B为工质,运用多相流VOF方法建立闭式环路中低温脉动热管三维数值模型进行了数值模拟分析。模拟过程中,环路脉动热管的充液率分别为30%、50%、70%,热端加热功率分别为20 W、40 W、60 W、80 W、100 W、120 W,模拟了初始充液后管内气态和液态的相间分布,获得了不同时间点管内温度分布,探讨了中低温脉动热管充液率和加热功率对热管换热性能的影响。结果表明,中低温热管与常温热管在启动和稳定运行阶段具有相似的特征,当中低温脉动热管稳定运行时,温度的波动具有周期性。脉动热管的传热性能随着加热功率增大而变化。充液率较低时,在低加热功率下的冷热两端温差和等效热阻都比较小,当加热功率较大时热阻会出现上升。当充液率较高时,在低加热功率下脉动热管的冷热两端温差和等效热阻都比较大,随着加热功率的增加,温差和热阻都减小。     

L形脉动热管启动和传热特性的研究

针对电动汽车锂离子电池发热的问题,本文提出了上部加热/底部冷却型L形脉动热管。该脉动热管具有加热段长、冷却段和绝热段短的特点。研究了在供热量为10~30 W,冷却水温度为20~30 ℃,甲醇充液率为7.1%~21.2%条件下L形脉动热管启动与传热特性的影响。实验结果表明：随着充液率的增加,该脉动热管的启动温度呈增大的趋势,而热阻呈先减小后增大的趋势。并且随着加热量的增加,启动温度、启动时间和热阻均呈减小的趋势。当充液率为10.1%~14.1%时,在10~20 W的加热量和25 ℃冷却水条件下电加热板的平均温度保持在54.7 ℃以内,表明L形脉动热管能够充分保障电动汽车电池正常工作所需温度,且显示出良好的启动和传热性能。     

单面波浪平板脉动热管的传热性能

对一种单面波浪平板脉动热管的传热性能进行了实验研究,分析在空气强制对流冷却条件下充液率、加热功率、倾角等因素对其传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,除0°倾角外,脉动热管的最佳充液率为20%～30%,倾斜角度对脉动热管传热性能的影响很小,但90°时相对最好。脉动热管在0°放置时其传热性能较差,在低充液率的情况下甚至丧失脉动效果,主要是工质回流不畅的原因,与平板脉动热管的槽道设计有很大关系。此外低加热功率时热管传热性能存在波动,有时甚至不能启动。     

AEO-9表面活性剂对脉动热管启动和传热特性的影响

本文针对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO-9）非离子表面活性剂,在加热功率为40、60、80、100、120 W,AEO-9质量分数为10、20、30、40 mg/kg工况下,测试了脉动热管的启动时间、热阻和蒸发段温度波动,并与去离子水进行对比。结果表明：AEO-9可以缩短启动时间,启动时间随AEO-9质量分数的增大先减小后增大,在加热功率为40 W、质量分数为20 mg/kg时启动时间最多缩短了29.2%;AEO-9可以减小热阻,加热功率较小时（≤60 W）,热阻随AEO-9质量分数的增大而增大;加热功率较大时（≥100 W）,热阻随AEO-9质量分数的增大而减小;在加热功率为40 W、质量分数为10 mg/kg时热阻最多减小了35.8%;AEO-9可以减小蒸发段温度波动,且质量分数越高波动越小,在加热功率为120 W、质量分数为40 mg/kg时温度波动幅度最多减小了68.4%。     

低温脉动热管传热特性的数值模拟研究

近年来,脉动热管作为一种具有较高传热效率的传热元件被广泛研究,应用领域十分广泛。为了研究在低温区内各因素对脉动热管传热性能的影响,以液氮为工质,采用多相流VOF方法建立了弯头数为6的闭环脉动热管的三维数值求解模型,并对其进行数值模拟。结果表明,脉动热管进入稳定运行阶段后,管之间会形成相间分布的上升管和下降管,且在上升管中以塞状流居多,下降管中以泡状流居多;在较低加热功率时,脉动热管的热阻随充液率的增加而减少;对不同充液率,热阻随加热功率都是先减小而后增大,充液率的增加可以一定程度上降低倾角减小对传热热阻的影响。     

二元混合表面活性剂对纳米流体热物性影响

采用两步法制备了添加二元混合表面活性剂的氧化锌纳米流体，纳米颗粒的体积浓度为0.398%～2.292%。XRD、TEM对氧化锌纳米粒子进行表征，吸光度法和沉降法分析了纳米流体稳定性，之后研究15～55℃时，制备流体的导热与黏度，并与添加单一表面活性剂的纳米流体进行对比。实验结果显示，添加SDS/CTAB纳米流体稳定性更优。纳米流体导热系数随温度及纳米粒子体积浓度的增加而增大，55℃,2.292%的纳米流体热导率增强最大，提高了38%,且热导率增强作用明显优于单一表面活性剂的添加。纳米流体黏度随温度及纳米粒子体积浓度的增加而逐渐降低，在55℃,2.292%时拥有最小黏度0.645 mPa·s。与单一表面活性剂相比，SDS/CTAB的添加能有效降低纳米流体黏度，对减小纳米流体黏度有积极作用。     

平板回路型脉动热管启动阶段传热特性的试验研究

笔者搭建了平板回路型脉动热管可视化实验台对其启动特性进行试验研究。根据蒸发段与冷凝段之间的温差随时间的变化,将平板回路型脉动热管工作过程划分为启动、过渡和稳定工作3个阶段。试验结果表明:启动阶段传递的热量是显热;随着热负荷的增大,平板回路型脉动热管的启动时间逐渐缩短;最佳充灌率在50%左右,最佳倾斜角在50°～70°之间。工质的热物性对启动时间也有影响,λ越大,ρc越小,(dP/dT)sat越大,启动时间越短。     

Effect of number of turns and configurations on the heat transfer performance of helium cryogenic pulsating heat pipe

The pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a potential alternative to highly conductive metals such as copper for long distance heat transfer. Effective thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of a PHP are two of the most critical factors for practical applications. In this paper, a helium based PHP, which consists of 48 parallel tubing sections, was developed. The lengths of the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections are 50 mm, 100 mm and 50 mm respectively. The condenser section was thermally anchored to a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler (GM cryocooler) with a cooling capacity of 1.5 W at 4.2 K. A maximum effective thermal conductivity of 12330 W/m∙K was obtained when 1.1 W heat was applied to the evaporator section at a fill ratio of 70.5%. With the same geometric parameters and operational parameters, the effect of the number of turns on the heat transfer performance was figured out by comparing the 48-turn PHP with an 8-turn PHP. The results show that the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser sections of the 48-turn PHP is much smaller than that of the 8-turn PHP. The dry-out temperature response, effective thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of them are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, two configurations of the 48-turn PHP, a parallel configuration and a series configuration, are defined. An optimum configuration is proposed and makes a reference to the design of a cryogenic PHP for applications.     

Thermal performance prediction models for a pulsating heat pipe using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Regression/Correlation Analysis (RCA)

Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is one of the prominent research areas in the family of heat pipes. Heat transfer and fluid flow mechanism associated with PHP are quite involved. The analytical models are simple in nature and limited in scope and applicability. The regression models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are also limited to a number of input parameters, their ranges and accuracy. The present paper discusses the thermal performance prediction models of a PHP based on ANN and RCA approach. Totally 1652 experimental data are collected from the literature (2003–2017). Nine major influencing input variables are considered for the first time to develop the prediction models. Feed-forward back-propagation neural network is developed and verified. Backward regression analysis is used in RCA-based regression model. Linear and power-law regression correlations are developed for input heat flux in terms of dimensionless Kutateladze (Ku) number, which is a function of Jakob number (Ja), Morton number (Mo), Bond number (Bo), Prandtl number (Pr) and geometry of a PHP. The prediction accuracy of present regression models (R²?=?0.95) is observed to be better as compared with literature-based correlations.     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Orientation and Gravity in a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe

The Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP) is a very promising passive two-phase heat transfer device for relatively high heat fluxes (up to 30 W/cm²) patented by Akachi (1990, 1993). Although the CLPHP has a simple structure, its working principles are very complex compared to the standard heat pipe with a porous wick. One of the most debated issues deals on how the thermal performance is affected by the inclination and by the action of different gravity fields (terrestrial, lunar, martian and microgravity). Even if the internal tube diameter satisfies the conventional slug flow regime requirement on the Bond number, gravity force still plays an important role on the PHP behaviour. Heat input and the number of turns are two of the most important indirect parameters linked to the gravity issue. A complete numerical campaign has been performed by means of a FORTRAN code at different inclination angles and gravity levels on various PHP. The numerical model is able to estimate both the hydrodynamic and the thermal performance of a CLPHP with different working fluids. The analysis shows that the effect of local pressure losses due to bends is important and must be taken into account, in particular in the horizontal operation which is the reference point for space applications. Numerical results are matched with the experimental data quoted in literature and both good qualitative and quantitative agreement have been found.     

分子内电荷转移荧光探针法测定表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度

研究了分子内电荷转移荧光体4-二甲氨基查尔酮(DMAC)在表面活性剂水溶液中的荧光光谱。观察到随表面活性剂浓度增大,DMAC 的荧光光谱先红移然后蓝移,而荧光强度呈“S”型变化并于光谱位移方向转折处突跃。突跃处对应的表面活性剂浓度即为其临界胶束浓度(cmc)。结果表明由该法测定的 cmc 与已报道值符合,说明方法的可行性与准确性。用该法测定表面活性剂/β-环糊精混合体系的 cmc,表明β-环糊精的存在诱导了胶束的形成。     

Solventless synthesis of a Schiff base that forms highly fluorescent organic nanoparticles exhibiting aggregation-induced emission in aqueous media

A highly fluorescent solid state Schiff base compound (DBD) was synthesised using a green, solventless and fast approach in 30 sec. DBD shows almost no emission in THF solution, while it emits strong fluorescence in both dispersed nano-aggregates in the solution and as a powder, through a phenomenon known as aggregation-induced emission. Organic nanoparticles of DBD were prepared in aqueous solution using the nanoreprecipitation method with and without stabilizers. The nanoparticles exhibited strong, blue emission when the non-ionic surfactant, like triton X-100, was used as a stabilizer, and strong green emission when no surfactant or the cationic surfactant, like CTAB as a stabilizer was used. Using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering, the sizes of the nanoparticles were found to be around 75 nm when prepared without surfactant, 50 nm when prepared using triton X-100, and 30 40 nm when prepared using CTAB. DBD nanoparticles show an emission maximum at 527 nm (pure green) in the cases of CTAB and no surfactant, while 400 nm emission is observed when triton X-100 is used. Finally, for practical applications, the new type of highly fluorescent organic nanoparticles (DBD) were chosen for on/off fluorescence switching nano sensor for detecting organic vapour.     

树枝状与球状PbS纳米结构的组装合成及其形成机理研究

以醋酸铅为铅源,硫代乙酰胺为硫源,在表面活性剂SDS单独作用和表面活性剂SDS和CTAB共同作用下可选择性地组装合成出颗粒以相同晶面粘连组装成的单晶树枝状PbS纳米结构和颗粒以不相同晶面粘连组装成的多晶球状PbS纳米结构,而且提高反应物浓度能起到调节树枝状和球状PbS纳米结构尺寸的作用.对树枝状和球状PbS纳米结构的形成机理进行了初探,发现SDS单独作用时其烷基链起到的软模板作用有利于PbS小颗粒组装成树枝状的PbS纳米结构.当反应溶液中再加入适量的CTAB时,它在溶液中形成微胶束起到了软模板作用,迫使颗粒粘连组装成球状PbS纳米结构,有效地限制树枝状结构的生长.     

利用表面活性剂量改变孔洞率制备的纳米多孔SiO2膜

采用表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)为模板剂,在酸性条件下产生多孔结构,再经热处理去除CTAB。实验中使用溶胶?凝胶技术,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,以及二次去离子水,盐酸为催化剂等原料,利用表面活性剂与硅源水解后形成的聚集体相互作用,在溶液中形成分子自组装体,制备前驱体溶胶。通过简单提拉迅速蒸发溶剂制备纳米多孔或纳米介孔SiO2薄膜,分析和研究了表面活性剂浓度对纳米多孔SiO2薄膜的结构和孔洞率的影响,通过操纵表面活性剂的含量,能控制薄膜的纳米结构、孔洞率、孔大小和孔的形态以及膜的形貌。小角度射线衍射、场发射透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜显示可以制得具有六方、立方和由三维六方和简单立方组成的新相结构以及比介孔大的纳米多孔结构的薄膜。椭偏仪测量得到所制备薄膜的孔洞率为51.8%-65.6%,借助此孔洞率能计算薄膜的折射率和介电常数。     

温敏性聚合物P（AM-Macromer）及其与表面活性剂的复合性能

以含氧乙基结构的烯类单体(Macromer)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,制备了具有温度敏感性的疏水缔合水溶性共聚物P(AM-Macromer).研究了P(AM-Macromer)溶液与不同表面活性剂的相互作用.结果表明,P(AM-Macromer)在水溶液中与表面活性剂存在明显相互作用,复合效应与聚合物浓度、表面活性剂结构及浓度有关.在较高浓度聚合物溶液中,少量表面活性剂的加入能显著提高溶液的黏度;在低浓度聚合物溶液中,表面活性剂的加入使溶液表观黏度下降.表面活性剂对共聚物P(AM-Macromer)溶液黏度的影响强弱顺序为:SDBSCTABOP-10.     

蒙脱石原位合成高热稳定性Al-MCM-41

采用蒙脱石作为硅铝源前驱体,在矿物表面硅源和溶液硅源的共同作用下,在活化蒙脱石表面原位合成了高热稳定性Al-MCM-41。利用矿物表面硅源使得合成所用模板剂用量降低,合成产物的热稳定性较高,溶液硅源与表面硅源共同作用在模板剂上,聚合、沉淀得到长程结构较好的Al-MCM-41。本文对合成样品的XRD、比表面积、热稳定性、电子显微镜等进行了测试,对模板剂用量、NaOH的浓度和活化时间等进行了讨论。合成产物的热稳定性高,在800℃煅烧2h后仍具有很高的比表面积,达800m²/g在1200℃煅烧2h后仍具有较高的比表面积,达100m²/g以上。     

水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管的传热特性研究

分别对充液率45%、55%、62%、70%下水、乙醇两组分按体积比13∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶13混合而成的二元混合工质振荡热管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并与水和乙醇纯工质在相同充液率下的传热特性进行对比,结果表明,小充液率时,水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管烧干时热阻较纯工质小,大充液率时,水纯工质传热特性优于水-乙醇混合工质及乙醇纯工质。分析实验结果得出,水-乙醇二元混合工质振荡热管传热特性与充液率及混合工质配比有关,配比对传热特性的影响主要表现为气液平衡、物性及缔合作用。